@mastersthesis {69,
	title = {Technology, ecology and spirituality: neopaganism and hybrid ontologies in technoculture},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	school = {Murdoch University},
	abstract = {This thesis considers three convergent issues pertinent to investigations of identity and agency in contemporary society: the proliferation of digital, network technologies, the rise of interest in secular {\textemdash} {\textquoteleft}new edge{\textquoteright} {\textemdash} spiritualities, and our growing awareness of impending ecological crises. I argue that these three issues necessitate a critical reconsideration of human agency, one that embodies a more sustainable and responsible {\textquoteleft}being-in-the-world{\textquoteright}. With this goal in mind, I apply the insights of ecofeminism, feminist approaches to technology and science, and the philosophy of technology, to provide a critical analysis of the human-technology relation in the broader contexts of gender, ecology and spirituality. In particular, I highlight the strengths of ecofeminism, and then employ several alternative theories in order to attend to limitations I identify within ecofeminism; in particular, its uncompromising stance towards modern technology as wholly patriarchal and damaging to both nature and women. Against this position, I argue that technology is fully embedded in and central to our being-in-the-world, and thus must be accounted for in any consideration of contemporary agency. I then attend to both technophobic and technophilic approaches to technology and technoscience in feminism more generally, suggesting how these oppositional tensions are embodied in the figures of the {\textquoteleft}cyborg{\textquoteright} and the {\textquoteleft}goddess{\textquoteright}. In search of more complex, hybridised ways to understand the human-technology relation, I then turn to three key theorists {\textendash} Don Ihde, Donna Haraway and Bruno Latour. Synergising their approaches with the neopagan worldview, I propose a metaphorical and material identity which properly attends to and incorporates the treble issues of ecology, technology and spirituality into its worldview: the technopagan. At once nature-worshipper and digital dweller, the technopagan is a dynamic, multi-faceted and adaptable agent that can effectively challenge traditional humanist binaries between nature and technology, science and religion, and human and nonhuman.},
	keywords = {ecology, neopaganism, Spirituality, technology},
	url = {http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/706/},
	author = {Susan Gallacher}
}
@inbook {2123,
	title = {Secularisation and de-institutionalised religion},
	booktitle = {Foundations and Futures in the Sociology of Religion},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Routledge },
	organization = {Routledge },
	chapter = {5},
	abstract = {Since the sociology of religion became recognised as a distinct sub-discipline over the last century, the dominance of approaches taking their inspiration from the sociological classics has increasingly been challenged. Empirical findings have brought the notion of secularisation into question; and theorists have sought to deconstruct how we think of {\textquoteleft}religion.{\textquoteright} This collection appraises the continuing influence of the foundational approaches and places these in relation to newly emerging directions in the field.},
	keywords = {de-institutionalized religion, Secular, Sociology of religion},
	issn = {9781351607384},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=HzJDDwAAQBAJ\&oi=fnd\&pg=PT109\&ots=PPdcKpjvv_\&sig=yLkGpjms4Z4B94OIZ3YeruKguVg$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Ganiel, G}
}
@mastersthesis {310,
	title = {Rhythms and Rhymes of Life: Music and identification processes of Dutch-Moroccan youth},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {2008},
	note = {http://www.miriamgazzah.nl/uploads/4/5/7/7/4577982/rhythmsrhymesdissertation2008aup.miriamgazzah.pdf},
	month = {2008},
	school = {Amsterdam University Press},
	type = {PhD},
	keywords = {Dutch, identity, Music, Youth},
	author = {Gazzah, Miriam}
}
@book {2926,
	title = {What is apologetics? Baker encyclopedia of Christian apologetics },
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {Baker Academic},
	organization = {Baker Academic},
	abstract = {This comprehensive reference volume covers every key issue, person, and concept related to Christian apologetics from Anselm to Zen.},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Christian-Apologetics-Reference-Library/dp/0801021510},
	author = {Norman L. Geisler}
}
@article {2843,
	title = {Why Does the Archbishop Not Tweet?: How Social Media Challenge Church Authorities},
	journal = {Nordicom Review},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {In summer 2012, the Archbishop of the Church of Sweden appeared on Twitter. There was only one problem {\textendash} it was not the Archbishop himself who was tweeting, but an anonymous person. A discussion then ensued on Twitter and in the blogosphere between those in favor of the Archbishop and his department and mainly social media proponents.

