@article {2043,
	title = {Framing the Human-Technology Relationship: How Religious Digital Creatives Enact Posthuman Discourses},
	journal = {Social Compass},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {302-318},
	abstract = {This article highlights the fact that careful study of common posthuman outlooks, as described by Roden (2015), reveals three unique narratives concerning how posthumanists view the nature of humanity and emerging technologies. It is argued that these narratives point to unique frames that present distinct understandings of the human-technology relationship, frames described as the technology-cultured, enhanced-human, and human-technology hybrid frames. It is further posited these frames correlate and help map a range of ways people discuss and critique the impact of digital culture on humanity within broader society. This article shows how these frames are similarly at work in the language used by Religious Digital Creatives within Western Christianity to justify their engagement with digital technology for religious purposes. Thus, this article suggests careful analysis of ideological discussions within posthumanism can help us to unpack the common assumptions held and articulated about the human-technology relationship by members within religious communities.},
	keywords = {Digital Creatives, religion, technology},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0037768616652328},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {2054,
	title = {Sanctifying the Internet: Aish{\textquoteright}s Use of the Internet for Digital Outreach},
	booktitle = {Digital Judaism: Jewish Negotiations with Digital Media and Technology},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {74-90},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The internet is increasingly used by different Jewish groups as a tool of outreach, especially for religious organizations committed to calling secular Jews back into a religious lifestyle. One example of using the internet to connect, educate and encourage Jews is the work of Aish.com, the digital presence of Aish HaTorah. Due to its Orthodox outlook, it functions under a set of self-imposed rules in its web work to monitor and make sure the content and images that appear on the site support its conservative values and beliefs. While it seeks to be innovative in the types of information and forums it provides (from video podcasts and blogs to online seminars and courses), it insists its work is not a whole-scale endorsement of the internet for all religious Jews. Rather, the internet is presented as a necessary tool to be used in outreach to secular Jews. Aish.com allows Aish HaTorah the means to meet and influence secular Jews wherever they are. By using the internet within a bounded approach and by carefully monitoring web content, those working for the site avoid problematic images and topics as it seeks to sanctify the internet through bringing Torah and a Torah-based lifestyle into the digital realm},
	keywords = {digital outreach, internet},
	issn = { 978-0415736244},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317817345/chapters/10.4324\%2F9781315818597-9},
	author = {Campbell, H and Bellar, W}
}
@article {2048,
	title = {Studying technology \& ecclesiology in online multi-site worship},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Religion},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {267-285},
	abstract = {This study brings together research approaches from media studies and practical theology in order to study and understand the relationship between online technological features of multi-site worship and the larger offline worshipping community to which it is connected. From the perspective of media studies we reflect on how new media technologies and cultures are allowed to shape online worship spaces and how larger institutional traditions and structures are allowed to shape technologically mediated church events. From the perspective of practical theology we use the notion of inculturation as a lens for a better understanding of the specific ways in which Christian worship practices adapt, change, and respond to the new cultural setting which emerges from the online worship context. Together, these approaches illuminate the interplay between digital technology and ecclesiological tradition in shaping multi-site church worship practices.},
	keywords = {Online, technology, worship},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537903.2014.903662},
	author = {Campbell, H and Delashmutt, M}
}
@book {2061,
	title = {Religion and the Internet},
	series = {Key Themes in the Study of Digital Religion},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion and the Internet will present a range of scholarly articles that offer a critical overview of the interdisciplinary study of new media, religion and digital culture. Scholars have documented individuals using computer networks for religious discussions and enagagment since the early 1980s. In the mid 1990s, when the Internet became publicly accessible, scholars began to study how users were translating and transporting their religious practices onto this new digital platform. This collection will cover the development of the study of Religion and the Internet over the past three decades, highlighting the core research topics, approaches and questions that have been explored by key international scholars at the intersection of new media and religion. The collection seeks to present how new forms of religious practices have emerged and been interrogated by scholars. It will also present how religious communities have negotiated their engagement with digital techologies and the online and offline implications this has had for religious practioners and individuals.},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	issn = {9781138093683},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=QrGhswEACAAJ\&dq=religion+and+the+internet+volume+2\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjhiYyrocTbAhWjo1kKHUlfCicQ6AEIJzAA},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@article {2042,
