@article {1310,
	title = {De-Centering and Re-Centering: Rethinking Concepts and Methods in the Sociological Study of Religion},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {437},
	keywords = {methods, religion, Research, scholar, Sociology of religion},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01585.x/full},
	author = {Wendy Cadge and Peggy Levitt and David Smilde}
}
@article {2725,
	title = {Holy selfies: Performing pilgrimage in the age of social media},
	journal = {The International Journal of Information, Diversity, \& Inclusion},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {In this article, we examine the selfie-taking and sharing practices of Muslim pilgrims in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. We introduce the concept of the {\textquotedblleft}holy selfie{\textquotedblright} (a selfie taken during either theHajj or the Umrah pilgrimages) and report on a visual content analysis of a sample of 100 holy selfies publicly available on social networking platforms. We seek to reach an understanding of the work that holy selfies do in the context of the expressions of spiritual and religious identity of those producing them. Our findings suggest that the embodied experience of pilgrims at the holy sites finds an expressive release through holy selfies, with many pilgrims viewing selfie-taking as an important part of their journey. The selfies (and associated features) capture and document pilgrims{\textquoteright} experiences, contribute to their meaning-making, enable the sharing of memories with loved ones, and attract online followers. Our study provides a picture of how holy selfies blur the gender line (as many males as females take them), emerge despite the opposition of Saudi authorities, and serve as a means of engaging with a multiplicity of audiences. We seek to start a conceptual and methodological conversation about this emerging phenomenon of identity construction involving the use of new media along with the construction of affiliative identities among geographically dispersed communities of Muslim pilgrims. The taking of holy selfies can thus be read as a tactic used by 21st-century Muslims to create opportunities for self-representation and community building in a context of increasing Islamophobia.},
	url = {https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/ijidi/article/view/32209},
	author = {Caidi, Nadia and Beazley, Susan and Marquez, Laia Colomer}
}
@article {2891,
	title = {Unscrewing the big leviathan: How actors macrostructure reality and how sociologists help them to do so},
	journal = {Advances in Social Theory and Methodology, Routledge and Kegan Paul},
	year = {1981},
	chapter = {pp. 227-303},
	abstract = {This social theory article explores the problem of micro and macro society without accepting an a priori scale to measure the levels; it demonstrates that by letting the actors build their own scale, the growth of science and technology becomes explainable.},
	url = {http://www.bruno-latour.fr/node/388},
	author = {Michel Callon and Latour B.}
}
@inbook {322,
	title = {Religious Authority in the Age of the Internet},
	booktitle = {Virtual Lives: Christian Reflection },
	year = {2011},
	pages = {59-68},
	publisher = {Baylor University Press},
	organization = {Baylor University Press},
	abstract = {As the internet changes how we interact with one another, it transforms our understanding of authority by creating new positions of power, flattening traditional hierarchies, and providing new platforms that give voice to the voice- less. How is it reshaping Christian leadership and institu- tions of authority?},
	keywords = {Authority, internet, religion},
	doi = {http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/130947.pdf},
	url = {http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/130950.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Paul Teusner}
}
@article {2048,
	title = {Studying technology \& ecclesiology in online multi-site worship},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Religion},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {267-285},
	abstract = {This study brings together research approaches from media studies and practical theology in order to study and understand the relationship between online technological features of multi-site worship and the larger offline worshipping community to which it is connected. From the perspective of media studies we reflect on how new media technologies and cultures are allowed to shape online worship spaces and how larger institutional traditions and structures are allowed to shape technologically mediated church events. From the perspective of practical theology we use the notion of inculturation as a lens for a better understanding of the specific ways in which Christian worship practices adapt, change, and respond to the new cultural setting which emerges from the online worship context. Together, these approaches illuminate the interplay between digital technology and ecclesiological tradition in shaping multi-site church worship practices.},
	keywords = {Online, technology, worship},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537903.2014.903662},
	author = {Campbell, H and Delashmutt, M}
}
@article {2758,
	title = {Creating digital enclaves: Negotiation of the internet among bounded religious communities:},
	journal = {Media, Culture \& Society},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This article examines the motivation behind bounded groups{\textquoteright} creation of digital enclaves online. Through in-depth interviews with 19 webmasters and staff of selected Israeli Orthodox websites three critical areas of negotiation are explored: (1) social control; (2) sources of authority; and (3) community boundaries. Examining these tensions illuminates a detailed process of self-evaluation which leads religious stakeholders and internet entrepreneurs to form these digital enclaves in order to negotiate the core beliefs and constraints of their offline communities online. These offer spaces of safety for members within the risk-laden tracts of the internet. Examining the tensions accompanying the emergence of these religious websites elucidates community affordances as well as the challenges to the authority that integration of new media poses to closed groups and societies.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443711404464},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A. and Golan, Oren}
}
@book {2060,
	title = {Networked Theology: Negotiating Faith in Digital Culture},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Baker Academic},
	organization = {Baker Academic},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {This informed theology of communication and media analyzes how we consume new media and technologies and discusses the impact on our social and religious lives. Combining expertise in religion online, theology, and technology, the authors synthesize scholarly work on religion and the internet for a nonspecialist audience. They show that both media studies and theology offer important resources for helping Christians engage in a thoughtful and faith-based critical evaluation of the effect of new media technologies on society, our lives, and the church.},
	keywords = {digital cultures, Faith, theology},
	issn = {9780801049149},
	url = {http://bakerpublishinggroup.com/books/networked-theology/343270},
	author = {Campbell, H and Garner, S}
}
@inbook {317,
	title = {This is my church: Seeing the internet and club culture as spiritual space},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {107-121},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space.},
	keywords = {Christianity, Church, club culture, internet},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {92,
	title = {Making space for religion in internet studies},
	journal = {The Information Society},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {309-315},
	abstract = {This paper seeks to address how religion fits into the larger domain of Internet studies and why studies of religion within CMC need to be given more attention. An argument is made for the need to take religion online more seriously, not just because it is an interesting phenomena or a popular use of the Internet, but also because religion continues to be an important part of contemporary life for many people. A summary of the growth and development of religion online is presented along with an overview of how religion has been approached and studied on the Internet. This review shows what CMC studies of religion might offer in approaching research questions related to authority, identity construction and community online. It calls for recognition of the contribution and possibilities that under-represented areas within interdisciplinary research, like religion, might offer Internet studies as a whole.},
	keywords = {CMC, Internet Studies, religion, religion online},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972240591007625$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {2042,
	title = {Surveying Theoretical Approaches within Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {15-24},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of the development of Digital Religion studies and the theoretical approaches frequently employed within this area. Through considering the ways and theories of mediatization, mediation of meaning, and the religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology have been engaged and applied in studies of new media technologies, religion, and digital culture we see how Digital Religion studies has grown into a unique area of inquiry informed by both Internet studies and media, religion, and culture studies. Overall, it offers a concise summary of the current state of research inquiry within Digital Religion studies.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, mediation of meaning, mediatization, New Media, religion, religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology, theory},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649912},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {2053,
	title = {Studying Jewish Engagement with Digital Media and Culture},
	booktitle = {Digital Judaism: Jewish Negotiations with Digital Media and Technology},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1-15},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The study of new media, religion and digital culture has been in existence for almost two decades. During this time scholars have explored a wide range of religious group{\textquoteright}s engagement with the internet, yet it is clear that some religious traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, have received much more attention than others. As Campbell and Lovheim (2011) noted in their assessment of the study of religion and the internet, there is still a need for a more nuanced understanding of the negotiation of the internet as a medium for religious practice within some religious groups. Also more careful consideration is called for regarding what some scholars have described as {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}the relationship between the online-offline religious contexts-within some religious traditions. This chapter argues that the study of Jewish groups and the internet has arguably been an understudied area in need of more significant attention and critical examination.},
	keywords = {culture, digital media, Judaism},
	issn = {978-0415736244},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317817345/chapters/10.4324\%2F9781315818597-5},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@book {2849,
	title = {Digital Creatives and the Rethinking of Religious Authority},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Much speculation was raised in the 1990s, during the first decade of internet research, about the extent to which online platforms and digital culture might challenge traditional understandings of authority, especially in religious contexts. Digital Creatives and the Rethinking of Religious Authority explores the ways in which religiously-inspired digital media experts and influencers online challenge established religious leaders and those who seek to maintain institutional structures in a world where online and offline religious spaces are increasingly intertwined. In the twenty-first century, the question of how digital culture may be reshaping notions of whom or what constitutes authority is incredibly important. Questions asked include:

Who truly holds religious power and influence in an age of digital media? Is it recognized religious leaders and institutions? Or religious digital innovators? Or digital media users?
What sources, processes and/or structures can and should be considered authoritative online, and offline?
Who or what is really in control of religious technological innovation?
This book reflects on how digital media simultaneously challenges and empowers new and traditional forms of religious authority. It is a gripping read for those with an interest in communication, culture studies, media studies, religion/religious studies, sociology of religion, computer-mediated communication, and internet/digital culture studies.},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Digital-Creatives-and-the-Rethinking-of-Religious-Authority/Campbell/p/book/9781138370975},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A.}
}
@book {2064,
	title = {Playing with Religion in Digital Games},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	address = {Bloomington, IN},
	abstract = {Shaman, paragon, God-mode: modern video games are heavily coded with religious undertones. From the Shinto-inspired Japanese video game Okami to the internationally popular The Legend of Zelda and Halo, many video games rely on religious themes and symbols to drive the narrative and frame the storyline. Playing with Religion in Digital Games explores the increasingly complex relationship between gaming and global religious practices. For example, how does religion help organize the communities in MMORPGs such as World of Warcraft? What role has censorship played in localizing games like Actraiser in the western world? How do evangelical Christians react to violence, gore, and sexuality in some of the most popular games such as Mass Effect or Grand Theft Auto? With contributions by scholars and gamers from all over the world, this collection offers a unique perspective to the intersections of religion and the virtual world.},
	keywords = {digital games, religion},
	issn = {978-0-253-01253-1},
	url = {http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/product_info.php?products_id=807175},
	author = {Campbell, H and Grieve, G}
}
@article {1008,
	title = {Al Jazeera{\textquoteright}s Framing of Social Media During the Arab Spring. },
	journal = {CyberOrient},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {This study investigates how Al Jazeera framed social media in relation to the revolutions and protests of the {\textquotedblleft}Arab Spring{\textquotedblright} within its broadcast media coverage. A content analysis of Arabic language broadcasts appearing from January 25th through February 18th 2011, covering the protests in Tahrir Square, was conducted using the Broadcast Monitoring System (BMS) and Arab Spring Archive. Through this analysis we see a number of common narratives being used by Al Jazeera to frame social media and make claims about the influence they had on the protests and related social movements. By noting the frequency of social communications technologies referenced, ways in which these technologies were characterized and interpreting supporting themes with which they were identified helps illuminate the assumptions promoted by Al Jazeera regarding the role and impact of social communications technology on these events.},
	keywords = {activism, Arab Spring, democracy, Egypt, information and communication technology, internet, public sphere, satellite TV, social media},
	url = {http://www.cyberorient.net/article.do?articleId=7758},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Diana Hawk}
}
@article {87,
	title = {How the iPhone became divine: Blogging, religion and intertextuality},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1191-127},
	abstract = {This article explores the labeling of the iPhone as the {\textquoteleft}Jesus phone{\textquoteright} in order to demonstrate how religious metaphors and myth can be appropriated into popular discourse and shape the reception of a technology. We consider the intertextual nature of the relationship between religious language, imagery and technology and demonstrate how this creates a unique interaction between technology fans and bloggers, news media and even corporate advertising. Our analysis of the {\textquoteleft}Jesus phone{\textquoteright} clarifies how different groups may appropriate the language and imagery of another to communicate very different meanings and intentions. Intertextuality serves as a framework to unpack the deployment of religion to frame technology and meanings communicated. We also reflect on how religious language may communicate both positive and negative aspects of a technology and instigate an unintentional trajectory in popular discourse as it is employed by different audiences, both online and offline. },
	keywords = {blogs, cell phone, fandom, intertexuality, iPhone, Jesus phone, religion, religious discourse, technology},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/12/7/1191},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Antonio LaPastina}
}
@inbook {123,
	title = {Internet and Religion},
	booktitle = {The Blackwell Handbook of Internet Studies},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishers},
	organization = {Blackwell Publishers},
	address = {Oxford, UK},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=3CakiQW_GVAC\&pg=PA247\&lpg=PA247\&dq=The+Use+of+Internet+Communication+by+Catholic+Congregations:+A+Quantitative+Study\&source=bl\&ots=7jHuXxT_rI\&sig=N_CclUEsihldDHr_L1a9PNoTWbg\&hl=en\&ei=ZguqTrGuOuOlsQLx9MSXDw\&sa=X\&oi=book_res},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {321,
	title = {Internet and Cyber Environments},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Religion, Communication and Media},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {177-182},
	publisher = {Berkshire Publications/Sage Reference},
	organization = {Berkshire Publications/Sage Reference},
	address = {Great Barrington},
	abstract = {Communication is at the heart of all religions. As an essential aspect of religion, communication occurs between believers, between religious leaders and followers, between proponents of different faiths, and even between practitioners and the deities. The desire to communicate with as well as convert others is also an aspect of some of the world{\textquoteright}s major religions. The Encyclopedia of Religion, Communication, and Media explores all forms of religious communication worldwide and historically, with a special emphasis on oral and written forms of communication. This A-Z organized reference work analyzes how and why the world{\textquoteright}s religions have used different means of communications through topics dealing with: * Theory and concepts in religious communication, including rhetoric, persuasion, performance, brainwashing, and more * Forms of verbal communication, such as chanting, speaking in tongues, preaching, or praying * Forms of written communication, such as religious texts,parables, mystical literature, and modern Christian publishing * Other forms of communication, including art, film, and sculpture * Religious communication in public life, from news coverage and political messages to media evangelism and the electronic church * Communication processes and their effects on religious communication, including non-sexist language, communication competence, or interfaith dialogue * Biographies of major religious communicators, including Muhammad, Jesus, Aristotle, Gandhi, and Martin Luther From the presence of religion on the internet to the effects of religious beliefs on popular advertising, communication and media are integral to religion and the expression of religious belief. With its international and multicultural coverage, this Encyclopedia is an essential and unique resource for scholars, students, as well as the general reader interested in religion, media, or communications.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=TN-qpt7kAK4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {2046,
	title = {Gaming Religionworlds: Why Religious Studies Should Pay Attention to Religion in Gaming},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Religion},
	volume = {84},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {641-664},
	abstract = {This roundtable article discusses the intersection between digital gaming, new media, and Religious Studies in order to provide an agenda for this growing conversation. We argue that religion plays a prominent role in gaming culture with significant impact on popular collective imaginations; therefore, studying religion in gaming should be central to religious scholars{\textquoteright} work in trying to understand perceptions of religion in popular culture. This collaborative conversation demonstrates how careful attention to religious narratives, rituals, and behaviors within game studies and environments can open up a space for critical reflection on how popular understandings of religion are manifest within contemporary media and society. Overall, it demonstrates what Religious Studies can and should contribute to the study of games by considering several critical questions about the study of religion within digital gaming and speculating where this field should be heading.},
	keywords = {gaming, religion},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jaar/article-abstract/84/3/641/1751477?redirectedFrom=fulltext},
	author = {Campbell, H and Grieve, G.P and Gregory, R and Lufts, S and Wagner, R and Zeiler, X}
}
@article {2736,
	title = {INTRODUCTION: Rethinking the online{\textendash}offline connection in the study of religion online},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This article introduces current research on the connection between online and offline religion and map out significant questions and themes concerning how this relationship takes shape among different religious traditions and contexts. By bringing together a collection of studies that explore these issues, we seek to investigate both how the Internet informs religious cultures in everyday life and how the Internet is being shaped by offline religious traditions and communities. In order to contextualize the articles in the special issue, we offer a brief overview of how religion online has been studied over the past two decades with attention given to how the intersection of online{\textendash}offline religion has been approached. This is followed by a discussion of key questions in the recent study of the relationship between online and offline religion and significant themes that emerge in contemporary research on religious uses of the Internet. These questions and themes help contextualize the unique contributions this special issue offers to the current discourse in this area, as well as how it might inform the wider field of Internet studies. We end by suggesting where future research on religion and the Internet might be headed, especially in relation to how we understand and approach the overlap between online and offline religion as a space of hybridity and social interdependence.},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283610732_INTRODUCTION_Rethinking_the_online-offline_connection_in_the_study_of_religion_online},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A. and L{\"o}vheim, Mia}
}
@inbook {2059,
	title = {Religion and New Media},
	booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the Social \& Behavioral Sciences},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {273{\textendash}278},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	edition = {2},
	address = {Oxford},
	keywords = {New Media, religion},
	issn = {9780080970868},
	url = {https://www.elsevier.com/books/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-andampamp-behavioral-sciences/wright/978-0-08-097086-8},
	author = {Campbell, H and Connelly, L}
}
@inbook {316,
	title = {The Internet as Social-Spiritual Space},
	booktitle = {Netting citizens: Exploring citizenship in the Internet age},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {208-231},
	publisher = {St. Andrew{\textquoteright}s Press},
	organization = {St. Andrew{\textquoteright}s Press},
	address = {Edinburgh},
	keywords = {internet, Social, spiritual},
	url = {http://clydeserver.com/bairdtrust/pdfs/2004/chapter09opt.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {91,
	title = {Postcyborg ethics: A new way to speak of technology?},
	journal = {EME: Exploration in Media Ecology},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {279-296},
	keywords = {cyborg, ethics, religion, technology},
	url = {http://www.media-ecology.org/publications/Explorations_Media_Ecology/v5n4.html},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {2038,
	title = {Religious Communication and Technology},
	journal = {The Annals of the ICA},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {This article provides a review of contemporary research on religious communication and technologies through the lens of Digital Religion Studies, which explores how online and offline religious spheres become blended and blurred through digital culture. Summarizing the emergence and growth of studies of religion and the Internet, and offering an overview of scholarship demonstrating how religious actors negotiate their relationships and spiritual activities within their online{\textendash}offline lives, enable us to look critically at the state of Digital Religion Studies. This article also highlights current trends and emerging themes within this area including increasing attention being paid to theoretical developments, approaching digital religion as lived religion, and the influence of postsecular and posthuman discourses within this scholarship.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, religion},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23808985.2017.1374200},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@article {2674,
	title = {Framing the human-technology relationship: How Religious Digital Creatives engage posthuman narratives},
	journal = {Social Compass},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {This article highlights the fact that careful study of common posthuman outlooks, as described by Roden (2015), reveals three unique narratives concerning how posthumanists view the nature of humanity and emerging technologies. It is argued that these narratives point to unique frames that present distinct understandings of the human-technology relationship, frames described as the technology-cultured, enhanced-human, and human-technology hybrid frames. It is further posited these frames correlate and help map a range of ways people discuss and critique the impact of digital culture on humanity within broader society. This article shows how these frames are similarly at work in the language used by Religious Digital Creatives within Western Christianity to justify their engagement with digital technology for religious purposes. Thus, this article suggests careful analysis of ideological discussions within posthumanism can help us to unpack the common assumptions held and articulated about the human-technology relationship by members within religious communities.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0037768616652328?journalCode=scpa},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi}
}
@inbook {2052,
	title = {Methodological Challenges, Innovations and Growing Pains in Digital Religion Research},
	booktitle = {Digital Methodologies in the Sociology of Religion},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1-12},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	organization = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {Digital Religion},
	issn = {9781472571182},
	url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/digital-methodologies-in-the-sociology-of-religion-9781472571182/},
	author = {Campbell, H and Altenhofen, B}
}
@book {2063,
	title = {Digital Judaism: Jewish negotiations with digital media and culture},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In this volume, contributors consider the ways that Jewish communities and users of new media negotiate their uses of digital technologies in light of issues related to religious identity, community and authority. Digital Judaism presents a broad analysis of how and why various Jewish groups negotiate with digital culture in particular ways, situating such observations within a wider discourse of how Jewish groups throughout history have utilized communication technologies to maintain their Jewish identities across time and space. Chapters address issues related to the negotiation of authority between online users and offline religious leaders and institutions not only within ultra-Orthodox communities, but also within the broader Jewish religious culture, taking into account how Jewish engagement with media in Israel and the diaspora raises a number of important issues related to Jewish community and identity. Featuring recent scholarship by leading and emerging scholars of Judaism and media, Digital Judaism is an invaluable resource for researchers in new media, religion and digital culture.},
	keywords = {culture, digital judaism, digital media, Digital Religion, Jewish religion},
	issn = {978-0415736244},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=IKYGCAAAQBAJ\&printsec=frontcover\&dq=978-0415736244\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwj88ouMqMTbAhXjt1kKHf-7CykQ6AEILjAB$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@book {792,
	title = {Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {276},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Digital Religion offers a critical and systematic survey of the study of religion and new media. It covers religious engagement with a wide range of new media forms and highlights examples of new media engagement in all five of the major world religions. From cell phones and video games to blogs and Second Life, the book:provides a detailed review of major topics, includes a series of case studies to illustrate and elucidate the thematic explorations
 and considers the theoretical, ethical and theological issues raised.  Drawing together the work of experts from key disciplinary perspectives, Digital Religion is invaluable for students wanting to develop a deeper understanding of the field.
},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Religion \& New Media, Sociology of religion, Technoculture},
	issn = {978-0-415-67611-3},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=ox4q7T59KikC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi A Campbell}
}
@article {86,
	title = {Religious engagement with the internet within Israeli Orthodox groups},
	journal = {Israel Affairs},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {364-383},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of research on religion and the Internet within the Israeli context, highlighting how Orthodox Jewish groups have appropriated and responded to the Internet. By surveying Orthodox use of the Internet, and giving special attention to the ultra Orthodox negotiations, a number of key challenges that the Internet poses to the Israeli religious sector are highlighted. Exploring these debates and negotiations demonstrates that while the Internet is readily utilized by many Orthodox groups, it is still viewed by some with suspicion. Fears expressed, primarily by ultra Orthodox groups, shows religious leaders often attempt to constrain Internet use to minimize its potential threat to religious social norms and the structure of authority. This article also highlights the need for research that addresses the concerns and strategies of different Orthodox groups in order to offer a broader understanding of Orthodox engagement with the Internet in Israel.},
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, Israel, Judaism, Orthodox, religion, ultra Orthodox},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537121.2011.584664$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@book {95,
	title = {Exploring Religious Community Online: We are one in the Network},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {213},
	publisher = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	organization = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	type = {Monograph},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Exploring Religious Community Online is a first comprehensive study of the development and implications of online communities for religious groups. This book investigates religious community online by examining how Christian communities have adopted internet technologies, and looks at how these online practices pose new challenges to offline religious community and culture. },
	keywords = {Christianity, community, email, internet, religion, religious identity},
	isbn = {978-0820471051},
	issn = {978-0820471051},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=nkEHmdr-7ZUC\&pg=PA153\&lpg=PA153\&dq=exploring+religious+community+online+heidi+campbell\&source=bl\&ots=3cedZPB9S1\&sig=Aw3jXmsZmvnlHK7agc6uIzQUSoI\&hl=en\&ei=tNOZTprkGqbKsQLRwqW3BA\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum=4\&sqi=2\&v},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {320,
	title = {Internet and Cyber Environments},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Religion, Communication and Media},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {177-182},
	publisher = {Berkshire Publications/Sage Reference},
	organization = {Berkshire Publications/Sage Reference},
	address = {Great Barrington},
	abstract = {Communication is at the heart of all religions. As an essential aspect of religion, communication occurs between believers, between religious leaders and followers, between proponents of different faiths, and even between practitioners and the deities. The desire to communicate with as well as convert others is also an aspect of some of the world{\textquoteright}s major religions. The Encyclopedia of Religion, Communication, and Media explores all forms of religious communication worldwide and historically, with a special emphasis on oral and written forms of communication. This A-Z organized reference work analyzes how and why the world{\textquoteright}s religions have used different means of communications through topics dealing with: * Theory and concepts in religious communication, including rhetoric, persuasion, performance, brainwashing, and more * Forms of verbal communication, such as chanting, speaking in tongues, preaching, or praying * Forms of written communication, such as religious texts,parables, mystical literature, and modern Christian publishing * Other forms of communication, including art, film, and sculpture * Religious communication in public life, from news coverage and political messages to media evangelism and the electronic church * Communication processes and their effects on religious communication, including non-sexist language, communication competence, or interfaith dialogue * Biographies of major religious communicators, including Muhammad, Jesus, Aristotle, Gandhi, and Martin Luther From the presence of religion on the internet to the effects of religious beliefs on popular advertising, communication and media are integral to religion and the expression of religious belief. With its international and multicultural coverage, this Encyclopedia is an essential and unique resource for scholars, students, as well as the general reader interested in religion, media, or communications.
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Editorial Review - Library Journal vol. 132 iss. 11 p (c) 06/15/2007
A plethora of existing encyclopedias covers the independent study of religion, communication, and the media. Few, however, manage to bring these disparate fields together. Stout (journalism \& media studies, Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas; coeditor, Journal of Media and Religion ) has carefully chosen respected international scholars with expertise in a wide range of subjects{\textemdash}e.g., communication, religion, theology, and the media{\textemdash}to create this unprecedented interdisciplinary, cross-cultural encyclopedia concentrating on the various forms of written and oral religious methods used to communicate with divinity around the world. The 124 A-to-Z signed entries explore not only traditional media but also new media (e.g., cyber environments, film, and sculpture). The entries appear in a standardized format, each ranging from one to three pages in length. Major schools of thought, ancient and modern traditions, theories, and gurus are described, and each entry highlights the influence of religion on human history and contemporary society. Key ideas are often supported with excerpts, and articles are supplemented with photos and sidebars. BOTTOM LINE The division of entries into well-defined key sections and the extensive index allow efficient access to the information. These features, together with the further reading section, make this an ideal choice for large public or academic libraries serving university students, journalists, and those seeking a more thorough understanding of religion and communication{\textquoteright}s interconnection.{\textemdash}Hazel Cameron, Western Washington Univ. Libs., Bellingham  
Editorial Review - Library Journal vol. 132 iss. 11 p (c) 06/15/2007
A plethora of existing encyclopedias covers the independent study of religion, communication, and the media. Few, however, manage to bring these disparate fields together. Stout (journalism \& media studies, Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas; coeditor, Journal of Media and Religion ) has carefully chosen respected international scholars with expertise in a wide range of subjects{\textemdash}e.g., communication, religion, theology, and the media{\textemdash}to create this unprecedented interdisciplinary, cross-cultural encyclopedia concentrating on the various forms of written and oral religious methods used to communicate with divinity around the world. The 124 A-to-Z signed entries explore not only traditional media but also new media (e.g., cyber environments, film, and sculpture). The entries appear in a standardized format, each ranging from one to three pages in length. Major schools of thought, ancient and modern traditions, theories, and gurus are described, and each entry highlights the influence of religion on human history and contemporary society. Key ideas are often supported with excerpts, and articles are supplemented with photos and sidebars. BOTTOM LINE The division of entries into well-defined key sections and the extensive index allow efficient access to the information. These features, together with the further reading section, make this an ideal choice for large public or academic libraries serving university students, journalists, and those seeking a more thorough understanding of religion and communication{\textquoteright}s interconnection.{\textemdash}Hazel Cameron, Western Washington Univ. Libs., Bellingham  
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Index
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advertising American Anabaptists audience Baha{\textquoteright}i beliefs Bible broadcast Buddenbaum Buddhist Catholic century Christ Christian Church conflict Confucius congregation contemporary contemporary Christian music context create dance Daoist defined definition developed difficult divine early Evangelical example faith field figures film find first five Further Reading gious God{\textquoteright}s Greek groups Haredi Hindu Hinduism holy human images individual influence Internet interpretive community Islam Jesus Jewish Jews Judaism leaders ligious literacy mass media means Mennonites ment modern moral mosque movement Muslim Native American official one{\textquoteright}s oral organizations Orthodox political popular culture pornography practice prayer priests programs prophets Protestant Protestantism published Qur{\textquoteright}an radio reflect reli religion religious communities ritual Roman sacred sacrifice scholars secular sermon sexual shaman significant social society specific spiritual stories symbols televangelism televangelists television temple texts theology tion tradition University Press videos Western word worship York
Bibliographic information


Title	Encyclopedia of religion, communication, and media
Volume 8 of Religion and Society
Routledge encyclopedias of religion and society
Author	Daniel A. Stout
Editor	Daniel A. Stout
Edition	illustrated
Publisher	CRC Press, 2006
ISBN	0415969468, 9780415969468
Length	467 pages
Subjects	Language Arts \& Disciplines {\guilsinglright} Communication Studies

Communication
Communication - Religious aspects
Communication/ Religious aspects
Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies
Reference / Encyclopedias
Religion / General
Religion / Religion, Politics \& State
 	 
