@book {83,
	title = {When Religion Meets New Media},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {This book focuses on how different Jewish, Muslim, and Christian communities engage with new media. Rather than simply reject or accept new media, religious communities negotiate complex relationships with these technologies in light of their history and beliefs. I suggest a method for studying these processes called the "religious-social shaping of technology" and students are asked to consider four key areas: religious tradition and history; contemporary community values and priorities; negotiation and innovating technology in light of the community; communal discourses applied to justify use.  A variety of examples such as the Christian e-vangelism movement, Modern Islamic discourses about computers and the rise of the Jewish kosher cell phone, demonstrate the dominant strategies which emerge for religious media users, as well as the unique motivations that guide specific groups. },
	keywords = {Christianity, Islam, Judaism, New Media},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=UykFd5cBsrYC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {93,
	title = {Spiritualising the internet: Uncovering discourse and narrative of religious internet usage},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {Heidi Campbell deals with an important aspect of {\textquotedblright}lived religion{\textquotedblright} and the Internet. In her contribution Spiritualising the Internet: Uncovering Discourses and Narratives of Religious Internet Usage, she focuses on how spiritual or religious worldviews shape the use and study of the Internet. Individuals and groups typically employ one of a range of conceptual models (such as the Internet as an information tool, identity workshop, common mental geography, social network or spiritual space) to frame their understanding of Internet technology and how it should be used. Narratives about the nature of this technology are often embedded within these discourses. Of particular interest to Campbell is the identification of narratives used to shape religious or spiritual Internet usage. Some of these can be described as offering a religious identity, support network, spiritual network or worship space. According to Campbell, religious narratives describe the religious group{\textquoteright}s motivations and beliefs about acceptable use of technology in spiritual pursuits. They also highlight a process of negotiation and framing that is often undertaken in order to justify religious Internet usage. Campbell introduces Katz and Aakhus{\textquoteright}s Apparageist theory of the social use of mobile technology, which provides one way to discuss this religious apologetic process related to the Internet. She is convinced that it also helps to uncover how technological selection can be linked to the spiritual worldviews to which individuals and/or groups ascribe.},
	keywords = {internet, religion, technology, theory of religion online},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5824/pdf/Campbell4a.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {319,
	title = {A Review of Religious Computer-Mediated Communication Research},
	booktitle = {Mediating Religion: Conversations in Media, Culture and Religion},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {213-228},
	publisher = {T \& T Clark/Continuum},
	organization = {T \& T Clark/Continuum},
	address = {Edinburgh},
	abstract = {This is the first book to bring together many aspects of the interplay between religion, media and culture from around the world in a single comprehensive study. Leading international scholars provide the most up-to-date findings in their fields, and in a readable and accessible way.37 essays cover topics including religion in the media age, popular broadcasting, communication theology, popular piety, film and religion, myth and ritual in cyberspace, music and religion, communication ethics, and the nature of truth in media saturated cultures.},
	keywords = {Communication, Computer, religion, Research},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Mediating_religion.html?id=X6uEQgAACAAJ},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {88,
	title = {Bloggers and religious authority online},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {251-266},
	chapter = {251},
	abstract = {It is often argued that the internet poses a threat to traditional forms of authority. Within studies of religion online claims have also been made that the internet is affecting religious authority online, but little substantive work has backed up these claims. This paper argues for an approach to authority within online studies which looks separately at authority: roles, structures, beliefs/ideologies and texts. This approach is applied to a thematic analysis of 100 religious blogs and demonstrates that religious bloggers use their blogs to frame authority in ways that may more often affirm than challenge traditional sources of authority.},
	keywords = {Authority, blogs, religion, religious authority},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01519.x/full},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {261,
	title = {Islamogaming: Digital Dignity via Alternative Storytelling},
	booktitle = {Halos and avatars: Playing (video) games with God},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {63-74},
	publisher = {Westminster Press},
	organization = {Westminster Press},
	address = {Louisville},