	title = {Surveying Theoretical Approaches within Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {15-24},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of the development of Digital Religion studies and the theoretical approaches frequently employed within this area. Through considering the ways and theories of mediatization, mediation of meaning, and the religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology have been engaged and applied in studies of new media technologies, religion, and digital culture we see how Digital Religion studies has grown into a unique area of inquiry informed by both Internet studies and media, religion, and culture studies. Overall, it offers a concise summary of the current state of research inquiry within Digital Religion studies.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, mediation of meaning, mediatization, New Media, religion, religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology, theory},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649912},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {2053,
	title = {Studying Jewish Engagement with Digital Media and Culture},
	booktitle = {Digital Judaism: Jewish Negotiations with Digital Media and Technology},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1-15},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The study of new media, religion and digital culture has been in existence for almost two decades. During this time scholars have explored a wide range of religious group{\textquoteright}s engagement with the internet, yet it is clear that some religious traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, have received much more attention than others. As Campbell and Lovheim (2011) noted in their assessment of the study of religion and the internet, there is still a need for a more nuanced understanding of the negotiation of the internet as a medium for religious practice within some religious groups. Also more careful consideration is called for regarding what some scholars have described as {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}the relationship between the online-offline religious contexts-within some religious traditions. This chapter argues that the study of Jewish groups and the internet has arguably been an understudied area in need of more significant attention and critical examination.},
	keywords = {culture, digital media, Judaism},
	issn = {978-0415736244},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317817345/chapters/10.4324\%2F9781315818597-5},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@article {2046,
	title = {Gaming Religionworlds: Why Religious Studies Should Pay Attention to Religion in Gaming},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Religion},
	volume = {84},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {641-664},
	abstract = {This roundtable article discusses the intersection between digital gaming, new media, and Religious Studies in order to provide an agenda for this growing conversation. We argue that religion plays a prominent role in gaming culture with significant impact on popular collective imaginations; therefore, studying religion in gaming should be central to religious scholars{\textquoteright} work in trying to understand perceptions of religion in popular culture. This collaborative conversation demonstrates how careful attention to religious narratives, rituals, and behaviors within game studies and environments can open up a space for critical reflection on how popular understandings of religion are manifest within contemporary media and society. Overall, it demonstrates what Religious Studies can and should contribute to the study of games by considering several critical questions about the study of religion within digital gaming and speculating where this field should be heading.},
	keywords = {gaming, religion},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jaar/article-abstract/84/3/641/1751477?redirectedFrom=fulltext},
	author = {Campbell, H and Grieve, G.P and Gregory, R and Lufts, S and Wagner, R and Zeiler, X}
}
@book {2060,
	title = {Networked Theology: Negotiating Faith in Digital Culture},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Baker Academic},
	organization = {Baker Academic},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {This informed theology of communication and media analyzes how we consume new media and technologies and discusses the impact on our social and religious lives. Combining expertise in religion online, theology, and technology, the authors synthesize scholarly work on religion and the internet for a nonspecialist audience. They show that both media studies and theology offer important resources for helping Christians engage in a thoughtful and faith-based critical evaluation of the effect of new media technologies on society, our lives, and the church.},
	keywords = {digital cultures, Faith, theology},
	issn = {9780801049149},
	url = {http://bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/networked-theology/343270},
	author = {Campbell, H and Garner, S}
}
@article {2038,
	title = {Religious Communication and Technology},
	journal = {The Annals of the ICA},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {This article provides a review of contemporary research on religious communication and technologies through the lens of Digital Religion Studies, which explores how online and offline religious spheres become blended and blurred through digital culture. Summarizing the emergence and growth of studies of religion and the Internet, and offering an overview of scholarship demonstrating how religious actors negotiate their relationships and spiritual activities within their online{\textendash}offline lives, enable us to look critically at the state of Digital Religion Studies. This article also highlights current trends and emerging themes within this area including increasing attention being paid to theoretical developments, approaching digital religion as lived religion, and the influence of postsecular and posthuman discourses within this scholarship.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, religion},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23808985.2017.1374200},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {2052,