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{\textcopyright}2011 Google},
	keywords = {cyber, environment, internet},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=TN-qpt7kAK4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {2045,
	title = {Problematizing the Human-Technology Relationship through Techno-Spiritual Myths Presented in The Machine, Transcendence and Her},
	journal = {Journal of Religion \& Film},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {Article 21 },
	abstract = {This article explores three common techno-spiritual myths presented in three recent science fiction films, highlighting how the perceived spiritual nature of technology sets-out an inherently problematic relationship between humanity and technology. In The Machine, Transcendence and Her, human-created computers offer salvation from human limitations. Yet these creations eventually overpower their creators and threaten humanity as a whole. Each film is underwritten by a techno-spiritual myths including: {\textquotedblleft}technology as divine transcendence{\textquotedblright} (where technology is shown to endow humans with divine qualities, {\textquotedblleft}technological mysticism{\textquotedblright} (framing technology practice as a form of religion/spirituality) and {\textquotedblleft}techgnosis{\textquotedblright} (where technology itself is presented as a God). Each myth highlights how the human relationship to technology is often framed in spiritual terms, not only in cinema, but in popular culture in general. I argue these myths inform the storylines of these films, and spotlight common concerns about the outcome of human engagement with new technologies. By identifying these myths and discussing how they inform these films, a techno-spirituality grounded in distinctive posthuman narratives about the future of humanity is revealed.},
	keywords = {spiritual, technology},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol20/iss1/21/},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@article {573,
	title = {Rethinking the online-offline connection in religion online},
	journal = {Information, Community \& Society },
	volume = {18},
	year = {2011},
	month = {11/2011},
	chapter = {1083-1086},
	abstract = {This special issue of Information, Communication and Society aims to present current research on the connection between online and offline religion and map out significant questions and themes concerning how this relationship takes shape among different religious traditions and contexts. By bringing together a collection of studies that explore these issues, we seek to investigate both how the Internet informs religious cultures in everyday life, and how the Internet is being shaped by offline religious traditions and communities. In order to contextualize the articles in the special issue, we offer a brief overview of how religion online has been studied over the past two decades with attention given to how the intersection of online-offline religion has been approached. This is followed by a discussion of key questions in the recent study of the relationship between online and offline religion and significant themes that emerge in contemporary research on religious uses of the Internet. These questions and themes help contextualize the unique contributions this special issue offers to the current discourse in this area, as well as how it might inform the wider field of Internet studies. We end by suggesting where future research on religion and the Internet might be headed, especially in relation to how we understand and approach the overlap between online and offline religion as a space of hybridity and social interdependence.
},
	keywords = {internet and religion, offline, Online, religion},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2011.597416},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2011.597416},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and L{\"o}vheim, Mia}
}
@article {44,
	title = {The Question of Christian Community Online: The Case of the Artist World Network},
	journal = {Studies in World Christianity},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {261-267},
	publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
	address = {Edinburgh, Scotland},
	abstract = {The past decade has seen a steady growth of technologies and practices that can be described as religion online. In many respects Christian groups and users have led the way in using the web for spiritual practices. From church websites becoming a common form of congregational advertising and communication to the rise of cyber churches and online prayer meetings, numerous forms of Christian practice have been transposed online. The Christian community has also been at the forefront of debates over the potential impact of {\textquoteleft}doing religion{\textquoteright} online. Concerns voiced by theologians, pastors and Christian scholars have included the potential that technology might become a substitute for God, the Internet could draw people away for organised religion towards individualised spiritualities, and that the Internet might reshape notions of traditional ritual and community. In light of these questions a new area of research has developed which involves exploring how Christian religious practice is being transformed in the age of Internet technology. Within such studies, the question of Christian or religious community online continues to surface as a central area of concern. As more and more Christian Internet users become involved in various chat, email and blogging groups, they are increasingly seeing and referring to these online social networks as religious communities. For many believers their Christian community involves both online and offline friendships and affiliations, a concept still problematic and contentious to many religious leaders. Thus, the purpose of this article is to investigate what constitutes a Christian community online and the possibilities and challenges that exist when Christians who gather for religious purpose online begin to conceive of their group as a Christian community. This is done by exploring a particular Christian online bulletin board, the {\textquoteleft}Artist World Network{\textquoteright}, in order to understand how this group sees itself and functions as community. This investigation provides a way to address the question of what constitutes an online Christian community. It also opens up discussion on the possibilities and challenges online religious communities pose for offline Christian community.},
	keywords = {Christianity, community, internet, religion online},
	url = {http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/swc.2007.13.3.261?journalCode=swc},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Patricia Caulderon}
}
@inbook {315,
	title = {Texting the Faith: Religious Users and Cell Phone Culture},
	booktitle = {The cell phone reader. Essays in social transformation},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {139-154},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The Cell Phone Reader offers a diverse, eclectic set of essays that examines how this rapidly evolving technology is shaping new media cultures, new forms of identity, and media-centered relationships. The contributors focus on a range of topics, from horror films to hip-hop, from religion to race, and draw examples from across the globe. The Cell Phone Reader provides a road map for both scholars and beginning students to examine the profound social, cultural and international impact of this small device.},
	keywords = {cell phone, Faith, religious, Texting},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=U8uOkAp998IC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {1191,
	title = {Religion and the Internet: A microcosm for studying Internet trends and implications},
	journal = {new media \& society},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2012},
	chapter = {680},
	abstract = {This article argues that paying close attention to key findings within the study of religion 
and the Internet, a subfield of Internet Studies, can enhance our understanding and 
discussion of the larger social and cultural shifts at work within networked society. 
Through a critical overview of research on religion online, five central research areas 
emerge related to social practices, online{\textendash}offline connections, community, identity, and 
authority online. It is also argued that observations about these themes not only point 
to specific trends within religious practice online, but also mirror concerns and findings 
within other areas of Internet Studies. Thus, studying religion on the Internet provides 
an important microcosm for investigating Internet Studies{\textquoteright} contribution in a wide range 
of contexts in our contemporary social world.},
	keywords = {Authority, community, Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, identity, internet, Mass media, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, offline, Online, online communication, Online community, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, Ritual, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Internet Studies{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media and religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}networked society{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}online identity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious congregations{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious practice online{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/15/5/680.abstract},
	author = {Heidi A Campbell}
}
@article {90,
	title = {Who{\textquoteright}s got the power? The question of religious authority and the internet},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2007},
	chapter = {14},
	abstract = {While many themes have been explored in relation to religion online{\textemdash}ritual, identity construction, community{\textemdash}what happens to religious authority and power relationships within online environments is an area in need of more detailed investigation. In order to move discussions of authority from the broad or vague to the specific, this article argues for a more refined identification of the attributes of authority at play in the online context. This involves distinguishing between different layers of authority in terms of hierarchy, structure, ideology, and text. The article also explores how different religious traditions approach questions of authority in relation to the Internet. Through a qualitative analysis of three sets of interviews with Christians, Jews, and Muslims about the Internet, we see how authority is discussed and contextualized differently in each religious tradition in terms of these four layers of authority.},
	keywords = {Authority, Christianity, internet, Islam, Judaism},
	url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/campbell.html},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {2037,
	title = {The Dissonance of {\textquotedblleft}Civil{\textquotedblright} Religion in Religious-Political Memetic Discourse During the 2016 Presidential Elections},
	journal = {Social Media+Society},
	keywords = {Politics, religion},
	author = {Campbell, H and Arrezndo, K and Dundas, K and Wolf, C}
}
@book {2671,
	title = {When Religion Meets New Media: Media, Religion and Culture},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Media, Religion, and Culture },
	organization = {Media, Religion, and Culture },
	abstract = {This lively book focuses on how different Jewish, Muslim, and Christian communities engage with new media. Rather than simply reject or accept new media, religious communities negotiate complex relationships with these technologies in light of their history and beliefs. Heidi Campbell suggests a method for studying these processes she calls the "religious-social shaping of technology" and students are asked to consider four key areas: religious tradition and history; contemporary community values and priorities; negotiation and innovating technology in light of the community; communal discourses applied to justify use.
A wealth of examples such as the Christian e-vangelism movement, Modern Islamic discourses about computers and the rise of the Jewish kosher cell phone, demonstrate the dominant strategies which emerge for religious media users, as well as the unique motivations that guide specific groups.},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/When-Religion-Meets-New-Media/Campbell/p/book/9780415349574},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi}
}
@book {2051,
	title = {Religion and the Internet },
	series = {Mapping the Rise of the Study of Religious Practice Online},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion and the Internet will present a range of scholarly articles that offer a critical overview of the interdisciplinary study of new media, religion and digital culture. Scholars have documented individuals using computer networks for religious discussions and enagagment since the early 1980s. In the mid 1990s, when the Internet became publicly accessible, scholars began to study how users were translating and transporting their religious practices onto this new digital platform. This collection will cover the development of the study of Religion and the Internet over the past three decades, highlighting the core research topics, approaches and questions that have been explored by key international scholars at the intersection of new media and religion. The collection seeks to present how new forms of religious practices have emerged and been interrogated by scholars. It will also present how religious communities have negotiated their engagement with digital techologies and the online and offline implications this has had for religious practioners and individuals.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, religion},
	issn = {9781138093669},
	url = {https://www.crcpress.com/Religion-and-the-Internet/Campbell/p/book/9781138093669},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@article {2812,
	title = {Contextualizing current digital religion research on emerging technologies},
	journal = {Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of contemporary research within the interdisciplinary arc of scholarship known as digital religion studies, in which scholars explore the intersection between emerging digital technologies, lived and material religious practices in contemporary culture, and the impact the structures of the network society have on understandings of spirituality and religiosity. Digital religion studies specifically investigates how online and offline religious spaces and practices have become bridged, blended, and blurred as religious groups and practitioners seek to integrate their religious lives with technology use within different aspects of digital culture.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hbe2.149},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A. and Evolvi, Giulia}
}
@book {2062,
	title = {Religion and the Internet},
	series = {Research Methods and Theories in Digital Religion Studies},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	issn = {9781138093690},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=lp5gswEACAAJ\&dq=religion+and+the+internet+volume+3+Research+Methods+and+Theories+in+Digital+Religion+Studies\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwib-s3ipsTbAhVHrVkKHdBOD1IQ6AEIJzAA},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@article {85,
	title = {Creating digital enclaves: Negotiation of the internet amongst bounded religious communities},
	journal = {Media, Culture and Society},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {709-724},
	publisher = {Sage},
	chapter = {709},
	abstract = {This article examines the motivation behind bounded groups{\textquoteright} creation of digital enclaves online. Through in-depth interviews with 19 webmasters and staff of selected Israeli Orthodox websites three critical areas of negotiation are explored: (1) social control; (2) sources of authority; and (3) community boundaries. Examining these tensions illuminates a detailed process of self-evaluation which leads religious stakeholders and internet entrepreneurs to form these digital enclaves in order to negotiate the core beliefs and constraints of their offline communities online. These offer spaces of safety for members within the risk-laden tracts of the internet. Examining the tensions accompanying the emergence of these religious websites elucidates community affordances as well as the challenges to the authority that integration of new media poses to closed groups and societies. },
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, Israel, Judaism},
	url = {http://mcs.sagepub.com/content/33/5/709.abstract},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Oren Golan}
}
@inbook {319,
	title = {A Review of Religious Computer-Mediated Communication Research},
	booktitle = {Mediating Religion: Conversations in Media, Culture and Religion},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {213-228},
	publisher = {T \& T Clark/Continuum},
	organization = {T \& T Clark/Continuum},
	address = {Edinburgh},
	abstract = {This is the first book to bring together many aspects of the interplay between religion, media and culture from around the world in a single comprehensive study. Leading international scholars provide the most up-to-date findings in their fields, and in a readable and accessible way.37 essays cover topics including religion in the media age, popular broadcasting, communication theology, popular piety, film and religion, myth and ritual in cyberspace, music and religion, communication ethics, and the nature of truth in media saturated cultures.},
	keywords = {Communication, Computer, religion, Research},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Mediating_religion.html?id=X6uEQgAACAAJ},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {94,
	title = {Challenges created by online religious networks},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {81-99},
	abstract = {This article considers the challenges that online religious communities raise for religious culture. A survey of cultural changes in media, community, and religion uncovers similar structural shifts, from hierarchical structures to more open, dynamic relationship patterns in society. Examining this shift helps explain why cyber-religion and online religious communities have become emergent phenomenon. Emphasis is placed on the argument that the Internet has thrived because it has surfaced in a cultural landscape that promotes fluid yet controlled relationships over tightly bound hierarchies. Religious online communities are expressions of these changes and challenge traditional religious definitions of community. Especially problematic is the image of community as a network of relations. This article also addresses common concerns and fears of religious critics related to online communities through an analysis of current literature on these issues, along with a synthesis of research studies relating to the social use and consequences of the Internet.},
	keywords = {community, internet, religion},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15328415jmr0302_1$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {2044,
	title = {Accessing Changes in the Study of Religious Communities in Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {Church, Communication \& Culture},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {73-89},
	abstract = {This article provides a focused review of researches undertaken within Digital religion studies in the last three decades, specifically highlighting how religious communities have been studied and approached within this area. It highlights the dominant theoretical and methodological approaches employed by scholars during what is being described as the four stages of research on religious communities emerging over this period of time. Thus, this article presents the findings of key studies emerging during these stages to illuminate how the study of religious communities online has evolved over time. It also offers insights into how this evolution specifically relates to the study of Catholic community online. Finally, a theoretical analysis is given, assessing current research on religious communities within Digital Religion studies, and approaches for future research are proposed.},
	keywords = {Community online, Digital Religion, internet, offline, Online, religious communities},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23753234.2016.1181301},
	author = {Campbell, H and Virtullo, A}
}
@article {2720,
	title = {Religious Authority and the Blogosphere},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	year = {2010},
	abstract = {It is often argued that the internet poses a threat to traditional forms of authority. Within studies of religion online claims have also been made that the internet is affecting religious authority online, but little substantive work has backed up these claims. This paper argues for an approach to authority within online studies which looks separately at authority: roles, structures, beliefs/ideologies and texts. This approach is applied to a thematic analysis of 100 religious blogs and demonstrates that religious bloggers use their blogs to frame authority in ways that may more often affirm than challenge traditional sources of authority.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01519.x},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A.}
}
@inbook {2055,
	title = {Internet and social media},
	booktitle = {Routledge{\textquoteright}s Companion to Religion and Popular Culture},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {154-168},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion and popular culture is a fast-growing field that spans a variety of disciplines. This volume offers the first real survey of the field to date and provides a guide for the work of future scholars. It explores key issues of definition and of methodology, religious encounters with popular culture across media, material culture and space, ranging from videogames and social networks to cooking and kitsch, architecture and national monuments representations of religious traditions in the media and popular culture, including important non-Western spheres such as Bollywood.},
	keywords = {internet, social media},
	issn = {9781138322738},
	author = {Campbell, H and Teusner, P. E}
}
@inbook {261,
	title = {Islamogaming: Digital Dignity via Alternative Storytelling},
	booktitle = {Halos and avatars: Playing (video) games with God},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {63-74},
	publisher = {Westminster Press},
	organization = {Westminster Press},
	address = {Louisville},
	abstract = {Craig Detweiler{\textquoteright}s collection of up-to-the-minute essays on video games{\textquoteright} theological themes (and yes, they do exist!) is an engaging and provocative book for gamers, parents, pastors, media scholars, and theologians--virtually anyone who has dared to consider the ramifications of modern society{\textquoteright}s obsession with video games and online media. Together, these essays take on an exploding genre in popular culture and interpret it through a refreshing and enlightening philosophical lens.},
	keywords = {Christianity, game studies, Islam, public sphere, video games, virtual worlds},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=GomyEvcocJsC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {89,
	title = {"What hath God wrought{\textquotedblright}: Considering how religious communities culture (or kosher) the cell phone},
	journal = {Continuum: Journal of Media and Culture},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {191-203},
	keywords = {cell phone, Israel, kosher phone, Orthodox Judaism, religion},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10304310701269040},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {323,
	title = {Religion and the Internet},
	journal = {Communication Research Trends},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3-24},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	url = {http://cscc.scu.edu/trends/v25/v25_1.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {2049,
	title = {There{\textquoteright}s a Religious App for that!: A Framework for Studying Religious Mobile Applications},
	journal = {Mobile Media \& Communication},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {154-172},
	abstract = {This article provides a new methodological approach to studying religious-oriented mobile applications available on the iTunes app store. Through an extensive review of 451 religious apps a number of problems were noted when relying solely on iTunes categories to identify app functions and purpose. Thus further analysis was done in order to present a new typology and framing of religious apps, which more accurately describe their design. We suggest that the 11 new categories offered here suggest a critical framework for studying religious apps. Thus this study provides a starting point for scholars interested in analyzing religious mobile applications to investigate how app developers integrate religious goals into their designs, and consider the primary ways people are expected to practice religion through mobile apps.},
	keywords = {App, religious, religious applications},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2050157914520846},
	author = {Campbell, H and Altenhofen, B and Bellar, W and Cho, K.J}
}
@article {2797,
	title = {How the iPhone became divine: new media, religion and the intertextual circulation of meaning},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	year = {2010},
	abstract = {This article explores the labeling of the iPhone as the {\textquoteleft}Jesus phone{\textquoteright} in order to demonstrate how religious metaphors and myth can be appropriated into popular discourse and shape the reception of a technology. We consider the intertextual nature of the relationship between religious language, imagery and technology and demonstrate how this creates a unique interaction between technology fans and bloggers, news media and even corporate advertising. Our analysis of the {\textquoteleft}Jesus phone{\textquoteright} clarifies how different groups may appropriate the language and imagery of another to communicate very different meanings and intentions. Intertextuality serves as a framework to unpack the deployment of religion to frame technology and meanings communicated. We also reflect on how religious language may communicate both positive and negative aspects of a technology and instigate an unintentional trajectory in popular discourse as it is employed by different audiences, both online and offline.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444810362204},
	author = {Campbell, Heidi A. and La Pastina, Antonio C.}
}
@inbook {374,
	title = {How Religious Communities Negotiate New Media Religiously},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {81-96},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {This lively book focuses on how different Jewish, Muslim, and Christian communities engage with new media. Rather than simply reject or accept new media, religious communities negotiate complex relationships with these technologies in light of their history and beliefs. Heidi Campbell suggests a method for studying these processes she calls the "religious-social shaping of technology" and students are asked to consider four key areas: religious tradition and history; contemporary community values and priorities; negotiation and innovating technology in light of the community; communal discourses applied to justify use. A wealth of examples such as the Christian e-vangelism movement, Modern Islamic discourses about computers and the rise of the Jewish kosher cell phone, demonstrate the dominant strategies which emerge for religious media users, as well as the unique motivations that guide specific groups.},
	keywords = {communities, New Media, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=UykFd5cBsrYC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Campbell, H.}
}
@book {2061,
	title = {Religion and the Internet},