	abstract = {Craig Detweiler{\textquoteright}s collection of up-to-the-minute essays on video games{\textquoteright} theological themes (and yes, they do exist!) is an engaging and provocative book for gamers, parents, pastors, media scholars, and theologians--virtually anyone who has dared to consider the ramifications of modern society{\textquoteright}s obsession with video games and online media. Together, these essays take on an exploding genre in popular culture and interpret it through a refreshing and enlightening philosophical lens.},
	keywords = {Christianity, game studies, Islam, public sphere, video games, virtual worlds},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=GomyEvcocJsC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {323,
	title = {Religion and the Internet},
	journal = {Communication Research Trends},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3-24},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	url = {http://cscc.scu.edu/trends/v25/v25_1.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {44,
	title = {The Question of Christian Community Online: The Case of the Artist World Network},
	journal = {Studies in World Christianity},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {261-267},
	publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
	address = {Edinburgh, Scotland},
	abstract = {The past decade has seen a steady growth of technologies and practices that can be described as religion online. In many respects Christian groups and users have led the way in using the web for spiritual practices. From church websites becoming a common form of congregational advertising and communication to the rise of cyber churches and online prayer meetings, numerous forms of Christian practice have been transposed online. The Christian community has also been at the forefront of debates over the potential impact of {\textquoteleft}doing religion{\textquoteright} online. Concerns voiced by theologians, pastors and Christian scholars have included the potential that technology might become a substitute for God, the Internet could draw people away for organised religion towards individualised spiritualities, and that the Internet might reshape notions of traditional ritual and community. In light of these questions a new area of research has developed which involves exploring how Christian religious practice is being transformed in the age of Internet technology. Within such studies, the question of Christian or religious community online continues to surface as a central area of concern. As more and more Christian Internet users become involved in various chat, email and blogging groups, they are increasingly seeing and referring to these online social networks as religious communities. For many believers their Christian community involves both online and offline friendships and affiliations, a concept still problematic and contentious to many religious leaders. Thus, the purpose of this article is to investigate what constitutes a Christian community online and the possibilities and challenges that exist when Christians who gather for religious purpose online begin to conceive of their group as a Christian community. This is done by exploring a particular Christian online bulletin board, the {\textquoteleft}Artist World Network{\textquoteright}, in order to understand how this group sees itself and functions as community. This investigation provides a way to address the question of what constitutes an online Christian community. It also opens up discussion on the possibilities and challenges online religious communities pose for offline Christian community.},
	keywords = {Christianity, community, internet, religion online},
	url = {http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/swc.2007.13.3.261?journalCode=swc},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Patricia Caulderon}
}
@article {92,
	title = {Making space for religion in internet studies},
	journal = {The Information Society},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {309-315},
	abstract = {This paper seeks to address how religion fits into the larger domain of Internet studies and why studies of religion within CMC need to be given more attention. An argument is made for the need to take religion online more seriously, not just because it is an interesting phenomena or a popular use of the Internet, but also because religion continues to be an important part of contemporary life for many people. A summary of the growth and development of religion online is presented along with an overview of how religion has been approached and studied on the Internet. This review shows what CMC studies of religion might offer in approaching research questions related to authority, identity construction and community online. It calls for recognition of the contribution and possibilities that under-represented areas within interdisciplinary research, like religion, might offer Internet studies as a whole.},
	keywords = {CMC, Internet Studies, religion, religion online},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972240591007625$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {318,
	title = {Congregation of the Disembodied},