	title = {Methodological Challenges, Innovations and Growing Pains in Digital Religion Research},
	booktitle = {Digital Methodologies in the Sociology of Religion},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1-12},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	organization = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {Digital Religion},
	issn = {9781472571182},
	url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/digital-methodologies-in-the-sociology-of-religion-9781472571182/},
	author = {Campbell, H and Altenhofen, B}
}
@book {2064,
	title = {Playing with Religion in Digital Games},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	address = {Bloomington, IN},
	abstract = {Shaman, paragon, God-mode: modern video games are heavily coded with religious undertones. From the Shinto-inspired Japanese video game Okami to the internationally popular The Legend of Zelda and Halo, many video games rely on religious themes and symbols to drive the narrative and frame the storyline. Playing with Religion in Digital Games explores the increasingly complex relationship between gaming and global religious practices. For example, how does religion help organize the communities in MMORPGs such as World of Warcraft? What role has censorship played in localizing games like Actraiser in the western world? How do evangelical Christians react to violence, gore, and sexuality in some of the most popular games such as Mass Effect or Grand Theft Auto? With contributions by scholars and gamers from all over the world, this collection offers a unique perspective to the intersections of religion and the virtual world.},
	keywords = {digital games, religion},
	issn = {978-0-253-01253-1},
	url = {http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/product_info.php?products_id=807175},
	author = {Campbell, H and Grieve, G}
}
@article {2045,
	title = {Problematizing the Human-Technology Relationship through Techno-Spiritual Myths Presented in The Machine, Transcendence and Her},
	journal = {Journal of Religion \& Film},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {Article 21 },
	abstract = {This article explores three common techno-spiritual myths presented in three recent science fiction films, highlighting how the perceived spiritual nature of technology sets-out an inherently problematic relationship between humanity and technology. In The Machine, Transcendence and Her, human-created computers offer salvation from human limitations. Yet these creations eventually overpower their creators and threaten humanity as a whole. Each film is underwritten by a techno-spiritual myths including: {\textquotedblleft}technology as divine transcendence{\textquotedblright} (where technology is shown to endow humans with divine qualities, {\textquotedblleft}technological mysticism{\textquotedblright} (framing technology practice as a form of religion/spirituality) and {\textquotedblleft}techgnosis{\textquotedblright} (where technology itself is presented as a God). Each myth highlights how the human relationship to technology is often framed in spiritual terms, not only in cinema, but in popular culture in general. I argue these myths inform the storylines of these films, and spotlight common concerns about the outcome of human engagement with new technologies. By identifying these myths and discussing how they inform these films, a techno-spirituality grounded in distinctive posthuman narratives about the future of humanity is revealed.},
	keywords = {spiritual, technology},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol20/iss1/21/},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {2059,
	title = {Religion and New Media},
	booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the Social \& Behavioral Sciences},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {273{\textendash}278},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	edition = {2},
	address = {Oxford},
	keywords = {New Media, religion},
	issn = {9780080970868},
	url = {https://www.elsevier.com/books/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-andampamp-behavioral-sciences/wright/978-0-08-097086-8},
	author = {Campbell, H and Connelly, L}
}
@article {2037,
	title = {The Dissonance of {\textquotedblleft}Civil{\textquotedblright} Religion in Religious-Political Memetic Discourse During the 2016 Presidential Elections},
	journal = {Social Media+Society},
	keywords = {Politics, religion},
	author = {Campbell, H and Arrezndo, K and Dundas, K and Wolf, C}
}
@book {2051,
	title = {Religion and the Internet },
	series = {Mapping the Rise of the Study of Religious Practice Online},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion and the Internet will present a range of scholarly articles that offer a critical overview of the interdisciplinary study of new media, religion and digital culture. Scholars have documented individuals using computer networks for religious discussions and enagagment since the early 1980s. In the mid 1990s, when the Internet became publicly accessible, scholars began to study how users were translating and transporting their religious practices onto this new digital platform. This collection will cover the development of the study of Religion and the Internet over the past three decades, highlighting the core research topics, approaches and questions that have been explored by key international scholars at the intersection of new media and religion. The collection seeks to present how new forms of religious practices have emerged and been interrogated by scholars. It will also present how religious communities have negotiated their engagement with digital techologies and the online and offline implications this has had for religious practioners and individuals.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, religion},