	series = {Key Themes in the Study of Digital Religion},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion and the Internet will present a range of scholarly articles that offer a critical overview of the interdisciplinary study of new media, religion and digital culture. Scholars have documented individuals using computer networks for religious discussions and enagagment since the early 1980s. In the mid 1990s, when the Internet became publicly accessible, scholars began to study how users were translating and transporting their religious practices onto this new digital platform. This collection will cover the development of the study of Religion and the Internet over the past three decades, highlighting the core research topics, approaches and questions that have been explored by key international scholars at the intersection of new media and religion. The collection seeks to present how new forms of religious practices have emerged and been interrogated by scholars. It will also present how religious communities have negotiated their engagement with digital techologies and the online and offline implications this has had for religious practioners and individuals.},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	issn = {9781138093683},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=QrGhswEACAAJ\&dq=religion+and+the+internet+volume+2\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjhiYyrocTbAhWjo1kKHUlfCicQ6AEIJzAA},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@book {83,
	title = {When Religion Meets New Media},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {This book focuses on how different Jewish, Muslim, and Christian communities engage with new media. Rather than simply reject or accept new media, religious communities negotiate complex relationships with these technologies in light of their history and beliefs. I suggest a method for studying these processes called the "religious-social shaping of technology" and students are asked to consider four key areas: religious tradition and history; contemporary community values and priorities; negotiation and innovating technology in light of the community; communal discourses applied to justify use.  A variety of examples such as the Christian e-vangelism movement, Modern Islamic discourses about computers and the rise of the Jewish kosher cell phone, demonstrate the dominant strategies which emerge for religious media users, as well as the unique motivations that guide specific groups. },
	keywords = {Christianity, Islam, Judaism, New Media},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=UykFd5cBsrYC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {318,
	title = {Congregation of the Disembodied},
	booktitle = {Virtual Morality},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {179-199},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Contents: Mark J. P. Wolf: Introduction - Gordon Hull: Digital Media and the Scope of {\guillemotleft} Computer Ethics - Emma Rooksby: Empathy in Computer-Mediated Communication - Mark J. P. Wolf: From Simulation to Emulation: Ethics, Worldviews, and Video Games - Paul J. Ford: Virtually Impacted: Designers, Spheres of Meaning, and Virtual Communities - Jason B. Jones: Communities of Envy: Psychoanalytic Perspectives on the Virtual Classroom - Jo Ann Oravec: OnLine Advocacy of Violence and Hate-Group Activity: The Internet as a Platform for the Expression of Youth Aggression and Anxiety - Chris Nagel: Hating in the Global Village - Leda Cooks: The Discursive Construction of Global Listserv Ethics: The Case of Panama-L - Heidi Campbell: Congregation of the Disembodied: A Look at Religious Community on the Internet - Maura McCarthy: Free Market Morality: Why Evangelicals Need Free Speech on the Internet - Andrew Careaga: World Wide Witness: Friendship Evangelism on the Internet - Kathy T. Hettinga: GraveImages: A Faith Visualized in a Technological Age.},
	keywords = {Congregation, disembodied},
	url = {http://tamu.academia.edu/HeidiCampbell/Papers/712633/Congregation_of_the_Disembodied._A_Look_at_Religious_Community_on_the_Internet},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {93,
	title = {Spiritualising the internet: Uncovering discourse and narrative of religious internet usage},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {Heidi Campbell deals with an important aspect of {\textquotedblright}lived religion{\textquotedblright} and the Internet. In her contribution Spiritualising the Internet: Uncovering Discourses and Narratives of Religious Internet Usage, she focuses on how spiritual or religious worldviews shape the use and study of the Internet. Individuals and groups typically employ one of a range of conceptual models (such as the Internet as an information tool, identity workshop, common mental geography, social network or spiritual space) to frame their understanding of Internet technology and how it should be used. Narratives about the nature of this technology are often embedded within these discourses. Of particular interest to Campbell is the identification of narratives used to shape religious or spiritual Internet usage. Some of these can be described as offering a religious identity, support network, spiritual network or worship space. According to Campbell, religious narratives describe the religious group{\textquoteright}s motivations and beliefs about acceptable use of technology in spiritual pursuits. They also highlight a process of negotiation and framing that is often undertaken in order to justify religious Internet usage. Campbell introduces Katz and Aakhus{\textquoteright}s Apparageist theory of the social use of mobile technology, which provides one way to discuss this religious apologetic process related to the Internet. She is convinced that it also helps to uncover how technological selection can be linked to the spiritual worldviews to which individuals and/or groups ascribe.},
	keywords = {internet, religion, technology, theory of religion online},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5824/pdf/Campbell4a.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {2043,
	title = {Framing the Human-Technology Relationship: How Religious Digital Creatives Enact Posthuman Discourses},
	journal = {Social Compass},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {302-318},
	abstract = {This article highlights the fact that careful study of common posthuman outlooks, as described by Roden (2015), reveals three unique narratives concerning how posthumanists view the nature of humanity and emerging technologies. It is argued that these narratives point to unique frames that present distinct understandings of the human-technology relationship, frames described as the technology-cultured, enhanced-human, and human-technology hybrid frames. It is further posited these frames correlate and help map a range of ways people discuss and critique the impact of digital culture on humanity within broader society. This article shows how these frames are similarly at work in the language used by Religious Digital Creatives within Western Christianity to justify their engagement with digital technology for religious purposes. Thus, this article suggests careful analysis of ideological discussions within posthumanism can help us to unpack the common assumptions held and articulated about the human-technology relationship by members within religious communities.},
	keywords = {Digital Creatives, religion, technology},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0037768616652328},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {2054,
	title = {Sanctifying the Internet: Aish{\textquoteright}s Use of the Internet for Digital Outreach},
	booktitle = {Digital Judaism: Jewish Negotiations with Digital Media and Technology},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {74-90},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The internet is increasingly used by different Jewish groups as a tool of outreach, especially for religious organizations committed to calling secular Jews back into a religious lifestyle. One example of using the internet to connect, educate and encourage Jews is the work of Aish.com, the digital presence of Aish HaTorah. Due to its Orthodox outlook, it functions under a set of self-imposed rules in its web work to monitor and make sure the content and images that appear on the site support its conservative values and beliefs. While it seeks to be innovative in the types of information and forums it provides (from video podcasts and blogs to online seminars and courses), it insists its work is not a whole-scale endorsement of the internet for all religious Jews. Rather, the internet is presented as a necessary tool to be used in outreach to secular Jews. Aish.com allows Aish HaTorah the means to meet and influence secular Jews wherever they are. By using the internet within a bounded approach and by carefully monitoring web content, those working for the site avoid problematic images and topics as it seeks to sanctify the internet through bringing Torah and a Torah-based lifestyle into the digital realm},
	keywords = {digital outreach, internet},
	issn = { 978-0415736244},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317817345/chapters/10.4324\%2F9781315818597-9},
	author = {Campbell, H and Bellar, W}
}
@article {457,
	title = {Understanding the relationship between religious practice online and offline in a networked society},
	journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Religion},
	volume = {80},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {64-93},
	abstract = {This article suggests that religious practice online, rather than simply transforming religion, highlights shifts occurring within broader Western culture. The concept of {\textquotedblleft}networked religion{\textquotedblright} is introduced as a way to encapsulate how religion functions online and suggests that online religion exemplifies several key social and cultural changes at work in religion in general society. Networked religion is defined by five key traits{\textemdash}networked community, storied identities, shifting authority, convergent practice, and a multisite reality{\textemdash}that highlight central research topics and questions explored within the study of religion and the internet. Studying religion on the internet provides insights not only into the common attributes of religious practice online, but helps explain current trends within the practice of religion and even social interactions in networked society.},
	keywords = {network, offline, Online, religion, society},
	url = {http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/content/80/1/64.short},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {88,
	title = {Bloggers and religious authority online},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {251-266},
	chapter = {251},
	abstract = {It is often argued that the internet poses a threat to traditional forms of authority. Within studies of religion online claims have also been made that the internet is affecting religious authority online, but little substantive work has backed up these claims. This paper argues for an approach to authority within online studies which looks separately at authority: roles, structures, beliefs/ideologies and texts. This approach is applied to a thematic analysis of 100 religious blogs and demonstrates that religious bloggers use their blogs to frame authority in ways that may more often affirm than challenge traditional sources of authority.},
	keywords = {Authority, blogs, religion, religious authority},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2010.01519.x/full},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {124,
	title = {The Use of Internet Communication by Catholic Congregations: A Quantitative Study},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {291-309},
	abstract = {This article presents a first attempt to measure the use of the internet by all 5,812 Catholic religious congregations and autonomous institutes worldwide (with 858,988 members). The research was conducted through a questionnaire sent by e-mail, hence first selecting those institutions which at least have an access to internet communication through an e-mail account (2,285: 39.3\% of the total), receiving 437 responses (19.1\% of the e-mail owners). The study shows great differences between centralized institutes and autonomous ones: the former ones make a higher use of the Internet than the latter ones; moreover, differences are also found among centralized institutes, namely between male and female ones. Two explanatory elements have been found, both depending on the own mission (charisma) of institutes: (1) first, the different approach to the external world: the institutes more devoted to contemplation and less active in the outside world make limited and basic use of the Internet, if any; (2) second, institutes whose aim is to assist poor and sick persons tend to use the internet less than the others, due to their different prioritization of resources. },
	keywords = {Catholic, Communication, religion},
	author = {Cantoni, Lorenzo and Zyga, Slawomir}
}
@inbook {2097,
	title = {Online Communication of the Catholic World Youth Days},
	booktitle = {Reflecting on Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {130{\textendash}144},
	publisher = {ATLAS},
	organization = {ATLAS},
	address = {Arnhem},
	abstract = {This paper aims to explore the ways in which religious tourism in India fosters religious tolerance. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} The paper uses a conceptual apparatus derived from the basic structure of religious tourism comprising motivation, journey and destination, to understand various aspects of tolerance. Tolerance, with the implicit meaning of diversity and pluralism, is examined at two levels {\textendash} intra-religion and inter-religion {\textendash} using field investigations from three Hindu pilgrimage sites, namely, Vrindavan, Tuljapur, Shegaon and review of one Muslim site called Ajmer Sharif. These sites exhibit a range of combinations, sectarian traditions within Hindu and their interactions with others, including Muslims and foreigners. Findings {\textendash} Each of the sites provides different sets of opportunities for the {\textquotedblleft}others{\textquotedblright} to get exposed to religious and cultural aspects. It is found that tolerance within the Hindu sects and with non-Hindus from other religious faiths is a function of their engagement with cultural performances and participation in the religious tourism economy in a pilgrimage site. Originality/value {\textendash} On a broader level, this paper argues that conceptualising tolerance within a social and cultural sphere helps in a better understanding of tolerance and identifying areas within religious tourism where it can be promoted. A conscious effort to promote tolerance through religious tourism will add value to religious tourism and help it thrive. 
},
	keywords = {Catholic, online communication, Youth},
	issn = { 978-90-75775-53-2},
	url = {http://www.atlas-webshop.org/Reflecting-on-Religious-Tourism-and-Pilgrimage},
	author = {Cantoni, L and Stefania, M and De Ascanis, S}
}
@article {1188,
	title = {The Use of Internet Communication by Catholic Congregations: A Quantitative Study},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {291-309},
	abstract = {This article presents a first attempt to measure the use of the internet by all 5,812 Catholic religious congregations and autonomous institutes worldwide (with 858,988 members). The research was conducted through a questionnaire sent by e-mail, hence first selecting those institutions which at least have an access to internet communication through an e-mail account (2,285: 39.3\% of the total), receiving 437 responses (19.1\% of the e-mail owners). The study shows great differences between centralized institutes and autonomous ones: the former ones make a higher use of the Internet than the latter ones; moreover, differences are also found among centralized institutes, namely between male and female ones. Two explanatory elements have been found, both depending on the own mission (charisma) of institutes: (1) first, the different approach to the external world: the institutes more devoted to contemplation and less active in the outside world make limited and basic use of the Internet, if any; (2) second, institutes whose aim is to assist poor and sick persons tend to use the internet less than the others, due to their different prioritization of resources.},
	keywords = {Catholic, Catholic religious congregations, Computer, congregations, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, email, internet, internet communication through an e-mail account, Mass media, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15348420701626797$\#$.Uinxtsasim5},
	author = {Cantoni, L and Zyga, S}
}
@inbook {2098,
	title = {PICTURE: The Adoption of ICT by Catholic Priest},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture. Perspectives, Practices and Futures},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {131{\textendash}149},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {This anthology - the first of its kind in eight years - collects some of the best and most current research and reflection on the complex interactions between religion and computer-mediated communication (CMC). The contributions cohere around the central question: how will core religious understandings of identity, community and authority shape and be (re)shaped by the communicative possibilities of Web 2.0? The authors gathered here address these questions in three distinct ways: through contemporary empirical research on how diverse traditions across the globe seek to take up the technologies and affordances of contemporary CMC; through investigations that place these contemporary developments in larger historical and theological contexts; and through careful reflection on the theoretical dimensions of research on religion and CMC. In their introductory and concluding essays, the editors uncover and articulate the larger intersections and patterns suggested by individual chapters, including trajectories for future research.},
	keywords = {Catholic, ICT},
	issn = {9781433114748},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Digital_Religion_Social_Media_and_Cultur.html?id=I7GqtgAACAAJ},
	author = {Cantoni, L and Rapetti, E and Tardini, S and Vannini, S and Arasa, D}
}
@book {353,
	title = {eMinistry : connecting with the net generation},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {Kregel Publications},
	organization = {Kregel Publications},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {An Internet savvy youth pastor and journalist advises church leaders on creative and effective use of leading-edge technology to reach the Net Generation.},
	keywords = {Connection, generation, ministry},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=oRdC4ebrh88C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Careaga, A.}
}
@book {126,
	title = {EMinistry: Connecting with the net generation},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {Kregel Publishing},
	organization = {Kregel Publishing},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {An Internet savvy youth pastor and journalist advises church leaders on creative and effective use of leading-edge technology to reach the Net Generation.},
	keywords = {Connection, ministry, next generation},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=oRdC4ebrh88C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Careaga, Andrew}
}
@book {125,
	title = {E-vangelism: Sharing the Gospel in Cyberspace},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {Huntington House Publishers},
	organization = {Huntington House Publishers},
	address = {Lafayette, LA},
	abstract = {"E-vangelism: Sharing the Gospel in Cyberspace" by Andrew Careaga (Vital Issues Press) discusses saving souls in cyberspace. Chapter one, "E-vangelism: Fishing the Net," is online. Other chapters include "Getting Started," "The Wide, Wide World of the World Wide Web," "Chatting for Christians" and "Piercing the Darkness." "A lot of churches, parachurch ministries and devout believers see cyberspace as a new mission field," Careaga says. "They{\textquoteright}re using the Internet as a tool to get their message out, and it seems to be working." "E-vangelism" focuses on how churches, parachurch organizations and individuals are using the Internet to communicate their theology to the online world. Order this inspirational book online.},
	keywords = {cyberspace, evangelism, Gospel, internet},
	url = {www.e-vangelsim.com},
	author = {Careaga, Andrew}
}
@article {48,
	title = {Communicating Jesus in a virtual world},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Summer 2009},
	pages = {12-15},
	abstract = {This article suggests various strategies for and advantages of using various communication technologies{\textemdash}texting, Facebook, Twitter, blogging, online chatting{\textemdash}to evangelize in New Zealand, particularly to a younger generation. Drawing on various Scriptural references and Christian theological arguments, Carswell explains how such online technologies can help those attempting to share the Gospel of Christ with others.},
	keywords = {Communication, Jesus, Virtual},
	url = {http://www.tscf.org.nz/uploads/publications/canvas_summer_web.pdf},
	author = {Ben Carswell}
}
@article {40,
	title = {The Basilica of Guadalupe on the Internet: The Diffusion of Religious Practices in the Era of Information Technologies},
	journal = {Renglones, Revista Arbitrada en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September 2009},
	pages = {27-36},
	publisher = {Instituto Tecnol{\'o}gico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente, A.C.},
	address = {Tlaquepaque, Mexico},
	abstract = {This article discusses the use of new information technologies for the purpose of disseminating religious beliefs. It deals in particular with the web awareness strategy used by the Basilica of Guadalupe, a pioneering institution in the use of an Internet site for religious purposes in Mexico. The author examines the relationship between media and people, rituals and spaces involved in religious practices; he also gives an overview of the different communication models favored by the Catholic Church at different moments in the history of media. With a qualitative research method, using in{\textendash}depth interviews as data collection tool, a semantic content analysis is performed, allowing identification of the main courses for the Basilica{\textquoteright}s online awareness strategy. One conclusion is that the main use for the web site is broadcasting information and providing services to the faithful, which subordinates the religious message to the advantages and conditions imposed by the medium, as well as its specific hazards, from the emitter{\textquoteright}s point of view. Given its relevance in Mexico, the communication strategy applied by the Basilica can shed light on the steps that other entities linked to the Catholic Church in this country could take in the future.},
	keywords = {Basilica of Guadalupe, Catholic Church, communication {\textendash} group and community, information technologies, internet, media, religion, religious practices {\textendash} diffusion},
	url = {http://renglones.iteso.mx/upload/archivos/pablo_aburto.pdf},
	author = {Pablo Ignacio Aburto Carvajal}
}
@article {1245,
	title = {Virtual Ritual, Real Faith : the Revirtualization of Religious Ritual in Cyberspace},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {73},
	abstract = {Cheryl Anne Casey deals with Practicing Faith in Cyberspace: Conceptions and Functions of Religious Rituals on the Internet. She examines the emerging phenomenon of online religious rituals and their functions for participants in order to illuminate the relationship between changing technologies of communication and our changing conceptions of religion. Her case study considers an online Episcopalian church service within the framework of ritual theory.
Keys to the analysis are the particular design chosen for the service (given the multifarious forms which rituals can take in cyberspace) and the relationship between choice of design and the tenets of the particular faith group. The objective of this study is to shed light on the relationship between conceptions of religion, religious experience, and changing media environments by examining online rituals and the meanings and functions these rituals hold for those who access them},
	keywords = {Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, Episcopalian church, internet, media environments, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, religious experience, RELIGIOUS RITUAL},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/377/353},
	author = {Cheryl Anne Casey}
}
@book {574,
	title = {The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Manuel Castells is one of the world{\textquoteright}s leading thinkers on the new information age, hailed by The Economist as "the first significant philosopher of cyberspace," and by Christian Science Monitor as "a pioneer who has hacked out a logical, well-documented, and coherent picture of early 21st century civilization, even as it rockets forward largely in a blur." Now, in The Internet Galaxy, this brilliantly insightful writer speculates on how the Internet will change our lives.
Castells believes that we are "entering, full speed, the Internet Galaxy, in the midst of informed bewilderment." His aim in this exciting and profound work is to help us to understand how the Internet came into being, and how it is affecting every area of human life--from work, politics, planning and development, media, and privacy, to our social interaction and life in the home. We are at ground zero of the new network society. In this book, its major commentator reveals the Internet{\textquoteright}s huge capacity to liberate, but also its ability to marginalize and exclude those who do not have access to it. Castells provides no glib solutions, but asks us all to take responsibility for the future of this new information age.
The Internet is becoming the essential communication and information medium in our society, and stands alongside electricity and the printing press as one of the greatest innovations of all time. The Internet Galaxy offers an illuminating look at how this new technology will influence business, the economy, and our daily lives.},
	keywords = {Business, Economy, internet, society},
	isbn = {0199255776},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Internet-Galaxy-Reflections-Business-Clarendon/dp/0199241538/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1347470288\&sr=1-1\&keywords=0199241538},
	author = {Castells, Manuel}
}
@book {2892,
	title = {The network society: A cross-cultural perspective},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	organization = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	address = {Cheltenham, UK},
	abstract = {Manuel Castells - one of the world{\textquoteright}s pre-eminent social scientists - has drawn together a stellar group of contributors to explore the patterns and dynamics of the network society in its cultural and institutional diversity. The book analyzes the technological, cultural and institutional transformation of societies around the world in terms of the critical role of electronic communication networks in business, everyday life, public services, social interaction and politics. The contributors demonstrate that the network society is the new form of social organization in the Information age, replacing the Industrial society.
The book analyzes processes of technological transformation in interaction with social culture in different cultural and institutional contexts: the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Finland, Russia, China, India, Canada, and Catalonia. The topics examined include business productivity, global financial markets, cultural identity, the uses of the Internet in education and health, the anti-globalization movement, political processes, media and identity, and public policies to guide technological development. Taken together these studies show that the network society adopts very different forms, depending on the cultural and institutional environments in which it evolves.