	booktitle = {Virtual Morality},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {179-199},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Contents: Mark J. P. Wolf: Introduction - Gordon Hull: Digital Media and the Scope of {\guillemotleft} Computer Ethics - Emma Rooksby: Empathy in Computer-Mediated Communication - Mark J. P. Wolf: From Simulation to Emulation: Ethics, Worldviews, and Video Games - Paul J. Ford: Virtually Impacted: Designers, Spheres of Meaning, and Virtual Communities - Jason B. Jones: Communities of Envy: Psychoanalytic Perspectives on the Virtual Classroom - Jo Ann Oravec: OnLine Advocacy of Violence and Hate-Group Activity: The Internet as a Platform for the Expression of Youth Aggression and Anxiety - Chris Nagel: Hating in the Global Village - Leda Cooks: The Discursive Construction of Global Listserv Ethics: The Case of Panama-L - Heidi Campbell: Congregation of the Disembodied: A Look at Religious Community on the Internet - Maura McCarthy: Free Market Morality: Why Evangelicals Need Free Speech on the Internet - Andrew Careaga: World Wide Witness: Friendship Evangelism on the Internet - Kathy T. Hettinga: GraveImages: A Faith Visualized in a Technological Age.},
	keywords = {Congregation, disembodied},
	url = {http://tamu.academia.edu/HeidiCampbell/Papers/712633/Congregation_of_the_Disembodied._A_Look_at_Religious_Community_on_the_Internet},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {87,
	title = {How the iPhone became divine: Blogging, religion and intertextuality},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1191-127},
	abstract = {This article explores the labeling of the iPhone as the {\textquoteleft}Jesus phone{\textquoteright} in order to demonstrate how religious metaphors and myth can be appropriated into popular discourse and shape the reception of a technology. We consider the intertextual nature of the relationship between religious language, imagery and technology and demonstrate how this creates a unique interaction between technology fans and bloggers, news media and even corporate advertising. Our analysis of the {\textquoteleft}Jesus phone{\textquoteright} clarifies how different groups may appropriate the language and imagery of another to communicate very different meanings and intentions. Intertextuality serves as a framework to unpack the deployment of religion to frame technology and meanings communicated. We also reflect on how religious language may communicate both positive and negative aspects of a technology and instigate an unintentional trajectory in popular discourse as it is employed by different audiences, both online and offline. },
	keywords = {blogs, cell phone, fandom, intertexuality, iPhone, Jesus phone, religion, religious discourse, technology},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/12/7/1191},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Antonio LaPastina}
}
@inbook {123,
	title = {Internet and Religion},
	booktitle = {The Blackwell Handbook of Internet Studies},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishers},
	organization = {Blackwell Publishers},
	address = {Oxford, UK},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=3CakiQW_GVAC\&pg=PA247\&lpg=PA247\&dq=The+Use+of+Internet+Communication+by+Catholic+Congregations:+A+Quantitative+Study\&source=bl\&ots=7jHuXxT_rI\&sig=N_CclUEsihldDHr_L1a9PNoTWbg\&hl=en\&ei=ZguqTrGuOuOlsQLx9MSXDw\&sa=X\&oi=book_res},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {322,
	title = {Religious Authority in the Age of the Internet},
	booktitle = {Virtual Lives: Christian Reflection },
	year = {2011},
	pages = {59-68},
	publisher = {Baylor University Press},
	organization = {Baylor University Press},
	abstract = {As the internet changes how we interact with one another, it transforms our understanding of authority by creating new positions of power, flattening traditional hierarchies, and providing new platforms that give voice to the voice- less. How is it reshaping Christian leadership and institu- tions of authority?},
	keywords = {Authority, internet, religion},
	doi = {http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/130947.pdf},
	url = {http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/130950.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Paul Teusner}
}
@article {91,
	title = {Postcyborg ethics: A new way to speak of technology?},
	journal = {EME: Exploration in Media Ecology},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {279-296},
	keywords = {cyborg, ethics, religion, technology},
	url = {http://www.media-ecology.org/publications/Explorations_Media_Ecology/v5n4.html},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {317,
	title = {This is my church: Seeing the internet and club culture as spiritual space},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {107-121},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space.},
	keywords = {Christianity, Church, club culture, internet},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {1008,
	title = {Al Jazeera{\textquoteright}s Framing of Social Media During the Arab Spring. },
	journal = {CyberOrient},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {This study investigates how Al Jazeera framed social media in relation to the revolutions and protests of the {\textquotedblleft}Arab Spring{\textquotedblright} within its broadcast media coverage. A content analysis of Arabic language broadcasts appearing from January 25th through February 18th 2011, covering the protests in Tahrir Square, was conducted using the Broadcast Monitoring System (BMS) and Arab Spring Archive. Through this analysis we see a number of common narratives being used by Al Jazeera to frame social media and make claims about the influence they had on the protests and related social movements. By noting the frequency of social communications technologies referenced, ways in which these technologies were characterized and interpreting supporting themes with which they were identified helps illuminate the assumptions promoted by Al Jazeera regarding the role and impact of social communications technology on these events.},