The present article describes and analyzes the social media debate, and how authority and hierarchies are negotiated in and through social media. The analysis is based on Heidi Campbell{\textquoteright}s {\textquotedblleft}Religious-Social Shaping of Technology{\textquotedblright} model, and emphasizes the need to take into account not only the faith and tradition of the religious actor, but also the societal context in which the negotiating process takes place. In this case, the concepts of {\textquotedblleft}media- tization{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}secularization{\textquotedblright} are used to understand the broader context of the process. },
	url = {http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2\%3A827966\&dswid=-1496},
	author = {Gelfgren, Stefan}
}
@article {2099,
	title = {The Virtual Construction of the sacred{\textendash}Representation and Fantasy in the Architecture of Second Life Churches},
	journal = {Nordic Journal of Religion and Society},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {59{\textendash}73},
	abstract = {This study aims to construct a typology of the visual style of Christian spaces in the online virtual world of Second Life (SL). Virtual worlds offer diverse new possibilities for architectural style, unrestricted by gravity, weather or scarcity of materials. These new regions also operate largely beyond the control and indeed awareness of established religious authorities, so they can also offer users new opportunities to reconsider the social structure of their communities. This research project aims to survey religious responses to these new potential freedoms. Research to date on religion in SL has focused on small samples of spaces or activity, but we found 114 Christian spaces. An overwhelming number of the locations we visited featured a Christian church building. 81 of 114 included a church building that reproduced a recognizable offline architectural style, and only 9 included a church with an entirely different style. Only 15 Christian locations had buildings that cannot be characterised as churches. 
},
	keywords = {Church, Sacred, Second Life Churches, Virtual},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279318282_The_virtual_construction_of_the_sacred_-_Representation_and_fantasy_in_the_architecture_of_second_life_churches},
	author = {Gelfgren, S and Hutchings, T}
}
@article {2149,
	title = {The Call to Jihad: Charismatic Preachers and the Internet},
	journal = {Studies in Conflict \& Terrorism },
	volume = {40},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {44-61},
	abstract = {A range of psychological, social, and environmental factors render some individuals more susceptible to militant Islam than others. Research also suggests that there are certain {\textquotedblleft}triggers,{\textquotedblright} which help to explain why it is that only some individuals exposed to the same societal structural influences turn to violence. This article seeks to contribute to future empirical research in this area by studying the significance of certain {\textquotedblleft}charismatic{\textquotedblright} preachers in this process and examining the role the Internet plays in strengthening the charismatic bond. Difficulties in defining and measuring {\textquotedblleft}charisma{\textquotedblright} may help in part to explain the paucity of research on this aspect of radicalization but since charismatic authority derives from the bond between preacher and follower, an examination of the activities, strategies, and techniques used to build relationships and win adherents to Salafi-jihadism may provide valuable insights for countering radicalization.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, jihad, Preachers},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157406},
	author = {Gendron, A}
}
@book {296,
	title = {Apocalyptic AI: Visions of Heaven in Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Virtual Reality},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Apocalyptic AI, the hope that we might one day upload our minds into machines or cyberspace and live forever, is a surprisingly wide-spread and influential idea, affecting everything from the world view of online gamers to government research funding and philosophical thought. In Apocalyptic AI, Robert Geraci offers the first serious account of this "cyber-theology" and the people who promote it.

Drawing on interviews with roboticists and AI researchers and with devotees of the online game Second Life, among others, Geraci illuminates the ideas of such advocates of Apocalyptic AI as Hans Moravec and Ray Kurzweil. He reveals that the rhetoric of Apocalyptic AI is strikingly similar to that of the apocalyptic traditions of Judaism and Christianity. In both systems, the believer is trapped in a dualistic universe and expects a resolution in which he or she will be translated to a transcendent new world and live forever in a glorified new body. Equally important, Geraci shows how this worldview shapes our culture. For instance, Apocalyptic AI has influenced funding agencies such as the National Science Foundation, helping to prioritize robotics and AI research. It has become the ideology of choice for online gamers, such as those involved in Second Life; it has had a profound impact on the study of the mind; and it has inspired scientists and theologians alike to wonder about the super robots of the future. Should we think of robots as persons? What kind of morality would intelligent robots espouse?