The Network Society, now available in paperback, is an outstanding and original volume of direct interest in academia - particularly in the fields of social sciences, communication studies, and business schools - as well as for policymakers engaged in technological policy and economic development. Business and management experts will also discover much of value to them within this book.

Contributors: S.K. Acord, W.E. Baker, T. Bates, C. Benner, N. Bulkley, M. Castells, A. Chatterjee, K.M. Coleman, M.I. D{\'\i}az de Isla, K.N. Hampton, P. Himanen, J.S. Juris, J.E. Katz, J. Linchuan Qiu, R.D. Pinkett, R.E. Rice, T. Sancho, L.J. Servon, A. Sey, I. Tubella, M. Van Alstyne, E. Vartanova, B. Wellman, R. Williams, S. Woolgar, C. Zaloom},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Network-Society-Cross-Cultural-Perspective/dp/1845424352},
	author = {Manuel Castells}
}
@article {1265,
	title = {Making the Internet  Kosher: Orthodox (HAREDI) Jews and their  Approach to the WORLD WIDE WEB},
	journal = {Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2009},
	chapter = {99},
	abstract = {This article surveys the approach of Orthodox Judaism {\textendash} especially the Haredi (Ultra-
Orthodox) Judaism {\textendash} to the Internet. In the introduction we compare the approach
of the Abrahamic religions to the Internet. Then we focus on the Haredi
community (especially in the contemporary State of Israel) and their specific approach
to the Internet. This article argues that the use of the Internet, although officially
banned by many Haredi Rabbis, is in fact tolerated on a pragmatic basis. We
also survey which kind of {\textquotedblleft}protection against secular threads{\textquotedblright} the Haredim1 use
(filtering software, Holy Shabbat protection). In the last part of this article the role
of the Internet in Israeli religious politics, and by its uses by fundamentalist and
radical Jewish groups, is surveyed},
	keywords = {Halakha, Haredim, Judaism, Kosher, Rabbi, religious fundamentalism, Religious law, the Internet, Ultra-Orthodox Jews},
	url = {https://mujlt.law.muni.cz/storage/1267475339_sb_06-cejka.pdf},
	author = {Cejka, M}
}
@article {1266,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Islamophobia{\textquotedblright} in the West: A Comparison Between Europe and America},
	year = {2009},
	institution = {Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for  Muslim-Christian Understanding, Georgetown University},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	keywords = {America, anti-terrorism, Europe, Islam, Islamophobia, Muslims, xenophobia},
	url = {http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/docs/ACMCU_Islamophobia_txt_99.pdf},
	author = {Jocelyn Cesari}
}
@article {127,
	title = {Finding God on the Web},
	volume = {149},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {52-59},
	keywords = {God, internet},
	url = {http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985700,00.html},
	author = {Chama, Joshua. R. C.}
}
@article {2895,
	title = {Secularization as declining religious authority },
	journal = {Social Forces},
	year = {2994},
	abstract = {Secularization is most productively understood not as declining religion, but as the declining scope of religious authority. A focus on religious authority (1) is more consistent with recent developments in social theory than is a preoccupation with religion; (2) draws on and develops what is best in the secularization literature; and (3) reclaims a neglected Weberian insight concerning the sociological analysis of religion. Several descriptive and theoretical {\textquotedblleft}pay-offs{\textquotedblright} of this conceptual innervation are discussed: new hypotheses concerning the relationship between religion and social movements; the enhanced capacity to conceptually apprehend and empirically investigate secularization among societies, organizations, and individuals; and clearer theoretical connections between secularization and other sociological literatures. Ironically, these connections may indeed spell the end of secularization theory as a distinct body of theory, but in a different way than previously appreciated.
},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/72.3.749},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/72/3/749/2233014?redirectedFrom=PDF},
	author = {Mark Chaves}
}
@article {2901,
	title = {Religious authority in the modern world},
	journal = {Society},
	year = {2003},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12115-003-1034-8},
	author = {Chavez, M}
}
@article {1926,
	title = {Cheong, P. H. (2014). Tweet the Message? Religious Authority and Social Media Innovation. Journal of Religion, Media \& Digital Culture, 3(3), 2{\textendash}19.},
	journal = {Religion, Media, and Digital Culture},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {Religious believers have historically adapted Scripture into brief texts for wider
dissemination through relatively inexpensive publications. The emergence of Twitter and other microblogging tools today afford clerics a platform for real time information sharing with its interface for short written texts, which includes providing links to graphics and sound recordings that can be forwarded and responded to by others. This paper discusses emergent practices in tweet authorship which embed and are inspired by sacred Scripture, in order to deepen understanding of the changing nature of sacred texts and of the constitution of religious authority as pastors engage microblogging and social media networks. Drawing upon a Twitter feed by a prominent Christian megachurch leader with global influence, this paper identifies multiple ways in which tweets have been encoded to quote, remix and interpret Scripture, and to serve as choice aphorisms that reflect or are inspired by Scripture. Implications for the changing nature of sacred digital texts and the reconstruction of religious authority are also discussed.},
	keywords = {Bible, pastors, religious authority, Singapore, social media, Twitter},
	url = {http://jrmdc.com/papers-archive/volume-3-issue-3-december-2014/},
	author = {Cheong, Pauline Hope}
}
@article {176,
	title = {Weaving Webs of Faith: Examining Internet Use and Religious Communication Among Chinese Protestant Transmigrants},
	journal = {Journal of International and Intercultural Communication},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {189-207},
	abstract = {This paper examines the relationship between new media use and international communication that addresses religiosity and affirms users{\textquoteright} standpoints occupied by transmigrants that are marginalized in dominant societal structures. Drawing from focus group interviews among recent Chinese Protestant immigrants in Toronto, we argue that new media {\textquotedblleft}use{\textquotedblright} is broadened by users{\textquoteright} cultural appropriation in situational contexts to include proxy internet access as accommodative communication given the political and legal constraints in their home country. Chinese transmigrants not only reinterpret and alter semantic associations that spiritualize the internet, they also engage in innovative strategies that involve the intertwining of offline and online communicative modes. These include deploying complementary media forms or communicating in codes that are mutually understood among participating members to facilitate intragroup networking among Chinese religious communities. Implications are discussed with regard to the importance of cultural norms and situational context in shaping mediated international communication. },
	keywords = {Chinese, Communication, Immigrants, Media use},
	doi = {10.1080/17513050902985349},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Poon, Jessie}
}
@article {280,
	title = {Religious Communication and Epistemic Authority of Leaders in Wired Faith Organizations},
	journal = {Journal of Communication},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {938-958},
	abstract = {The mediation of communication has raised questions of authority shifts in key social institutions. This paper examines how traditional sources of epistemic power that govern social relations in religious authority are being amplified or delegitimized by Internet use, drawing from in-depth interviews with protestant pastors in Singapore. Competition from Internet access is found to delocalize epistemic authority to some extent; however, it also re-embeds authority by allowing pastors to acquire new competencies as strategic arbiters of religious expertise and knowledge. Our study indicates that while religious leaders are confronted with proletarianization, deprofessionalization and potential de-legitimization as epistemic threats, there is also an enhancement of epistemic warrant as they adopt mediated communication practices that include the social networks of their congregation. },
	keywords = {Authority, internet, theory of religion online},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01579.x},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Huang, Shirlena and Poon, Jessie}
}
@article {58,
	title = {Faith Tweets: Ambient Religious Communication and Microblogging Rituals},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Culture},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2010},
	month = {May 2010},
	abstract = {The notion of ambient strikes a particularly resonant chord for religious communication: many faith traditions advocate the practice of sacred mindfulness, and a consistent piety in light of holy devotion to an omnipresent and omniscient Divine being. This paper examines how faith believers appropriate the emergent microblogging practices to create an encompassing cultural surround to include microblogging rituals which promote regular, heightened prayer awareness. Faith tweets help constitute epiphany and a persistent sense of sacred connected presence, which in turn rouses an identification of a higher moral purpose and solidarity with other local and global believers. Amidst ongoing tensions about microblogging, religious organisations and their leadership have also begun to incorporate Twitter into their communication practices and outreach, to encourage the extension of presence beyond the church walls.},
	keywords = {ambient, Blogging, Communication, religion, Twitter},
	url = {http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/223},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@inbook {284,
	title = {Religion 2.0? Relational and hybridizing pathways in religion, social media and culture},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1-24},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	chapter = {Religion 2.0? Relational and hybridizing pathways in religion, social media and culture.},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Authority, community, identity, internet, religion, social media},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Ess, Charles}
}
@article {1925,
	title = {The vitality of new media and religion: Communicative perspectives, practices, and authority in spiritual organization},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {1-8},
	abstract = {It is significant that we are witnessing the growth of a distinct subfield focusing on new media and religion as the relationship between the two is not just important, it is vital. I discuss in this article how this vitality is both figurative and literal in multiple dimensions. Mediated communication brings forth and constitutes the (re)production of spiritual realities and collectivities, as well as co-enacts religious authority. In this way, new mediations serve as the lifeblood for religious organizing and activism. Further research in religious communication will illuminate a richer understanding of digital religion, especially as a globally distributed phenomenon.},
	keywords = {Authority, Communication, convergence, digital media, Globalization, religion, spiritual organizing},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444816649913},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/05/30/1461444816649913.abstract},
	author = {Cheong, Pauline H.}
}
@article {279,
	title = {Cultivating online and offline pathways to enlightenment: Religious authority in wired Buddhist organizations},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1160-1180},
	abstract = {In light of expanding epistemic resources online, the mediatization of religion poses questions about the possible changes, decline and reconstruction of clergy authority. Distinct from virtual Buddhism or cybersangha research which relies primarily on online observational data, this paper examines Buddhist clergy communication within the context of established religious organizations with an integrationist perspective on interpersonal communication and new and old media connections. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Buddhist leaders in Singapore, this paper illustrates ways in which priests are expanding their communicative competency, which we label {\textquotedblleft}strategic arbitration{\textquotedblright} to maintain their authority by restructuring multimodal representations and communicative influence. This study expands upon previous research by Cheong, Huang \& Poon (in press) and finds that constituting Buddhist religious epistemic authority in wired organizational contexts rests on coordinating online-offline communicative acts. Such concatenative coordination involves normalizing the aforementioned modality of authority through interpersonal acts that positively influences epistemic dependence. Communicative acts that privilege face-to-face mentoring and corporeal rituals are optimized in the presence of monks within perceived sacred spaces in temple grounds, thereby enabling clergy to perform ultimate arbitration. However, Buddhist leaders also increase bargaining power when heightened web presence and branding practices are enacted. The paper concludes with limitations and recommendations for future research in religious authority. },
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, religion, theory of religion online},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2011.579139},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Huang, Shirlena and Poon, Jessie}
}
@article {283,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}WWW.Faith.Org{\textquoteright}: (Re)structuring communication and social capital building among religious organizations.},
	journal = {Information, Communication and Society},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {89-110},
	abstract = {This paper examines the relationships between Internet and social capital building within religious organizations, a relatively understudied foci. Building upon theoretical insights provided by new institutionalism and recent research on the Internet, social capital and religion, this article explores the ways in which religious organizations, have (re)structured their norms, values, and practices of religious community in light of the incorporation of the Internet into their congregational life. Drawing from interviews conducted with Christian and Buddhist religious leaders in Toronto, this article discusses three major relationships in which the effects of the Internet on social capital may be understood, that is, complementary, transformative, and perverse relationships. Religious organizations are traditionally associated with relatively high stocks of social capital, yet findings here suggest that their communicative norms, values, and practices are changing to varying extent. The results also indicate that the relationship between the Internet and social capital building is largely complementary; however the Internet is perceived by some to be a {\textquoteleft}mixed blessing{\textquoteright}, facilitating the potential transformation of organizational practices that affect community norms while leading to the dispersion of religious ties that could undermine community solidarity. Thus, contrary to earlier studies that have documented no evidence of innovations involving the reconfiguration of organizational practices and the adjustment of mission or services, findings here illustrate how some religious organizations have expanded the scope of their calling and restructured their communicative practices to spur administrative and operational effectiveness. Like other organizations, religious organizations are not insulated from technological changes including those associated with the Internet{\textquoteright}s. This study clarifies and identifies key ways in which the distinct spirituality, cultural values, and institutional practices and norms of religious organizations influence communication processes that constitute bridging and bonding forms of social capital in this dot.org. era of faith. },
	keywords = {community, internet, social capital, theory of religion online},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Poon, Jessie}
}
@inbook {376,
	title = {Mediated Intercultural Communication Matters: Understanding new media, change and dialectics},
	booktitle = {New Media and Intercultural Communication: Identity, Community and Politics},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1-20},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {community, New Media, Politics},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17513057.2011.598047$\#$preview},
	author = {Cheong, P.H and Macfadyen L. and Martin, J.}
}
@article {282,
	title = {The Internet Highway and Religious Communities: Mapping and Contesting Spaces in Religion-Online},
	journal = {The Information Society},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {291-302},
	abstract = {We examine {\textquoteleft}religion-online{\textquoteright}, an underrepresented area of research in new media, communication, and geography, with a multi-level study of the online representation and (re)-presentation of Protestant Christian organizations in Singapore, which has one of the highest Internet penetration rates in the world and also believers affiliated with all the major world religions. We first critically discuss and empirically examine how online technologies are employed for religious community building in novel and diverse ways. Then we investigate the role religious leaders play through their mental representations of the spatial practices and scales through which their religious communities are imagined and practiced online. We show how churches use the multimodality of the Internet to assemble multiple forms of visible data and maps to extend geographic sensibilities of sacred space and create new social practices of communication.},
	keywords = {Authority, community, geography, internet, theory of religion online},
	doi = {10.1080/01972240903212466},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Huang, Shirlena and Poon, Jessie and Casas, Irene}
}
@inbook {674,
	title = {Authority},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Digital Religion offers a critical and systematic survey of the study of religion and new media. It covers religious engagement with a wide range of new media forms and highlights examples of new media engagement in all five of the major world religions. From cell phones and video games to blogs and Second Life, the book:

    provides a detailed review of major topics
    includes a series of case studies to illustrate and elucidate the thematic explorations
    considers the theoretical, ethical and theological issues raised.

Drawing together the work of experts from key disciplinary perspectives, Digital Religion is invaluable for students wanting to develop a deeper understanding of the field.},
	keywords = {Apps, Authority, Digital, media, religion, technology},
	issn = {9780415676106 },
	author = {Cheong, P},
	editor = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {1302,
	title = {Transnational immanence: the autopoietic co-constitution of a Chinese spiritual organization through mediated communication},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {Online},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {Information and communication technologies are often cited as one major source, if not the causal vector, for the rising intensity of transnational practices. Yet, extant literature has not examined critically how digital media appropriation affects the constitution of transnational organizations, particularly Chinese spiritual ones. To address the lack of theoretically grounded, empirical research on this question, this study investigates how the Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation (Tzu Chi), one of the largest Taiwan-based civil and spiritual nonprofit organizations among the Chinese diaspora, is co-constituted by various social actors as an operationally closed system through their mediated communication. Based on an innovative theoretical framework that combines Maturana and Varela{\textquoteright}s notion of {\textquoteleft}autopoiesis{\textquoteright} with Cooren{\textquoteright}s ideas of {\textquoteleft}incarnation{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}presentification{\textquoteright}, we provide a rich analysis of Tzu Chi{\textquoteright}s co-constitution through organizational leaders{\textquoteright} appropriation of digital and social media, as well as through mediated interactions between Tzu Chi{\textquoteright}s internal and external stakeholders. In so doing, our research expands upon the catalogue of common economic and relational behaviors by overseas Chinese, advances our understanding of Chinese spiritual organizing, and reveals the contingent role of digital and social media in engendering transnational spiritual ties to accomplish global humanitarian work.},
	keywords = {Asia, Authority, autopoiesis, Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation, communicative constitution of organizations, information and communication technologies, nonprofit, social media, Taiwan, transnationalism},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2013.833277$\#$.Ulm51VCsim5},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Jennie M. Hwang and Boris H.J.M. Brummansb}
}
@book {286,
	title = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Authority, avatars, community, history, identity, internet, online church, social media, theology, theory of religion online},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Fischer-Nielsen, Peter and Gelfgren, Stefan and Ess, Charles}
}
@article {177,
	title = {The Chronicles of Me: Understanding Blogging as a Religious Practice},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {101-131},
	abstract = {Blogs represent an especially interesting site of online religious commu- nication. Analysis of the content of 200 blogs with mentions of topics related to Christianity, as well as interviews of a subset of these bloggers, suggests that blogs provide an integrative experience for the faithful, not a third place, but a melding of the personal and the communal, the sacred and the profane. Religious bloggers operate outside the realm of the conventional nuclear church as they connect and link to mainstream news sites, other nonreligious blogs, and online collaborative knowledge networks such as Wikipedia. By chronicling how they experience faith in their everyday lives, these bloggers aim to communicate not only to their communities and to a wider public but also to themselves. This view of blogging as a contemplative religious experience differs from the popular characterization of blogging as a trivial activity.
},
	keywords = {blogs, hyperlinks, internet, religion},
	url = {http://drexel.academia.edu/KyoungheeKwon/Papers/78691/The_chronicles_of_me_Understanding_blogging_as_a_religious_practice},
	author = {Cheong, Pauline and Halavais, Alex and Kwon, Kyounghee}
}
@article {281,
	title = {Religious Communication and Epistemic Authority of Leaders in Wired Faith Organizations.},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Communication Research},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {452-454},
	abstract = {The mediation of communication has raised questions of authority shifts in key social institutions. This article examines how traditional sources of epistemic power that govern social relations in religious authority are being amplified or delegitimized by Internet use, drawing from in-depth interviews with protestant pastors in Singapore. Competition from Internet access is found to delocalize epistemic authority to some extent; however, it also reembeds authority by allowing pastors to acquire new competencies as strategic arbiters of religious expertise and knowledge. Our study indicates that although religious leaders are confronted with proletarianization, deprofessionalization, and potential delegitimization as epistemic threats, there is also an enhancement of epistemic warrant as they adopt mediated communication practices that include the social networks of their congregation.},
	keywords = {Authority, internet},
	doi = {10.1080/00909882.2011.577085},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01579.x/abstract},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@article {2719,
	title = {The vitality of new media and religion: Communicative perspectives, practices, and changing authority in spiritual organization},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	abstract = {We are witnessing the growth of a distinct sub-field focusing on new media and religion as the relationship between the two is not just important, it is vital. I discuss in this article how this vitality is both figurative and literal in multiple dimensions. Mediated communication brings forth and constitutes the (re)production of spiritual realities and collectivities, as well as co-enacts religious authority. In this way, new mediations grounded within older communication practices serve as the lifeblood for the evolving nature of religious authority and forms of spiritual organizing. Further research to identify diverse online and embodied religious communication practices will illuminate a richer understanding of digital religion, especially as a globally distributed phenomenon.},
	keywords = {Authority, Communication},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649913},
	author = {Cheong, Pauline Hope}
}
@article {2860,
	title = {Religion, Robots and Rectitude: Communicative Affordances for Spiritual Knowledge and Community},
	journal = {Applied Artificial Intelligence},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {In light of growing concerns on AI growth and gloomy projections of attendant risks to human well-being and expertise, recent development of robotics designed to fulfill spiritual goals can help provide an alternative, possibly uplifting vision of global futures. To further understanding of the potential of robots as embodied communicators for virtuous knowledge and community, this paper discusses the affordances or possibilities of action of robots for spiritual communication by drawing upon the recent highly publicized case of Xian{\textquoteright}Er the robot monk (XE). By discussing XE{\textquoteright}s communicative affordances including its searchability, multimediality, liveliness and extendibility, findings illustrate how robots can facilitate religious education, augment priestly authority and cultivate spiritual community. Contrary to abstract and dystopic visions of AI, findings here temper extreme pronouncements of societal disorder and points to prospects for pious and positive interplays between AI technology and society while also identifying various limitations for spiritual communication. In doing so, this paper unpacks the profound relations between religion, robots and rectitude, contributing interdisciplinary insights into an understudied area of AI development as faith leaders and adherents interact with new technological features and applications in their desire for transcendence.
},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08839514.2020.1723869},
	author = {Cheong, Pauline Hope}
}
@inbook {285,
	title = {Twitter of Faith: Understanding social media networking and microblogging rituals as religious practices},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {191-206},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {blogs, internet, microblogging, social media},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@book {2077,
	title = {Digital methodologies in the sociology of religion},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Academic},
	organization = {Bloomsbury Academic},
	address = {London, England},
	abstract = {This volume considers the implementation difficulties of researching religion online and reflects on the ethical dilemmas faced by sociologists of religion when using digital research methods. Bringing together established and emerging scholars, global case studies draw on the use of social media as a method for researching religious oppression, religion and identity in virtual worlds, digital communication within religious organizations, and young people{\textquoteright}s diverse expressions of faith online. Additionally, boxed tips are provided throughout the text to serve as reminders of tools that readers may use in their own research projects.},
	keywords = {Digital, Sociology of religion},
	issn = {9781472571182},
	url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/digital-methodologies-in-the-sociology-of-religion-9781472571182/},
	author = {Cheruvallil-Contractor, S and Shakkour, S}
}
@article {348,
	title = {Online Religion in Nigeria: The Internet Church and Cyber Miracles},
	journal = {Journal of Asian and African Studies},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {This study examines the use of the Internet and computer-mediated communication for Christian worship in Nigeria. The seven largest and fastest growing churches in Nigeria are selected for the study, highlighting the benefits and dangers associated with online worship. The utilization of the Internet to disseminate the Christian message and attract membership across the world, and the dissemination of religious tenets and fellowship online, have resulted in the emergence of the {\textquoteleft}Internet church{\textquoteright} for members who worship online in addition to belonging to a local church. Most interesting is the increasing widespread claim of spiritual experience or {\textquoteleft}miracles{\textquoteright} through digital worship. However, there is fear that online worship endangers the offline house fellowship system, which is viewed as the reproductive organ of the local offline church. Exclusive online worshippers are also said to be susceptible to deception and divided loyalty. },
	keywords = {Christianity, Church, Nigeria, Online, religion},
	url = {http://jas.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/01/24/0021909611430935.abstract},
	author = {Innocent Chiluwa}
}
@inbook {2057,
	title = {Religious Use of Mobile Phones},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Mobile Phone Behavior},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {308-321},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	organization = {IGI Global},
	address = {Hershey, PA},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, mobile phones, religious},
	issn = {978-1466682399},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=bIkfCgAAQBAJ\&pg=PA318\&lpg=PA318\&dq=Religious+Use+of+Mobile+Phones+campbell\&source=bl\&ots=TbHQw5CLCS\&sig=gAA9VmqoTfuXPv2bxCI-Ga0B1dc\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjSh8bsmMTbAhVC-6wKHZI0CXcQ6AEINTAD$\#$v=snippet\&q=308\&f=false},
	author = {Cho, J and Campbell, H}
}
@article {327,
	title = {New Media and Religion: Observations of Research},
	journal = {Communication Research Trends},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {New Media, Online, religion},
	url = {http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7081/is_1_30/ai_n57221190/?tag=content;col1},
	author = {Cho, Kyong}
}
@article {128,
	title = {Religious Perspective on Communication Technology},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Technology},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {37-47},
	keywords = {Communication, Perspective, technology, View},
	author = {Christians, Clifford}
}
@article {2838,
	title = {Synecdoche, Aesthetics, and the Sublime Online: Or, What{\textquoteright}s a Religious Internet Meme?},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {Hoping to court young people increasingly distancing themselves from institutional religious affiliation, religious organizations like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are creating and circulating aesthetic short-form videos (memes) rife with existential cinematic tropes aimed at invoking a sublime, affective viewing experience. Unlike the destabilizing cinema that inspired them, however, these religious memes do not have the luxury of equivocation. Institutional religious messages online must aim to instill divine experiences in spectators even while transcending the constraints of mobile media that circulates them. Responding to this exigency, institutional religious messages overcome these restrictions by using synecdoche to create a necessarily incomplete iteration of the sublime. {\textquotedblleft}Earthly Father, Heavenly Father,{\textquotedblright} an example of a short video religious meme by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, lets the familiar cinematic tropes innovated by filmmakers such as Terrence Malick do the work of the sublime in order to represent the much larger, transcendent experience of personal communion with God.
},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15348423.2020.1728188?journalCode=hjmr20},
	author = {Church, Scott Haden and Feller, Gavin}
}
@article {1186,
	title = {Digital Gravescapes: Digital Memorializing on Facebook},
	journal = {The Information Society: An International Journal},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {184},
	abstract = {I conduct a textual analysis of a digital memorial to understand the ways in which the digital sphere has disrupted or altered material and aesthetic displays of death and the associated genre of discourses surrounding death. I first use Morris{\textquoteright}s history of traditional gravescapes to situate digital memorials within their broader historical context. I then draw on the functional genre of eulogies, in particular Jamieson and Campbell{\textquoteright}s systematic description of eulogies, as a textual analytic to understand Facebook{\textquoteright}s unique memorializing discourse. My analysis suggests that the affordances of the Internet allow for a peculiar dynamic wherein the bereaved engage in communication with the deceased instead of with each other and yet strengthen the communal experience, as their personal communications are visible to the entire community. While the digital memorials lack the permanence of traditional gravescapes, the ongoing conversation they foster sublimates death into the process of communication.},
	keywords = {Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, Death, digital media, digital memorials, discourse, eulogy, Facebook, gravescapes, memorializing, memorializing discourse, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, religion, Religion and the Internet, religious engagement, rhetoric, social media, Sociology of religion, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972243.2013.777309$\#$.UikZdDasim7},
	author = {Scott Church}
}
@inbook {129,
	title = {Online Religion: The Internet and Religion},
	booktitle = {The Internet Encyclopedia},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {798-811},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	organization = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	edition = {2nd},
	address = {Hoboken, NJ},
	author = {Ciolek, Matthew.T.}
}
@article {2904,
	title = {A quick look back at online worship in 2009.},
	year = {2009},
	url = {https://northlandchurch.church/blogs/a_quick_look_back_at_online_worship_in_2009/},
	author = {Clark, N.}
}
@inbook {407,
	title = {The constant contact generation: exploring teen friendship networks online},
	booktitle = {Girl Wide Web. Girls, the Internet, and the Negotiation for Identity},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {203-222},
	abstract = {Given the rapidly growing presence of girls online, serious academic inquiry into the relationship between girls and the Internet is imperative. Girl Wide Web is an innovative collection of cutting-edge research exploring a wide sweep of issues related to the ways adolescent girls interact with the Internet. Employing a range of methodologies and theoretical perspectives primarily within cultural studies, the authors examine a variety of topics-from instant messaging and web-diaries to online fan communities and Internet advertising that targets young girls. Taken together, these essays provide a rich portrait of the complex relationship among girls, the Internet, and the negotiation of identity.},
	keywords = {constant, friendships, generation, networks, teens, Youth},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=M_aTqHdkt4UC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Clark, L. S.}
}
@book {2903,
	title = {Religion and authority in a remix culture: how a late night TV host became an authority on religion},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {111-119},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {This Reader brings together a selection of key writings to explore the relationship between religion, media and cultures of everyday life. It provides an overview of the main debates and developments in this growing field, focusing on four major themes:

Religion, spirituality and consumer culture
Media and the transformation of religion
The sacred senses: visual, material and audio culture
Religion, and the ethics of media and culture.
This collection is an invaluable resource for students, academics and researchers wanting a deeper understanding of religion and contemporary culture.