	keywords = {activism, Arab Spring, democracy, Egypt, information and communication technology, internet, public sphere, satellite TV, social media},
	url = {http://www.cyberorient.net/article.do?articleId=7758},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Diana Hawk}
}
@article {86,
	title = {Religious engagement with the internet within Israeli Orthodox groups},
	journal = {Israel Affairs},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {364-383},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of research on religion and the Internet within the Israeli context, highlighting how Orthodox Jewish groups have appropriated and responded to the Internet. By surveying Orthodox use of the Internet, and giving special attention to the ultra Orthodox negotiations, a number of key challenges that the Internet poses to the Israeli religious sector are highlighted. Exploring these debates and negotiations demonstrates that while the Internet is readily utilized by many Orthodox groups, it is still viewed by some with suspicion. Fears expressed, primarily by ultra Orthodox groups, shows religious leaders often attempt to constrain Internet use to minimize its potential threat to religious social norms and the structure of authority. This article also highlights the need for research that addresses the concerns and strategies of different Orthodox groups in order to offer a broader understanding of Orthodox engagement with the Internet in Israel.},
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, Israel, Judaism, Orthodox, religion, ultra Orthodox},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537121.2011.584664$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@book {95,
	title = {Exploring Religious Community Online: We are one in the Network},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {213},
	publisher = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	organization = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	type = {Monograph},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Exploring Religious Community Online is a first comprehensive study of the development and implications of online communities for religious groups. This book investigates religious community online by examining how Christian communities have adopted internet technologies, and looks at how these online practices pose new challenges to offline religious community and culture. },
	keywords = {Christianity, community, email, internet, religion, religious identity},
	isbn = {978-0820471051},
	issn = {978-0820471051},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=nkEHmdr-7ZUC\&pg=PA153\&lpg=PA153\&dq=exploring+religious+community+online+heidi+campbell\&source=bl\&ots=3cedZPB9S1\&sig=Aw3jXmsZmvnlHK7agc6uIzQUSoI\&hl=en\&ei=tNOZTprkGqbKsQLRwqW3BA\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum=4\&sqi=2\&v},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {321,
	title = {Internet and Cyber Environments},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Religion, Communication and Media},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {177-182},
	publisher = {Berkshire Publications/Sage Reference},
	organization = {Berkshire Publications/Sage Reference},
	address = {Great Barrington},
	abstract = {Communication is at the heart of all religions. As an essential aspect of religion, communication occurs between believers, between religious leaders and followers, between proponents of different faiths, and even between practitioners and the deities. The desire to communicate with as well as convert others is also an aspect of some of the world{\textquoteright}s major religions. The Encyclopedia of Religion, Communication, and Media explores all forms of religious communication worldwide and historically, with a special emphasis on oral and written forms of communication. This A-Z organized reference work analyzes how and why the world{\textquoteright}s religions have used different means of communications through topics dealing with: * Theory and concepts in religious communication, including rhetoric, persuasion, performance, brainwashing, and more * Forms of verbal communication, such as chanting, speaking in tongues, preaching, or praying * Forms of written communication, such as religious texts,parables, mystical literature, and modern Christian publishing * Other forms of communication, including art, film, and sculpture * Religious communication in public life, from news coverage and political messages to media evangelism and the electronic church * Communication processes and their effects on religious communication, including non-sexist language, communication competence, or interfaith dialogue * Biographies of major religious communicators, including Muhammad, Jesus, Aristotle, Gandhi, and Martin Luther From the presence of religion on the internet to the effects of religious beliefs on popular advertising, communication and media are integral to religion and the expression of religious belief. With its international and multicultural coverage, this Encyclopedia is an essential and unique resource for scholars, students, as well as the general reader interested in religion, media, or communications.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=TN-qpt7kAK4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {90,
	title = {Who{\textquoteright}s got the power? The question of religious authority and the internet},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2007},
	chapter = {14},