Apocalyptic AI has become a powerful force in modern culture. This volume shines a light on this belief system, revealing what it is and how it is changing society.},
	keywords = {Apocalypticism, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Second Life, Singularity, virtual worlds},
	isbn = {978-0195393026},
	issn = {0195393023},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0195393023/ref=pe_11480_13340760_emwa_email_title_1},
	author = {Robert M Geraci}
}
@book {2927,
	title = {Emerging churches: Creating Christian community in postmodern cultures},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {Baker Academic },
	organization = {Baker Academic },
	abstract = {The "emerging church" movement is perhaps the most significant church trend of our day. The emerging church offers and encourages a new way of doing and being the church. While it largely resonates with an eighteen-to-thirty-four-year-old audience--the first fully postmodern generation--it is also gaining popularity with older Christians and encompasses a broad array of traditional and contemporary churches. Emerging Churches explores this movement and provides insight into its success.

Filled with the latest research and interesting, anecdotal testimonies from those on the cutting edge of ministry, this book provides pastors, church leaders, and interested readers with an insightful glimpse into the thriving churches of today--and tomorrow.},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Emerging-Churches-Christian-Community-Postmodern/dp/0801027152},
	author = {Eddie Gibbs and Eddie Gibbs}
}
@book {2928,
	title = {The presentation of self in everyday life},
	year = {1990},
	publisher = {Penguin},
	organization = {Penguin},
	abstract = {A notable contribution to our understanding of ourselves. This book explores the realm of human behavior in social situations and the way that we appear to others.  Dr. Goffman uses the metaphor of theatrical performance as a framework. Each person in everyday social intercourse presents himself and his activity to others, attempts to guide and cotnrol the impressions they form of him, and employs certain techniques in order to sustain his performance, just as an actor presents a character to an audience.  The discussions of these social techniques offered here are based upon detailed research and observation of social customs in many regions.},
	url = {https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/61106/the-presentation-of-self-in-everyday-life-by-erving-goffman/},
	author = {Goffman, E}
}
@article {2754,
	title = {Digital pilgrimage: Exploring Catholic monastic webcasts},
	journal = {The Communication Review},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {This study questions how religious webmasters view the objectives of their webcasting in relation to pilgrimage. Findings uncovered four facets: (1) mediation of the holy sites and experience; (2) bonding between Holy Land communities and global believers; (3) cultivating agents; (4) media experiences as a pilgrimage surrogate. Drawing on Walter Benjamin, the study elucidates how online videos evoke proximity to the sacred, thus connecting holy sites and believers, while affirming webmasters as secondary actors of religious authority.},
	doi = {10.1080/10714421.2017.1416795},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322215646_Digital_pilgrimage_Exploring_Catholic_monastic_webcasts},
	author = {Golan, Oren and Martini, Michele}
}
@article {2825,
	title = {The Making of contemporary papacy: manufactured charisma and Instagram},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {Recent research highlights the growth of alternative religious leadership on a global scale. In response, social media have emerged as platforms to compete for religious primacy. Accordingly, the study asks how is online religious authority constructed, re-affirmed and implemented by religious organizations? We contend that through online means, religious organizations are nowadays working to construct a public image to spark charismatic attraction towards institutional leaders. To investigate, we developed a grounded study that captured the full Instagram production of Pope Francis{\textquoteright} official account (429 images). Drawing on construal theory, findings demonstrated the strategic management of social, spatial, affective and hypothetical distance, simultaneously corresponding with uncovered facets: hierarchical positioning; geographical locales, haptic engagement, and leaders{\textquoteright} visual focus. Thus, we suggest introducing a concept of image-mediated-charisma, and its theoretical framing through digital distance. Concepts that were observed in the religious realm yet can be extended and applied to political or cultural leaders.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1567803},
	author = {Golan, Oren and Martini, Michele}
}
@article {2047,
	title = {Strategic Management of Religious Websites: The Case of Israel{\textquoteright}s Orthodox Communities},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-mediated Communication },
	volume = {20},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {467-486},
	abstract = {This study investigates how webmasters of sites affiliated with bounded communities manage tensions created by the open social affordances of the internet. We examine how webmasters strategically manage their respective websites to accommodate their assumed target audiences. Through in-depth interviews with Orthodox webmasters in Israel, we uncover how they cultivate 3 unique strategies -- control, layering, and guiding -- to contain information flows. We thereby elucidate how web strategies reflect the relationships between community, religion and CMC.},
	keywords = {fundamentalism, internet, Orthodox Judaism, religious communities online, websites},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcc4.12118},
	author = {Golan, O and Campbell, H}
}
@article {2114,
	title = {Fundamentalist web journalism: Walking a fine line between religious ultra-Orthodoxy and the new media ethos},
	journal = {European Journal of Communication},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {304-320},