},
	author = {Clark, L.S.}
}
@book {406,
	title = {From Angels to Aliens: Teenagers, the Media and the Supernatural},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	abstract = {Harry Potter, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and the Left Behind series are but the latest manifestations of American teenagers{\textquoteright} longstanding fascination with the supernatural and the paranormal. In this groundbreaking book, Lynn Schofield Clark explores the implications of this fascination for contemporary religious and spiritual practices. Relying on stories gleaned from more than 250 in-depth interviews with teens and their families, Clark seeks to discover what today{\textquoteright}s teens really believe and why. She finds that as adherence to formal religious bodies declines, interest in alternative spiritualities as well as belief in "superstition" grow accordingly. Ironically, she argues, fundamentalist Christian alarmism about the forces of evil has also fed belief in a wider array of supernatural entities. Resisting the claim that the media "brainwash" teens, Clark argues that today{\textquoteright}s popular stories of demons, hell, and the afterlife actually have their roots in the U.S.{\textquoteright}s religious heritage. She considers why some young people are nervous about supernatural stories in the media, while others comfortably and often unselfconsciously blur the boundaries between those stories of the realm beyond that belong to traditional religion and those offered by the entertainment media. At a time of increased religious pluralism and declining participation in formal religious institutions, Clark says, we must completely reexamine what young people mean--and what they may believe--when they identify themselves as "spiritual" or "religious." Offering provocative insights into how the entertainment media shape contemporary religious ideas and practices, From Angels to Aliens paints a surprising--and perhaps alarming--portrait of the spiritual state of America{\textquoteright}s youth.},
	keywords = {angels, media, supernatural, teenagers},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=iQoQbO-D9HYC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Clark, L. S.}
}
@inbook {2092,
	title = {Digital storytelling and collective religious identity in a moderate to progressive youth group},
	booktitle = {Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {147{\textendash}154},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Digital Religion offers a critical and systematic survey of the study of religion and new media. It covers religious engagement with a wide range of new media forms and highlights examples of new media engagement in all five of the major world religions. From cell phones and video games to blogs and Second Life, the book: provides a detailed review of major topics, includes a series of case studies to illustrate and elucidate the thematic explorations
considers the theoretical and ethical and theological issues raised.},
	keywords = {digital storytelling, religious identity, youth group},
	issn = {9780415676106},
	url = {https://www.bookdepository.com/Digital-Religion/9780415676106},
	author = {Clark, LS and Dierberg, J}
}
@article {2083,
	title = {Considering religion and mediatization through a case study of~J+K{\textquoteright}s big day (The J K wedding entrance dance): a response to Stig Hjarvard},
	journal = {Culture and Religion~},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {167{\textendash}184},
	abstract = {This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of Hjarvard{\textquoteright}s theory of the mediatisation of religion. By suggesting actor-network theory as a methodological approach to the study of the mediatisation of religion, this article proposes a case study of the viral wedding video, J K wedding entrance dance, to highlight problems with the assertion that the media are replacing or displacing religion{\textquoteright}s authoritative role in society. Drawing upon recent theories of how digital and mobile media are reshaping society by enabling participation, remediation and bricolage, I suggest instead that the media do not bring about secularisation, but rather that the media are contributing to a personalisation of what it means to be religious (or not). This article thus introduces an alternative definition to the concept of mediatisation: that mediatisation may be understood as the process by which collective uses of communication media extend the development of independent media industries and their circulation of narratives, contribute to new forms of action and interaction in the social world and give shape to how we think of humanity and our place in the world.
},
	keywords = {actor-network theory, mediatization, personalization, religion, secularization, viral video, wedding},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14755610.2011.579717},
	author = {Clark, LS}
}
@article {247,
	title = {Exploring Religion and Mediatization through a Case Study of J + K{\textquoteright}s Big Day: A Response to Stig Hjarvard},
	journal = {Journal of Religion and Culture},
	volume = {12},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {June 2011},
	type = {Research},
	chapter = {167},
	abstract = {This article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of Hjarvard{\textquoteright}s theory of the mediatization of religion. Suggesting actor-network-theory as a methodological approach to the study of the mediatization of religion, the article proposes a case study of the viral wedding video JK Wedding Entrance Dance to highlight problems with the assertion that the media are replacing or displacing religion{\textquoteright}s authoritative role in society.  Drawing upon recent theories of how digital and mobile media are reshaping society by enabling participation, remediation, and bricolage, I suggest instead that the media do not bring about secularization, but rather that the media are contributing to a personalization of what it means to be religious (or not). The article thus introduces an alternative definition to the concept of mediatization: that mediatization may be understood as the process by which collective uses of communication media extend the development of independent media industries and their circulation of narratives, contribute to new forms of action and interaction in the social world, and give shape to how we think of humanity and our place in the world.},
	keywords = {media, religion, Stig Hjarvard},
	author = {Lynn Schofield Clark}
}
@article {356,
	title = {The Message of the Medium: The Challenge of the Internet to the Church and Other Communities},
	journal = {Studies in Christian Ethics},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {91-100},
	abstract = {Imagine, if you can, a small room, hexagonal in shape, like the cell of a bee. It is lighted neither by window nor by lamp, yet it is filled with a soft radiance. There are no apertures for ventilation, yet the air is fresh. There are no musical instruments, and yet, at the moment that my meditation opens, this room is throbbing with melodious sounds. An armchair is in the centre, by its side a reading-desk {\textemdash} that is all the furniture. And in the armchair there sits a swaddled lump of flesh {\textemdash} a woman, about five feet high, with a face as white as a fungus. It is to her that the little room belongs.},
	keywords = {Chrisitan, ethics, internet},
	url = {http://sce.sagepub.com/content/13/2/91.abstract},
	author = {Clough, D.}
}
@article {2093,
	title = {Network apocalypsis: revealing and reveling at a new age festival},
	journal = {International Journal for the Study of New Religions~},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {167{\textendash}188},
	abstract = {This article analyzes the Synthesis 2012 festival, which coincided with the end of the Mayan calendar in December 2012. The festival was held in and around the village of Pist{\'e} in Yucat{\'a}n, Mexico, and broadcast live via a web based video stream. We gathered ethnographic data about the event both onsite and via the Internet. Presenting and analyzing that data here, we consider the way that these two different modes of access to the ethnographic event(s) reveal and obscure different dimensions of participants{\textquoteright} presence at the festival.},
	keywords = {network, New Age},
	url = {https://web.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true\&profile=ehost\&scope=site\&authtype=crawler\&jrnl=20419511\&AN=118603850\&h=rM14s6XtNxswvf\%2fauapJubXgAxd7LDcgrr91RYvg9QVQBCyHaoVFBxEdTKG\%2bcKpFwe\%2bNGS3YmFuHMrNVv8bAJQ\%3d\%3d\&crl=c\&resultNs=AdminWebAuth\&resultLo},
	author = {Coats, C and Murchison, J}
}
@book {178,
	title = {Cybergrace: The Search for God in the Digital World},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {Crown Publishing},
	organization = {Crown Publishing},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Theologian and high-tech consultant Jennifer Cobb combines her expertise to create a new theory of the Divine in the Information Age. As computers and artificial intelligence systems become more sophisticated, the question of whether we can find spiritual life in cyberspace is beginning to be asked. CyberGrace: The Search for God in the Digital World is a bold, thought-provoking, affirmative answer to one of the most intriguing inquiries of our time. Until now, an unbridgeable schism has separated the world of the spirit and that of the machine. According to an increasingly compelling concept known as emergence, the gulf may be an imaginary one. Fifty years ago, Jesuit paleontologist Teilhard de Chardin combined his lifelong passions of God and science to predict the emergence of cyberspace, based on his studies of evolution. Using Teilhard{\textquoteright}s theories as a starting point, Jennifer Cobb asserts that as technical systems become more complex--with simple, predictable mechanisms coalescing into hierarchies of increasing organization--something elegant, inspired, and absolutely unpredictable simply and suddenly "emerges." Many observers today see this "hand of God" showing itself in disparate disciplines, from evolutionary theory to artificial intelligence--and especially in the furthest realms of cyberspace, where brute computation seems to give way to divine inspiration. CyberGrace offers paradoxical evidence that our machines may be conduits to a deeper spirituality. With daily headlines announcing dizzying advances in science and information technology, many people wonder about their--and their children{\textquoteright}s--ability to lead lives imbued by a sense of the sacred. In the new world, where the search for spirituality may seem scattered and unfocused, Cobb brilliantly uses the most popular and prevalent phenomenon of our times--the computer--to find a world filled with meaning and love.},
	keywords = {cyber, Digital, God, grace},
	author = {Cobb, Jennifer}
}
@book {2361,
	title = {Spiritual News:Reporting Religion Around the World },
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Peter Lang Publishers},
	organization = {Peter Lang Publishers},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {.
 
SPIRITUAL NEWS:

Reporting Religion Around the World


Yoel Cohen (editor)



     The media{\textquoteright}s coverage of religion is an important question for academic researchers, given the central role which news media play in ensuring  that people are up-to-date with religion news developments.
  
     Not only is there a lack of treatment of the subject in other countries, but there is also the absence of comparative study on news and religion. A key question is how the media, the political system, the religions themselves, the culture, and the economy  influence how religion is reported in different countries. The book SPIRITUAL NEWS: Reporting Religion around 
the World is intended to fill this gap. 

     The book is divided into six parts: an introductory section;  
the newsgathering process; religion reporting in different regions;  media events concerning religion; political and social change and the role of religion news; future trends.

  
TABLE OF CONTENTS


   Part A: Introduction 

 Yoel Cohen: Religion News in the Twenty-First Century

1. Stewart Hoover: Religion and the News in the Age of Media Change


Part B: Newsgathering

2. Joyce Smith, Foreign News: the "Religion Story"

3. Yoel Cohen, The Religion Reporter

4. Miriam Diez Biesch, The Vaticanologists: Covering the Holy See 

5.  Tim Hutchings, Digital Futures of Religion Journalism 

6. Daniel Stout, Convergence, Digital Media, and the Paradigm Shift in Religion News Coverage in the United States



Part C: Regional Patterns

7. Victor Khroul, Religion and News Media in Post-Soviet Russia. 

9. Magali do Nascimento Cunha, Religious Exclusivism and Roman Catholicism in Brazilian News Media

10. Walter C Ihejirika and Andrew D Dewan, Development Journalism \& Religion Reporting: The Nigerian Case

11. Keval Kumar, Reporting Religion in Indian News Media: Hindu Nationalism, {\textquoteleft}Reconversions{\textquoteright} and the Secular State

12. Qingjiang Yao \& Zhaoxi Liu, Media and Religion in China: Publicizing Gods Under the Atheist Governance 


PART D: Media Events

13. Giulia Evolvi, Habemus Papas: Pope Francis{\textquoteright} Election as a Religious Media Event

14. Leo Eko, The Argument of Force Versus the Force of Argument: the Charlie Hebdo Terrorist Attack as a Global Meta Event



PART E: The Influence of Religion Reporting

15. Noha Mellor, Religious Ideologies and News Ethics: the case of Saudi Arabia

16.  Haryati Abdul Karim, Sinners or Alternative Identities? Contrasting Discourses on LGBT Communities in Two Malaysian Daily Newspapers

16. Yoel Cohen, Holy Days, News Media, and Religious Identity: A Case Study in Jewish Holy Days and the Israeli Press and News Websites


PART F:The Impact of New Media upon Religion

19. Lorenzo Cantoni, Daniel Arasa \& Juan Narbona, The Catholic Church and Twitter

18.Christian Bourret and Karim Fraoua, Religion, Social Media and Societal Changes: The Case of "Marriage for All" in France.

19. Babak Rahimi, Internet News, Media Technologies, and Islam: the Case of Shafaqna

},
	author = {Yoel Cohen}
}
@book {2360,
	title = {Spiritual News:Reporting Religion Around the World },
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Peter Lang Publishers},
	organization = {Peter Lang Publishers},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {.
 
SPIRITUAL NEWS:

Reporting Religion Around the World


Yoel Cohen (editor)



     The media{\textquoteright}s coverage of religion is an important question for academic researchers, given the central role which news media play in ensuring  that people are up-to-date with religion news developments.
  
     Not only is there a lack of treatment of the subject in other countries, but there is also the absence of comparative study on news and religion. A key question is how the media, the political system, the religions themselves, the culture, and the economy  influence how religion is reported in different countries. The book SPIRITUAL NEWS: Reporting Religion around 
the World is intended to fill this gap. 

     The book is divided into six parts: an introductory section;  
the newsgathering process; religion reporting in different regions;  media events concerning religion; political and social change and the role of religion news; future trends.

  
TABLE OF CONTENTS


   Part A: Introduction 

 Yoel Cohen: Religion News in the Twenty-First Century

1. Stewart Hoover: Religion and the News in the Age of Media Change


Part B: Newsgathering

2. Joyce Smith, Foreign News: the "Religion Story"

3. Yoel Cohen, The Religion Reporter

4. Miriam Diez Biesch, The Vaticanologists: Covering the Holy See 

5.  Tim Hutchings, Digital Futures of Religion Journalism 

6. Daniel Stout, Convergence, Digital Media, and the Paradigm Shift in Religion News Coverage in the United States



Part C: Regional Patterns

7. Victor Khroul, Religion and News Media in Post-Soviet Russia. 

9. Magali do Nascimento Cunha, Religious Exclusivism and Roman Catholicism in Brazilian News Media

10. Walter C Ihejirika and Andrew D Dewan, Development Journalism \& Religion Reporting: The Nigerian Case

11. Keval Kumar, Reporting Religion in Indian News Media: Hindu Nationalism, {\textquoteleft}Reconversions{\textquoteright} and the Secular State

12. Qingjiang Yao \& Zhaoxi Liu, Media and Religion in China: Publicizing Gods Under the Atheist Governance 


PART D: Media Events

13. Giulia Evolvi, Habemus Papas: Pope Francis{\textquoteright} Election as a Religious Media Event

14. Leo Eko, The Argument of Force Versus the Force of Argument: the Charlie Hebdo Terrorist Attack as a Global Meta Event



PART E: The Influence of Religion Reporting

15. Noha Mellor, Religious Ideologies and News Ethics: the case of Saudi Arabia

16.  Haryati Abdul Karim, Sinners or Alternative Identities? Contrasting Discourses on LGBT Communities in Two Malaysian Daily Newspapers

16. Yoel Cohen, Holy Days, News Media, and Religious Identity: A Case Study in Jewish Holy Days and the Israeli Press and News Websites


PART F:The Impact of New Media upon Religion

19. Lorenzo Cantoni, Daniel Arasa \& Juan Narbona, The Catholic Church and Twitter

18.Christian Bourret and Karim Fraoua, Religion, Social Media and Societal Changes: The Case of "Marriage for All" in France.