	abstract = {While many themes have been explored in relation to religion online{\textemdash}ritual, identity construction, community{\textemdash}what happens to religious authority and power relationships within online environments is an area in need of more detailed investigation. In order to move discussions of authority from the broad or vague to the specific, this article argues for a more refined identification of the attributes of authority at play in the online context. This involves distinguishing between different layers of authority in terms of hierarchy, structure, ideology, and text. The article also explores how different religious traditions approach questions of authority in relation to the Internet. Through a qualitative analysis of three sets of interviews with Christians, Jews, and Muslims about the Internet, we see how authority is discussed and contextualized differently in each religious tradition in terms of these four layers of authority.},
	keywords = {Authority, Christianity, internet, Islam, Judaism},
	url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/campbell.html},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {316,
	title = {The Internet as Social-Spiritual Space},
	booktitle = {Netting citizens: Exploring citizenship in the Internet age},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {208-231},
	publisher = {St. Andrew{\textquoteright}s Press},
	organization = {St. Andrew{\textquoteright}s Press},
	address = {Edinburgh},
	keywords = {internet, Social, spiritual},
	url = {http://clydeserver.com/bairdtrust/pdfs/2004/chapter09opt.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {573,
	title = {Rethinking the online-offline connection in religion online},
	journal = {Information, Community \& Society },
	volume = {18},
	year = {2011},
	month = {11/2011},
	chapter = {1083-1086},
	abstract = {This special issue of Information, Communication and Society aims to present current research on the connection between online and offline religion and map out significant questions and themes concerning how this relationship takes shape among different religious traditions and contexts. By bringing together a collection of studies that explore these issues, we seek to investigate both how the Internet informs religious cultures in everyday life, and how the Internet is being shaped by offline religious traditions and communities. In order to contextualize the articles in the special issue, we offer a brief overview of how religion online has been studied over the past two decades with attention given to how the intersection of online-offline religion has been approached. This is followed by a discussion of key questions in the recent study of the relationship between online and offline religion and significant themes that emerge in contemporary research on religious uses of the Internet. These questions and themes help contextualize the unique contributions this special issue offers to the current discourse in this area, as well as how it might inform the wider field of Internet studies. We end by suggesting where future research on religion and the Internet might be headed, especially in relation to how we understand and approach the overlap between online and offline religion as a space of hybridity and social interdependence.
},
	keywords = {internet and religion, offline, Online, religion},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2011.597416},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2011.597416},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and L{\"o}vheim, Mia}
}
@article {85,
	title = {Creating digital enclaves: Negotiation of the internet amongst bounded religious communities},
	journal = {Media, Culture and Society},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {709-724},
	publisher = {Sage},
	chapter = {709},
	abstract = {This article examines the motivation behind bounded groups{\textquoteright} creation of digital enclaves online. Through in-depth interviews with 19 webmasters and staff of selected Israeli Orthodox websites three critical areas of negotiation are explored: (1) social control; (2) sources of authority; and (3) community boundaries. Examining these tensions illuminates a detailed process of self-evaluation which leads religious stakeholders and internet entrepreneurs to form these digital enclaves in order to negotiate the core beliefs and constraints of their offline communities online. These offer spaces of safety for members within the risk-laden tracts of the internet. Examining the tensions accompanying the emergence of these religious websites elucidates community affordances as well as the challenges to the authority that integration of new media poses to closed groups and societies. },
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, Israel, Judaism},
	url = {http://mcs.sagepub.com/content/33/5/709.abstract},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Oren Golan}
}
@article {94,
	title = {Challenges created by online religious networks},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {81-99},
	abstract = {This article considers the challenges that online religious communities raise for religious culture. A survey of cultural changes in media, community, and religion uncovers similar structural shifts, from hierarchical structures to more open, dynamic relationship patterns in society. Examining this shift helps explain why cyber-religion and online religious communities have become emergent phenomenon. Emphasis is placed on the argument that the Internet has thrived because it has surfaced in a cultural landscape that promotes fluid yet controlled relationships over tightly bound hierarchies. Religious online communities are expressions of these changes and challenge traditional religious definitions of community. Especially problematic is the image of community as a network of relations. This article also addresses common concerns and fears of religious critics related to online communities through an analysis of current literature on these issues, along with a synthesis of research studies relating to the social use and consequences of the Internet.},