	abstract = {New media journalism has perturbed traditional reporting not only in mainstream-modern societies but also within religious-cum-insular communities. Focusing on the Jewish ultra-Orthodox community in Israel and in light of web journalists{\textquoteright} continuous struggle with leading clergy and an apprehensive public, this study grapples with the question, {\textquoteleft}How do ultra-Orthodox web journalists view their work mission as information brokers for an enclave culture?{\textquoteright} The study gleaned from 40 in-depth interviews with web journalists and discussions with community web activists. Results uncovered three major schemata that drive their praxis: (1) Communal-Haredi, (2) Western-Democratic and (3) Journalist Ecosystem. Findings suggest a rising archetype of fundamentalist web journalism that rests its professional ethos on writers{\textquoteright} practice, rather than on formalized training or communal dictums. Web journalists were found to strongly identify with their community, yet, often unintentionally, also act as a secondary form of authority and harbingers of change.},
	keywords = {fundamentalism, journalist motivations, new media and religion, online journalism, religion, religion and media, ultra-Orthodox, Ultra-Orthodox Jews, web journalism},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0267323118763928},
	author = {Golan, O and Mishol-Shauli, N}
}
@article {2755,
	title = {Religious live-streaming: constructing the authentic in real time},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {From the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem to the Kaaba of Mecca, many religious sites are webcasting in live-streaming. This study inquires how religious institutions act to shape users{\textquoteright} worldviews and negotiate meanings via live-streaming-mediated communication. Ethnographic fieldwork accompanied a case study of 25 in-depth interviews of the Can{\c c}{\~a}o Nova and the Franciscan Order{\textquoteright}s recent media operation in the Holy Land. Findings uncovered three facets: (1) Evangelizing youth. (2) Establishing affinity towards the Holy Land. (3) Maintaining constant presence of the transcendental. Drawing on Walter Benjamin, proximity between believers and the divine via live-streaming is discussed and its implication for transforming the religious experience, establishing secondary authority in the Catholic world and propelling religious change in the information society.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1395472},
	author = {Golan, Oren and Martini, Michele}
}
@inbook {1180,
	title = {Charting Frontiers of Online Religious Communities:  The Case of Chabad Jews},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {12},
	keywords = {Chabad Jews, Jewish Community, Jewish religion, Jews, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, Online community, Religion and the Internet, religious engagement, Sociology of religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=ox4q7T59KikC\&pg=PA14\&lpg=PA14\&dq=Charting+Frontiers+of+Online+Religious+Communities:+The+Case+of+Chabad+Jews\&source=bl\&ots=twJAMfbftj\&sig=9jGgchqJxWDDUaCEhZ2ags9AehY\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=MFImUvm1N4TXqgHKn4Aw\&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg$\#$v=one},
	author = {Oren Golan}
}
@article {2155,
	title = {Building the sacred community online: the dual use of the Internet by Chabad},
	journal = {Media, Culture \& Society },
	volume = {38},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {71-88},
	abstract = {Religious communities have ongoing concerns about Internet use, as it intensifies the clash between tradition and modernity, a clash often found in traditionally inclined societies. Nevertheless, as websites become more useful and widely accessible, religious and communal stakeholders have continuously worked at building and promoting them. This study focuses on Chabad, a Jewish ultra-Orthodox movement, and follows webmasters of three key websites to uncover how they distribute religious knowledge over the Internet. Through an ethnographic approach that included interviews with over 30 webmasters, discussions with key informants, and observations of the websites themselves, the study uncovered webmaster{\textquoteright}s strategies to foster solidarity within their community, on one hand, while also proselytizing their outlook on Judaism, on the other. Hence, the study sheds light on how a fundamentalist society has strengthened its association with new media, thus facilitating negotiation between modernity and religious piety.},
	keywords = {Chabad, community, Digital Religion, fundamentalism, religion, religious communities},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0163443715615415},
	author = {Golan, O and Stadler, N}
}
@book {2929,
	title = {Embedded digital creatives},
	series = {Creative work beyond the creative industries: Innovation, employment and production},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {pp. 128-143},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	organization = {Edward Elgar Publishing},
	address = {UK},
	url = {https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781782545699/9781782545699.00017.xml},
	author = {Goldsmith, B.}
}
@book {428,
	title = {Japanese Cybercultures},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London \& New York},
	abstract = {Japan is rightly regarded as one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world, yet the development and deployment of Internet technology in Japan has taken a different trajectory compared with Western nations. This is the first book to look at the specific dynamics of Japanese Internet use. It examines the crucial questions: 
* how the Japanese are using the Internet: from the prevalence of access via portable devices, to the fashion culture of mobile phones
* how Japan{\textquoteright}s "cute culture" has colonized cyberspace
* the role of the Internet in different musical subcultures
* how different men{\textquoteright}s and women{\textquoteright}s groups have embraced technology to highlight problems of harassment and bullying
* the social, cultural and political impacts of the Internet on Japanese society
* how marginalized groups in Japanese society - gay men, those living with AIDS, members of new religious groups and Japan{\textquoteright}s hereditary sub-caste, the Burakumin - are challenging the mainstream by using the Internet. 