19. Babak Rahimi, Internet News, Media Technologies, and Islam: the Case of Shafaqna

},
	author = {Yoel Cohen}
}
@inbook {2108,
	title = {When the most popular format reaches the most atypical country: reality TV and religion in Israel},
	booktitle = {Religion and Reality TV: Faith in Late Capitalism},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {6},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {This chapter looks at the ways in which Judaism finds expression in reality shows in Israel. Three aspects are examined: reaction to the programs from religious leaders and religious communities; participation of religious people in the shows; and the appearance of religion-related topics in the programs.},
	keywords = {Israel, reality TV, religion},
	issn = {9781134792078},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781134792078},
	author = {Cohen, Y and Hetsroni, A}
}
@book {130,
	title = {The Wonder Phone in the Land of Miracles. Mobile Telephony in Israel},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Hampton Press, Inc},
	organization = {Hampton Press, Inc},
	address = {Cresskill, NJ},
	abstract = {Studies conducted over several years in Israel explored social aspects of the developing mobile phone phenomenon. Using a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods the research examined the place that the "Wonder Phone" has been occupying in many facets of life. It was concluded that the mobile is "not only talk"--as a recent campaign slogan of one of Israel{\textquoteright}s mobile providers suggests. Rather, it is a medium through which Israelis define their gendered and national identities; it offers an experience of "being there" and a security net holding family members and loved ones together, especially in terms of terror and war; and it provides a lifeline during existential crises around which rituals of mourning are crystallized. In analyzing the mobile phone as it is contextualized in Israeli society, two opposing social forces can clearly be seen: on the one hand, the mobile is an expression of late modernity and globalization; but on the other hand it is recruited as a tool--as well as a symbol--for the expression of locality and patriotic sentiments.},
	keywords = {Israel, mobile, technology, Telephone},
	author = {Cohen, Akiba and Lemish, Dafna and Schejter, Amit}
}
@book {2363,
	title = {God, Jews \& the Media: Religion \& Israel{\textquoteright}s media},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Routledge Publishers},
	organization = {Routledge Publishers},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The book centres around the relationship of Judaism and mass media. 
It examines how the Jewish religion and the Jewish People have been influenced by the media and the media age. In order to understand contemporary Jewish identity in the twentieth and twenty-first century, one needs to go beyond the Synagogue, Jewish customs and law (halakhah) and the holy days to incorporate such modern phenomena as mass media and their impact upon Jewish existence. The book seeks to provide a comprehensive, yet easy-to-read text, examining the manifold interactions between Jewish religious identity and mass media. 

      As a religious system influenced by news values and mass media inputs, Mediated Judaism is necessarily influenced by the market forces of news values. Much in religion is not newsworthy. Much in religion does not concern such newsworthy elements as social conflict or elites. Religious belief, often drawing upon the sub-conscious, does not fit such criteria of newsworthiness. Religion-related items that do get defined as news do not stay for long upon the news agenda but are replaced  by what else is happening in the news agenda at any particular time.




God, Jews \& the Media: Religion and Israel{\textquoteright}s Media

Routledge (2012)


CONTENTS

|Preface: Israel TV interviews God


Part 1   Mediated Judaism
 
Chapter 1 Media, Judaism, \& Culture
                                                                                                                                            
Chapter 2 The Jewish Theory of Communication


Part 2   Media Culture Wars

Chapter 3  Constructing Religion News: the religion reporter decides   
                                                             
 Chapter 4  News Values, Ideology and the religion story                                                                                                                                        

Chapter 5  Mikva News                                                       
                                                   
Chapter 6 Dual loyalties: the modern Orthodox dilemma

Chapter 7   Identity, Unity \& Discord


Part 3   Issues in Mediated Judaism

Chapter 8 www.techno-Judaism                                                                  
                                          
Chapter 9 Kosher Advertising 

Chapter 10  The Marketing of the Rabbi   

Chapter 11 At bay in the Diaspora                                                        

Chapter 12 From out of Zion shall come forth the foreign news



Conclusion: Judaism in the Information Age                                                        

  
Selected bibliography

},
	isbn = {978-0-415-47503-7   hbk},
	issn = {978-1-138-82453-9   pbk},
	author = {Yoel Cohen}
}
@inbook {357,
	title = {Science, Technology and Mission},
	booktitle = {The Local Church in a Global Era: Reflections for a New Century},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Eerdmans},
	organization = {Eerdmans},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {How is the church being affected by globalization? What does wider and more direct contact between the world religions mean for Christians? What is God doing in the midst of such change? This important volume explores the implications of today{\textquoteright}s emerging global society for local churches and Christian mission. Prominent scholars, missionaries, and analysts of world trends relate Christian theology and ethics to five clusters of issues-stewardship, prosperity, and justice; faith, learning, and family; the Spirit, wholeness, and health; Christ, the church, and other religions; and conflict, violence, and mission-issues that pastors and congregations will find critical as they think through the mission of the church in our time. },
	keywords = {Missions, science, technology},
	url = {http://books.google.ca/books?id=uyicpL7_HwAC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Cole-Turner, R.}
}
@article {1942,
	title = {Ethnographic Approaches to Digital Media},
	journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {87-505},
	abstract = {his review surveys and divides the ethnographic corpus on digital me
 dia into three broad but overlapping categories: the cultural politics
 of digital media, the vernacular cultures of digital media, and the pro
 saics of digital media. Engaging these three categories of scholarship
 on digital media, I consider how ethnographers are exploring the com
 plex relationships between the local practices and global implications
 of digital media, their materiality and politics, and their banal, as well
 as profound, presence in cultural life and modes of communication. I
 consider the way these media have become central to the articulation
 of cherished beliefs, ritual practices, and modes of being in the world;
 the fact that digital media culturally matters is undeniable but showing
 how, where, and why it matters is necessary to push against peculiarly
arrow presumptions about the universality of digital experience.},
	keywords = {cell phone, Communication, computers, Ethnography},
	doi = { 10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.10494},
	author = {Coleman, E. G.}
}
@article {369,
	title = {The Church and Internet},
	url = {http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_20020228_church-internet_en.html},
	author = {Pontifical Council for Social Communications}
}
@article {657,
	title = {Ethics in Internet },
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Catholic, Christianity, Communication, ethics, internet, media, Pontifical},
	url = {www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pccs_doc_20020228_ethics-internet_en.html},
	author = {Pontifical Council For Social Communications}
}
@article {160,
	title = {Ethics in Internet},
	year = {2002},
	url = {www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pccs_doc_20020228_ethics-internet_en.html},
	author = {Pontifical Council For Social Communications}
}
@article {368,
	title = {Ethics in Internet},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {ethics, internet},
	url = {http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_20020228_church-internet_en.html},
	author = {Pontifical Council for Social Communications}
}
@book {526,
	title = {Introductory remarks: Richard Rouse, Official, Pontifical Council for Culture},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Vatican},
	organization = {Vatican},
	address = {Vatican City},
	author = {Pontifical Council for Social Communications}
}
@article {3003,
	title = {Church and the Internet},
	year = {2002},
	url = {https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_20020228_church-internet_en.html},
	author = {Pontifical Council For Social Communications}
}
@inbook {2159,
	title = {Virtual Buddhism: Online Communities, Sacred Places and Objects},
	booktitle = {The Changing World Religion Map},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3869-3882},
	publisher = {Springer },
	organization = {Springer },
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {Until recently, there has been a dearth of research which focuses on Buddhism online. This chapter contributes to our understanding of the relationships between media, religion and culture and specifically explores the themes of authority, community, identity and ritual. Examining Buddhism on the internet helps us to identify the position of Buddhism in society, the possible implications both online and offline and how people engage and communicate in a place (cyberspace) not constrained by geographic boundaries. An interdisciplinary approach, drawing from material culture, anthropology and religious studies examines how Buddhists, primarily in the U.S. and U.K., use the internet in daily life. This includes how they express their belief, practice Buddhist rituals, develop communities and communicate with others. {\textquotedblleft}Virtual Buddhism{\textquotedblright} is illustrated by examples of virtual places, ritual and religious artefacts found in the online world of Second Life and how social media (Facebook and blogs) are used by Buddhists and non-Buddhists. This chapter provides an introduction to some Buddhist groups and individuals who use the internet and mobile technologies to engage with Buddhism. The discourse raises a number of questions, for example, why Buddhist communities are evolving online and the blurring of boundaries between offline and online environments which could challenge traditional concepts of Buddhist authority. Understanding how the internet is being used in the 21st century, is a huge undertaking. The examples presented provide insights into how some individuals are using mobile technologies, social media, and virtual worlds to establish Buddhism online, offline, and negotiate both spheres simultaneously.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, online communities, sacred place, Virtual},
	issn = {978-94-017-9375-9},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_204$\#$citeas},
	author = {Connelly, L}
}
@inbook {673,
	title = {Virtual Buddhism: Buddhist Ritual in Second Life},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {2012},
	abstract = {Digital Religion offers a critical and systematic survey of the study of religion and new media. It covers religious engagement with a wide range of new media forms and highlights examples of new media engagement in all five of the major world religions. From cell phones and video games to blogs and Second Life, the book:

    provides a detailed review of major topics
    includes a series of case studies to illustrate and elucidate the thematic explorations
    considers the theoretical, ethical and theological issues raised.

Drawing together the work of experts from key disciplinary perspectives, Digital Religion is invaluable for students wanting to develop a deeper understanding of the field.},
	keywords = {App, Buddhism, religion, Second Life, technology, Virtual},
	issn = {9780415676106 },
	author = {Connelly, L},
	editor = {Campbell, H.}
}
@book {131,
	title = {Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {University of North Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of North Carolina Press},
	address = {Chapel Hill, NC},
	abstract = {Crucial to understanding Islam is a recognition of the role of Muslim networks. The earliest networks were Mediterranean trade routes that quickly expanded into transregional paths for pilgrimage, scholarship, and conversion, each network complementing and reinforcing the others. This volume selects major moments and key players from the seventh century to the twenty-first that have defined Muslim networks as the building blocks for Islamic identity and social cohesion. Although neglected in scholarship, Muslim networks have been invoked in the media to portray post-9/11 terrorist groups. Here, thirteen essays provide a long view of Muslim networks, correcting both scholarly omission and political sloganeering. New faces and forces appear, raising questions never before asked. What does the fourteenth-century North African traveler Ibn Battuta have in common with the American hip hopper Mos Def? What values and practices link Muslim women meeting in Cairo, Amsterdam, and Atlanta? How has technology raised expectations about new transnational pathways that will reshape the perception of faith, politics, and gender in Islamic civilization? This book invokes the past not only to understand the present but also to reimagine the future through the prism of Muslim networks, at once the shadow and the lifeline for the umma, or global Muslim community.},
	keywords = {culture, hajj, Islam, Muslim},
	author = {Cooke, Miriam and Lawrence, Brude}
}
@mastersthesis {262,
	title = {Gaming with God: A Case for the Study of Religion in Video Games},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This study is an analysis of religion in video games and makes the case that more formal work needs to be done on the subject. Despite the prevalence of video games in society today, little formal research has been done on the subject of religion in video games. Video games give the audience a level of interactivity that other forms of entertainment cannot provide. Religion has been at odds with the entertainment industry for decades and as a new form of entertainment media, video games have been using religion for some time. Most often it is used in the story of the game to deepen the storyline, but other times it is a central theme that the game revolves. This thesis looks at two popular video game franchises, Halo and Assassin{\textquoteright}s Creed, and examines the religious references contained within each of them. It then looks at different controversies that have arisen because of the inclusion of religion in these games. What is interesting about the negative reactions to these games is that they have not come to the attention of the general public even though video games are one of the fastest growing industries in the world. This is because there has been no research done on the subject of religion in video games so the public has nothing go by.},
	keywords = {gaming, God, religion, video games},
	url = {http://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005\&context=theses},
	author = {Corliss, Vander}
}
@book {364,
	title = {Mission-shaped Church : church planting and fresh expressions of church in a changing context},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Church House},
	organization = {Church House},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {An overview of recent developments in church planting. Detailed, practical, well-researched book describes the varied and exciting "fresh expressions" of church being created. Includes questions and challenges to help local churches engage with the issues.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=eRYBUM9GK3AC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Mission and Public Affairs Council}
}
@article {2697,
	title = {Online U-Topia: Cyberspace and the Mythology of Placelessness},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {The World Wide Web. The Information Superhighway. Cyberspace. Powerful metaphors that have infused our culture with a sense of its own technological prowess and superiority. According to some of its most ardent enthusiasts, in cyberspace we can go anywhere, do anything, be anyone we choose. We slip in and out of virtual identities as easily as we change our clothes. With the knowledge of the ages available to us at the click of a mouse, learning becomes little more than a process of searching and downloading. Using the Internet to spackle over any unfortunate gaps in our knowledge, we become "instant experts" on virtually any topic (Wright 2000). Online, we can "visit" remote places: check the weather on the Ross Ice Shelf, make a virtual pilgrimage up Ireland{\textquoteright}s Croagh Patrick (MacWilliams 2004), or marvel at the wonders observed through the Hubble Telescope. Not surprisingly, the World Wide Web is replete with religion-from simple congregational websites to fully orbed Wiccan cybercovens, from virtual puja (Dawson and Cowan 2004) to virtual hajj (Bunt 2000), and from Internet libraries designed to "crack" the Sumerian code (Cassidy 2002) to what some observers regard as the online revival of a populist Marian mysticism (Apolito 2005). According to one sociologist, the Internet "is the most portentous development for the future of religion to come out of the twentieth century" (Brasher 2001:17). And indeed, for some, the Internet has even become a metaphor for God (Turkle 1995; Henderson 2000). While both these latter claims may seriously overstate the reality of the situation, that religion and the Internet have become intimately and integrally linked is beyond dispute. In little more than a decade, a powerful set of interrelated mythologies has arisen about "life on the {\textquoteright}net"{\textquoteright}-whatever we take that to mean ultimately-that challenges many of our heretofore accepted notions of society, culture, community, and the self (Rheingold 1993; Turkle 1995; Barlow [1996] 2001; for less utopian views, see Kroker and Weinstein 1994; Roszak 1994; Slouka 1995; Stoll 1995; Kroker and Kroker 1996; Wynn and Katz 1997). However useful computer-mediated communications have become, though, in many ways the World Wide Web represents at least as much the triumph of hyperbole and marketing as it does the next step in technological evolution. Often used as though its meaning is entirely transparent, the concept of "cyberspace" has traveled like a meme through the cultural consciousness since its introduction in the mid-1980s (Gibson 1984), an ambitious and ambiguous metonym that encompasses what popularly passes for the experiential totality of the Internet. The question, though, in terms of this Forum, is where do we go when we are online? Where is the "place" in cyberspace?},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00284.x},
	author = {Cowan, Douglas E.}
}
@inbook {220,
	title = {Contested Spaces: Movement, Countermovement and E-Space Propaganda},
	booktitle = {Religion Online. Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {255-271},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression.Religion Onlineprovides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes thePew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-definingCyberspace as SacredSpace.},
	keywords = {movement, online space, propaganda},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&dq=Contested+Spaces:+Movement,+Countermovement+and+E-Space+Propaganda\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Cowan, Douglas}
}
@book {179,
	title = {Cyberhenge: Modern Pagans on the Internet},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {InCyberhenge, Douglas E. Cowan brings together two fascinating and virtually unavoidable phenomena of contemporary life--the Internet and the new religious movement of Neopaganism. For growing numbers of Neopagans-Wiccans, Druids, Goddess-worshippers, and others--the Internet provides an environment alive with possibilities for invention, innovation, and imagination. From angel channeling, biorhythms, and numerology to e-covens and cybergroves where neophytes can learn everything from the Wiccan Rede to spellworking, Cowan illuminates how and why Neopaganism is using Internet technology in fascinating new ways as a platform for invention of new religious traditions and the imaginative performance of ritual. This book is essential reading for students and scholars of new religious movements, and for anyone interested in the intersections of technology and faith.},
	keywords = {comparative religion, cults, cyberspace, internet, neopaganism, religious aspects},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=dE8vh7i80-IC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Cowan, Douglas}
}