	keywords = {community, internet, religion},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15328415jmr0302_1$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {320,
	title = {Internet and Cyber Environments},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Religion, Communication and Media},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {177-182},
	publisher = {Berkshire Publications/Sage Reference},
	organization = {Berkshire Publications/Sage Reference},
	address = {Great Barrington},
	abstract = {Communication is at the heart of all religions. As an essential aspect of religion, communication occurs between believers, between religious leaders and followers, between proponents of different faiths, and even between practitioners and the deities. The desire to communicate with as well as convert others is also an aspect of some of the world{\textquoteright}s major religions. The Encyclopedia of Religion, Communication, and Media explores all forms of religious communication worldwide and historically, with a special emphasis on oral and written forms of communication. This A-Z organized reference work analyzes how and why the world{\textquoteright}s religions have used different means of communications through topics dealing with: * Theory and concepts in religious communication, including rhetoric, persuasion, performance, brainwashing, and more * Forms of verbal communication, such as chanting, speaking in tongues, preaching, or praying * Forms of written communication, such as religious texts,parables, mystical literature, and modern Christian publishing * Other forms of communication, including art, film, and sculpture * Religious communication in public life, from news coverage and political messages to media evangelism and the electronic church * Communication processes and their effects on religious communication, including non-sexist language, communication competence, or interfaith dialogue * Biographies of major religious communicators, including Muhammad, Jesus, Aristotle, Gandhi, and Martin Luther From the presence of religion on the internet to the effects of religious beliefs on popular advertising, communication and media are integral to religion and the expression of religious belief. With its international and multicultural coverage, this Encyclopedia is an essential and unique resource for scholars, students, as well as the general reader interested in religion, media, or communications.
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Editorial Review - Library Journal vol. 132 iss. 11 p (c) 06/15/2007
A plethora of existing encyclopedias covers the independent study of religion, communication, and the media. Few, however, manage to bring these disparate fields together. Stout (journalism \& media studies, Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas; coeditor, Journal of Media and Religion ) has carefully chosen respected international scholars with expertise in a wide range of subjects{\textemdash}e.g., communication, religion, theology, and the media{\textemdash}to create this unprecedented interdisciplinary, cross-cultural encyclopedia concentrating on the various forms of written and oral religious methods used to communicate with divinity around the world. The 124 A-to-Z signed entries explore not only traditional media but also new media (e.g., cyber environments, film, and sculpture). The entries appear in a standardized format, each ranging from one to three pages in length. Major schools of thought, ancient and modern traditions, theories, and gurus are described, and each entry highlights the influence of religion on human history and contemporary society. Key ideas are often supported with excerpts, and articles are supplemented with photos and sidebars. BOTTOM LINE The division of entries into well-defined key sections and the extensive index allow efficient access to the information. These features, together with the further reading section, make this an ideal choice for large public or academic libraries serving university students, journalists, and those seeking a more thorough understanding of religion and communication{\textquoteright}s interconnection.{\textemdash}Hazel Cameron, Western Washington Univ. Libs., Bellingham  
Editorial Review - Library Journal vol. 132 iss. 11 p (c) 06/15/2007
A plethora of existing encyclopedias covers the independent study of religion, communication, and the media. Few, however, manage to bring these disparate fields together. Stout (journalism \& media studies, Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas; coeditor, Journal of Media and Religion ) has carefully chosen respected international scholars with expertise in a wide range of subjects{\textemdash}e.g., communication, religion, theology, and the media{\textemdash}to create this unprecedented interdisciplinary, cross-cultural encyclopedia concentrating on the various forms of written and oral religious methods used to communicate with divinity around the world. The 124 A-to-Z signed entries explore not only traditional media but also new media (e.g., cyber environments, film, and sculpture). The entries appear in a standardized format, each ranging from one to three pages in length. Major schools of thought, ancient and modern traditions, theories, and gurus are described, and each entry highlights the influence of religion on human history and contemporary society. Key ideas are often supported with excerpts, and articles are supplemented with photos and sidebars. BOTTOM LINE The division of entries into well-defined key sections and the extensive index allow efficient access to the information. These features, together with the further reading section, make this an ideal choice for large public or academic libraries serving university students, journalists, and those seeking a more thorough understanding of religion and communication{\textquoteright}s interconnection.{\textemdash}Hazel Cameron, Western Washington Univ. Libs., Bellingham  