Examined from a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives, using a broad range of case-studies, this is an exciting and genuinely cutting-edge book which breaks new ground in Japanese studies and will be of value to anyone interested in Japanese culture, the Internet and cyberculture.},
	keywords = {culture, cyber, internet, Japan},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Japanese_cybercultures.html?id=2McTNWGncZ0C},
	author = {Nanette Gottlieb and Mark McLelland}
}
@book {1247,
	title = {Religion, Media, and Social Change},
	series = {Routledge Research in Religion, Media and Culture},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Routledge },
	organization = {Routledge },
	abstract = {In an era of heightened globalization, macro-level transformations in the general socioeconomic and cultural makeup of modern societies have been studied in great depth. Yet little attention has been paid to the growing influence of media and mass-mediated popular culture on contemporary religious sensibilities, life, and practice. Religion, Media, and Social Change explores the correlation between the study of religion, media, and popular culture and broader sociological theorizing on religious change. Contributions devote serious attention to broadly-defined media including technologies, institutions, and social and cultural environments, as well as mass-mediated popular culture such as film, music, television, and computer games. This interdisciplinary collection addresses important theoretical and methodological questions by connecting the study of media and popular culture to current perspectives, approaches, and discussions in the broader sociological study of religion.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Globalization, institutions, Online community, religious change, social change, socioeconomic modern societies, sociological study of religion, Technologies},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415742825/},
	author = {Kennet Granholm and Marcus Moberg and Sofia Sj{\"o}}
}
@book {223,
	title = {Judaism on the Web},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {MIS Press},
	organization = {MIS Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Surfing the Web for information on a particular subject can be both fun and daunting. It{\textquoteright}s easy to get overwhelmed when a simple Web search lists hundreds or even thousands of sites. Often times you{\textquoteright}re left with a case of information overload -- a feeling of helplessness that results from having too much data and too little idea where to start looking. Judaism is one such topic with a myriad of Web sites devoted to it. You can spend countless hours browsing the vast online resources on this religious and cultural community. Wouldn{\textquoteright}t it be great if there was a guide to the very best of these Web sites?
Judaism on the Web is a highly focused collection of 500 first-class sites related to Judaica. Author Irving Green has done the bulk of the Web searching for you, assembling the cream of the crop and placing them into one of five categories: the Jewish world, the Jewish year, culture, intellectual life, and current issues. You find references to sites that offer 3D virtual synagogues, genealogy resources, Kosher recipes, Jewish comics, Yiddish culture, holiday calendars, Israeli Web sites, coverage of Jewish denominations, and much more.