	issn = {9781138093669},
	url = {https://www.crcpress.com/Religion-and-the-Internet/Campbell/p/book/9781138093669},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@book {2063,
	title = {Digital Judaism: Jewish negotiations with digital media and culture},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In this volume, contributors consider the ways that Jewish communities and users of new media negotiate their uses of digital technologies in light of issues related to religious identity, community and authority. Digital Judaism presents a broad analysis of how and why various Jewish groups negotiate with digital culture in particular ways, situating such observations within a wider discourse of how Jewish groups throughout history have utilized communication technologies to maintain their Jewish identities across time and space. Chapters address issues related to the negotiation of authority between online users and offline religious leaders and institutions not only within ultra-Orthodox communities, but also within the broader Jewish religious culture, taking into account how Jewish engagement with media in Israel and the diaspora raises a number of important issues related to Jewish community and identity. Featuring recent scholarship by leading and emerging scholars of Judaism and media, Digital Judaism is an invaluable resource for researchers in new media, religion and digital culture.},
	keywords = {culture, digital judaism, digital media, Digital Religion, Jewish religion},
	issn = {978-0415736244},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=IKYGCAAAQBAJ\&printsec=frontcover\&dq=978-0415736244\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwj88ouMqMTbAhXjt1kKHf-7CykQ6AEILjAB$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@article {2044,
	title = {Accessing Changes in the Study of Religious Communities in Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {Church, Communication \& Culture},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {73-89},
	abstract = {This article provides a focused review of researches undertaken within Digital religion studies in the last three decades, specifically highlighting how religious communities have been studied and approached within this area. It highlights the dominant theoretical and methodological approaches employed by scholars during what is being described as the four stages of research on religious communities emerging over this period of time. Thus, this article presents the findings of key studies emerging during these stages to illuminate how the study of religious communities online has evolved over time. It also offers insights into how this evolution specifically relates to the study of Catholic community online. Finally, a theoretical analysis is given, assessing current research on religious communities within Digital Religion studies, and approaches for future research are proposed.},
	keywords = {Community online, Digital Religion, internet, offline, Online, religious communities},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23753234.2016.1181301},
	author = {Campbell, H and Virtullo, A}
}
@inbook {2055,
	title = {Internet and social media},
	booktitle = {Routledge{\textquoteright}s Companion to Religion and Popular Culture},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {154-168},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion and popular culture is a fast-growing field that spans a variety of disciplines. This volume offers the first real survey of the field to date and provides a guide for the work of future scholars. It explores key issues of definition and of methodology, religious encounters with popular culture across media, material culture and space, ranging from videogames and social networks to cooking and kitsch, architecture and national monuments representations of religious traditions in the media and popular culture, including important non-Western spheres such as Bollywood.},
	keywords = {internet, social media},
	issn = {9781138322738},
	author = {Campbell, H and Teusner, P. E}
}
@article {2049,
	title = {There{\textquoteright}s a Religious App for that!: A Framework for Studying Religious Mobile Applications},
	journal = {Mobile Media \& Communication},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {154-172},
	abstract = {This article provides a new methodological approach to studying religious-oriented mobile applications available on the iTunes app store. Through an extensive review of 451 religious apps a number of problems were noted when relying solely on iTunes categories to identify app functions and purpose. Thus further analysis was done in order to present a new typology and framing of religious apps, which more accurately describe their design. We suggest that the 11 new categories offered here suggest a critical framework for studying religious apps. Thus this study provides a starting point for scholars interested in analyzing religious mobile applications to investigate how app developers integrate religious goals into their designs, and consider the primary ways people are expected to practice religion through mobile apps.},
	keywords = {App, religious, religious applications},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2050157914520846},
	author = {Campbell, H and Altenhofen, B and Bellar, W and Cho, K.J}
}
@book {2062,
	title = {Religion and the Internet},
	series = {Research Methods and Theories in Digital Religion Studies},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	issn = {9781138093690},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=lp5gswEACAAJ\&dq=religion+and+the+internet+volume+3+Research+Methods+and+Theories+in+Digital+Religion+Studies\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwib-s3ipsTbAhVHrVkKHdBOD1IQ6AEIJzAA},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