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{\guilsinglright}
Selected pages


Title Page
Table of Contents
Index
Common terms and phrases

advertising American Anabaptists audience Baha{\textquoteright}i beliefs Bible broadcast Buddenbaum Buddhist Catholic century Christ Christian Church conflict Confucius congregation contemporary contemporary Christian music context create dance Daoist defined definition developed difficult divine early Evangelical example faith field figures film find first five Further Reading gious God{\textquoteright}s Greek groups Haredi Hindu Hinduism holy human images individual influence Internet interpretive community Islam Jesus Jewish Jews Judaism leaders ligious literacy mass media means Mennonites ment modern moral mosque movement Muslim Native American official one{\textquoteright}s oral organizations Orthodox political popular culture pornography practice prayer priests programs prophets Protestant Protestantism published Qur{\textquoteright}an radio reflect reli religion religious communities ritual Roman sacred sacrifice scholars secular sermon sexual shaman significant social society specific spiritual stories symbols televangelism televangelists television temple texts theology tion tradition University Press videos Western word worship York
Bibliographic information


Title	Encyclopedia of religion, communication, and media
Volume 8 of Religion and Society
Routledge encyclopedias of religion and society
Author	Daniel A. Stout
Editor	Daniel A. Stout
Edition	illustrated
Publisher	CRC Press, 2006
ISBN	0415969468, 9780415969468
Length	467 pages
Subjects	Language Arts \& Disciplines {\guilsinglright} Communication Studies

Communication
Communication - Religious aspects
Communication/ Religious aspects
Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies
Reference / Encyclopedias
Religion / General
Religion / Religion, Politics \& State
 	 
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{\textcopyright}2011 Google},
	keywords = {cyber, environment, internet},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=TN-qpt7kAK4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {89,
	title = {"What hath God wrought{\textquotedblright}: Considering how religious communities culture (or kosher) the cell phone},
	journal = {Continuum: Journal of Media and Culture},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {191-203},
	keywords = {cell phone, Israel, kosher phone, Orthodox Judaism, religion},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10304310701269040},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {315,
	title = {Texting the Faith: Religious Users and Cell Phone Culture},
	booktitle = {The cell phone reader. Essays in social transformation},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {139-154},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The Cell Phone Reader offers a diverse, eclectic set of essays that examines how this rapidly evolving technology is shaping new media cultures, new forms of identity, and media-centered relationships. The contributors focus on a range of topics, from horror films to hip-hop, from religion to race, and draw examples from across the globe. The Cell Phone Reader provides a road map for both scholars and beginning students to examine the profound social, cultural and international impact of this small device.},
	keywords = {cell phone, Faith, religious, Texting},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=U8uOkAp998IC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {457,
	title = {Understanding the relationship between religious practice online and offline in a networked society},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Religion},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {64-93},
	abstract = {This article suggests that religious practice online, rather than simply transforming religion, highlights shifts occurring within broader Western culture. The concept of {\textquotedblleft}networked religion{\textquotedblright} is introduced as a way to encapsulate how religion functions online and suggests that online religion exemplifies several key social and cultural changes at work in religion in general society. Networked religion is defined by five key traits{\textemdash}networked community, storied identities, shifting authority, convergent practice, and a multisite reality{\textemdash}that highlight central research topics and questions explored within the study of religion and the internet. Studying religion on the internet provides insights not only into the common attributes of religious practice online, but helps explain current trends within the practice of religion and even social interactions in networked society.},
	keywords = {network, offline, Online, religion, society},
	url = {http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/content/80/1/64.short},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