So don{\textquoteright}t get bogged down by information overload. Let Judaism on the Web make online learning a fun and enlightening experience.},
	keywords = {internet, Israel, Jewish, religion},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Judaism-Web-Irving-Green/dp/1558285156},
	author = {Green, Irving}
}
@article {2178,
	title = {Counter-Radicalization via the Internet},
	journal = {The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
	volume = {668},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {165-179},
	abstract = {ISIS and other international terrorist organizations rely on the Internet to disseminate their extremist rhetoric and to recruit people to their cause, particularly through popular online social media applications. Any meaningful counterterrorism strategy must, therefore, account for the ways in which terrorist organizations use the Internet to prey on young, manipulable minds who are drawn to radical ideas and propaganda and to the desire to serve a cause larger than themselves. This article outlines the ways in which extremist organizations use the Internet to ensnare new recruits, analyzes the implications of cyber-recruitment on existing counterterrorism techniques, and suggests ways in which the U.S. government can work with Internet service providers and other major cyber corporations to better address this growing threat.},
	keywords = {countering violent extremism, CVE, Internet recruitment, ISIS, radicalization},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002716216672635},
	author = {Greenberg, K}
}
@inbook {300,
	title = {Finding Liquid Salvation:  Using The Cardean Ethnographic Method To Document Second Life Residents And Religious Cloud Communities},
	booktitle = {Virtual Worlds, Second Life, and Metaverse Platforms: New Communication and Identity Paradigms},
	volume = { },
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {IGI Global },
	organization = {IGI Global },
	address = {Hershey, PA},
	keywords = {religion, Salvation, Second Life, virtual communities},
	author = {Grieve, Gregory}
}
@article {2050,
	title = {Studying Religion in Digital Gaming: A Critical Review of an Emerging Field},
	journal = {Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of the study of religion and gaming by outlining the dominant approaches, development and themes in this new interdisciplinary field of inquiry. It highlights dominant thematic and methodological approaches currently within the field of religion and digital games studies including the study of religiously-themed games, the role religion plays in mainstream games, and how gaming can be seen as a form of {\textquotedblleft}implicit religion". This critical review is contextualized in relation to the studies presented in a forthcoming book, Playing with Religion in Digital Games, which maps key theoretical approaches and interpretive trends related to how different expressions of religion and religiosity are manifested in various gaming genres and narratives. We show that digital games are an important site of exploration into the intersection of religion and contemporary culture helping us understand what religion is, does, and means in a changing contemporary society.},
	keywords = {digital games, game studies, Implicit religion, Narrative, play, video games},
	url = {https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/12183},
	author = {Grieve, G. P and Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {299,
	title = {Religion},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {religion},
	author = {Grieve, Gregory}
}
@book {2161,
	title = {Cyber Zen: Imagining Authentic Buddhist Identity, Community, and Practices in the Virtual World of Second Life },
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Routledge },
	organization = {Routledge },
	edition = {1},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Cyber Zen ethnographically explores Buddhist practices in the online virtual world of Second Life. Does typing at a keyboard and moving avatars around the screen, however, count as real Buddhism? If authentic practices must mimic the actual world, then Second Life Buddhism does not. In fact, a critical investigation reveals that online Buddhist practices have at best only a family resemblance to canonical Asian traditions and owe much of their methods to the late twentieth-century field of cybernetics. If, however, they are judged existentially, by how they enable users to respond to the suffering generated by living in a highly mediated consumer society, then Second Life Buddhism consists of authentic spiritual practices.
Cyber Zen explores how Second Life Buddhist enthusiasts form communities, identities, locations, and practices that are both products of and authentic responses to contemporary Network Consumer Society. Gregory Price Grieve illustrates that to some extent all religion has always been virtual and gives a glimpse of possible future alternative forms of religion},
	keywords = {Buddhist, cyber zen, Virtual World, Zen},
	issn = {978-0415628730},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317293262},
	author = {Grieve, G.P}
}
@article {303,
	title = {Buddha Machine},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Buddha Machine},
	address = {Greensboro, NC},
	abstract = {The Buddha Machine was created by sampling found images form the Internet Internet Archive, a San Francisco based non-profit whose library includes texts, audio, moving images and archived WebPages. The video generates trsna (the Buddhist notion of desire) by visually embodying Gilles Deleuze and F{\'e}lix Guattari{\textquoteright}s notion of the desiring machine. By desire, Buddhists refer to craving pleasure, material goods, and immortality, all of which are wants that can never be satisfied, and lies at the root of suffering. Suffering, or duḥkha, literally means to be {\textquotedblleft}stuck{\textquotedblright} or stopped. Similarly, for Deleuze and Guattari, desire is not to be identified with lack, with the law, or with the signifier, but rather with production, or really with the stoppage of production. As they write in Anti-Oedipus {\textquotedblleft}a machine may be defined as a system of interruptions or breaks.{\textquotedblright} The Buddha Machine is connected visually to the viewer, and creates desire by breaking visual flow. However, simultaneously, it is at the same time also a flow itself, or the production of a flow.},
	url = {http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAbxGCuv6-Q\&feature=player_embedded},
	author = {Grieve, Gregory}
}
@article {298,
	title = {Virtually Embodying The Field: Silent Online Buddhist Meditation, Immersion, and The Cardean Ethnographic Method},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Online - Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet },
	abstract = {This article sketches the Cardean Ethnographic research method that emerged from two years of study in Second Life{\textquoteright}s Zen Buddhist cloud communities. Second Life is a 3D graphic virtual world housed in cyberspace that can be accessed via the Internet from any networked computer on the globe. Cloud communitiesare groups that are temporary, flexible, elastic and inexpensive in the social capital required to join or to leave. In our research, we found ourselves facing a two-sided methodological problem. We had to theorize the virtual and its relation to the actual, while simultaneously creating practices for an effective ethnographic method. Our solution, named after the Roman Goddess of the hinge, Cardea, was a method that uses the model of a hinge to theorize the virtual as desubtantialized and the worlds opened up by cyberspace as nondualistic. This understanding of the virtual worldscalled for a classic ethnographic methodbased on participant observation and thick description.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, Ethnography, Immersion, Meditation},
	url = {http://www.online.uni-hd.de/},
	author = {Grieve, Gregory}
}
@book {2158,
	title = {Buddhism, the Internet, and Digital Media: The Pixel in the Lotus},
	series = {Routledge Studies in Religion and Digital Culture},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Routledge },
	organization = {Routledge },
	abstract = {Buddhism, the Internet and Digital Media: The Pixel in the Lotus explores Buddhist practice and teachings in an increasingly networked and digital era. Contributors consider the ways Buddhism plays a role and is present in digital media through a variety of methods including concrete case studies, ethnographic research, and content analysis, as well as interviews with practitioners and cyber-communities. In addition to considering Buddhism in the context of technologies such as virtual worlds, social media, and mobile devices, authors ask how the Internet affects identity, authority and community, and what effect this might have on the development, proliferation, and perception of Buddhism in an online environment. Together, these essays make the case that studying contemporary online Buddhist practice can provide valuable insights into the shifting role religion plays in our constantly changing, mediated, hurried, and uncertain culture.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, digital media, internet},
	issn = {9781317950349},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=-6uQBAAAQBAJ\&dq=Internet+and+Buddhism/+Internet+and+Buddhists\&lr=\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Grieve, G.P and Veidlinger, D}
}
@article {302,
	title = {Imagining a Virtual Religious Community: Neo-pagans on The Internet},
	journal = {Chicago Anthropology Exchange },
	volume = {7},
	year = {1995},
	edition = {98-132},
	keywords = {community, internet, neo-pagan, religion, Virtual},
	author = {Grieve, Gregory}
}
@inbook {2113,
	title = {An Ethnographic Method for the Study of Religion in Video Game Environments},
	booktitle = {Methods for Studying Video Games and Religion},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	edition = {1},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Focusing on the practice of Buddhism in Second Life, this chapter describes an ethnographic method for the study of religion in video game environments. Gregory Price Grieve argues that if one takes into consideration the narrative imagining of role-play, then Second Life can be considered a game and that its religion practice is authentic because its game play engages with what its users perceive as sacred. He then goes on to outline an ethnographic method based on the field of virtual game spaces, the methodological tool of participant observation, and the analytic instrument of thick description, as well as briefly touching on ethics. Finally, Gregory Price Grieve illustrates a case study by examining Second Life Zen Buddhist objects, places, avatars, groups, and events, as well as touching on the life cycle of the research project described.},
	keywords = {Ethnography, religion, video games},
	issn = {978-1138698710},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315518329},
	author = {Grieve, G.P.}
}
@book {297,
	title = {Digital Zen: Buddhism, Virtual Worlds and Online Meditation},
	series = {Religion, Media and Culture },
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {new York},
	abstract = {Because it makes its practitioners mindful of desire, _Digital Zen_ argues that the primarily Western converts who practice Anglo-Buddhist digital religion offer a form of religion that allows them to flourish in a late capitalistic society.  Much contemporary popular religion is a protest against, and also a product of, the suffering produced by the desires of living in late capitalism.  Being mindful of desire is crucial for human flourishing in late capitalism, because while {\textquotedblleft}solid{\textquotedblright} modernity was driven by need and production, the current {\textquotedblleft}liquid{\textquotedblright} system is driven by desire and consumption.  Digital Buddhism is an apt place to locate such desires because freed from the physical, digital media display the unhindered imagination of its users, and Buddhism, throughout its historical phases, has seen desire as the cause of suffering.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, Digital, Ethnography, Meditation, Second Life, Virtual World, Zen},
	author = {Grieve, Gregory}
}
@inbook {301,
	title = {There is no Spoon? The Matrix, Ideology, and The Spiritual logic of Late Capital},
	booktitle = {Teaching Religion and Film},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	keywords = {Ideology, religion, spiritual},
	author = {Grieve, Gregory}
}
@inbook {222,
	title = {The Goddess Net. In Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {189-204},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as SacredSpace.},
	keywords = {Faith, internet, Online, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&dq=The+Goddess+Net.+In+Religion+Online:+Finding+Faith+on+the+Internet\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Griffin, Wendy}
}
@article {2930,
	title = {Authority, power, influence and social control: A theoretical synthesis. Academy of Management Review},
	journal = {Academy of Management Review},
	year = {1978},
	abstract = {Authority and power are usually not conceptually distinct, but for clarification, they are considered extremes on a control continuum. Power is conceptualized as influence and social control, the former reducing and latter reinforcing authority. These constructs permit reexamination of authority and leadership.},
	url = {https://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amr.1978.4289263},
	author = {Grimes, A.J.}
}
@book {136,
	title = {The Soul in Cyberspace},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Hourglass Books/Baker Books},
	organization = {Hourglass Books/Baker Books},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {This book evaluates the emerging technologies of cyberspace in relation to their effects on our society and souls, and deals especially with the potential pitfall of becoming informationally rich but spiritually deprived.},
	keywords = {cyberspace, information, Soul, spiritual deprivation},
	author = {Groothuis, Douglas}
}
@article {215,
	title = {The Cyberchurch is Coming. National Survey of Teenagers shows Expectation of Substituting Internet for Corner Church},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Church, Cyberchurch, internet, teenagers},
	author = {Barna Research Group}
}
@article {214,
	title = {More Americans Are Seeking Net-Based Faith Experiences},
	year = {2001},
	abstract = {You can buy books on the Internet, strike up relationships on the Internet and a growing proportion of the population are experiencing God in cyberspace, as well. A new study released by the Barna Research Group, of Ventura, California, indicates that among the growing number of Americans who use the Internet, millions are turning to the digital dimension to get them in touch with God and others who pursue faith matters. The report projects that within this decade as many as 50 million individuals may rely solely upon the Internet to provide all of their faith-based experiences. Among the findings of the studies described in the report is that born again and evangelical Christians are every bit as likely as non-Christians to use the digital superhighway. Catholics and mainline Protestants are slightly more likely to use the Internet than are Baptists and Protestants who attend non-mainline churches. Adults who are affiliated with a faith group other than Christianity have one of the highest concentrations of Net usage (85\%). Adults use the Internet for a wide variety of activities, regardless of their faith commitments. The most universal value of the Internet is to find information, but other common uses include maintaining existing relationships, buying products, and previewing new media.},
	keywords = {Americans, Faith, internet},
	author = {Barna Research Group}
}
@article {2788,
	title = {Discovering the Digital Authority: Twitter as Reporting Tool for Papal Activities},
	journal = {Online - Heidelberg Journal for Religions on the Internet},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {This article focuses on Pope Francis activities on Twitter and understanding the way of using this kind of social media by religious authorities. By examining Francis{\textquoteright}s tweets from half a year of his pontificate (from September 13, 2013 to March 16, 2014), the author offers an in-depth overview of methods for studying the presence of religious authority in the digital world. In fact, he faces both the rapidly growing Heidi Campbell{\textquoteright}s Religious Social-Shaping of Technology analytic frame and the grounded theory approach. Conducting the research the author shows that Pope Francis{\textquoteright}s Twitter can be treated as a good example of {\textquoteleft}religion online{\textquoteright} based on specific strategy to extend religious authority from the real to the virtual world.},
	url = {https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/23533},
	author = {Guzek, Damian}
}
