@inbook {333,
	title = {Virtual Pilgrimage to Ireland{\textquoteright}s Croagh Patrick},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {223-238},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&pg=PA205\&dq=Virtual+Pilgrimage+to+Ireland+Croagh+Patrick\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=nwgiT6-fKqXW2AXYzNTfDg\&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAA$\#$v=onepage\&q=Virtual\%20Pilgrimage\%20to\%20Ireland\%20Croagh\%20Patrick\&f=false},
	author = {MacWilliams, M}
}
@article {237,
	title = {Introduction to the Symposium},
	journal = {Religion},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {277-278},
	author = {MacWilliams, Mark}
}
@article {1246,
	title = {Techno-Ritualization : the Gohozon Controversy on the Internet},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {91},
	abstract = {In Techno-Ritualization {\textendash} The Gohozon Controversy on the Internet, Mark MacWilliams describes the case of the {\textquotedblleft}Gohonzon{\textquotedblright}, Nichiren{\textquoteright}s sacred mandala consisting of the title of the Lotus Sutra that is used for worship in the various Nichiren Buddhist sects. Whereas this mandala is generally considered as extremely sacred and it is demanded that it should be housed in the home altar and only displayed privately for devotional chanting, it can nowadays be found on the Internet as a {\textquotedblleft}prayer Gohonzon{\textquotedblright} from the American Independent Movement, a Buddhist group unaffiliated with the official authority S{\^o}ka Gakkai International (SGI). The Internet site offers a virtual altar with a fully displayed Gohonzon, twinkling lighted candles before it, and the chant, {\textquotedblleft}Namu Myoho Renge Kyo,{\textquotedblright} flashing syllable by syllable on the screen. MacWilliam underlines the power of the Internet to transform religious practice with the example of the virtual prayer and to challenge real life ecclesiastical organizations: the way the Internet is being used is transforming the way people {\textquotedblleft}do{\textquotedblright} religion.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Gohonzon, Lotus Sutra, Nichiren, Nichiren Buddhist sects, religion, Ritual, sacred mandala, S{\^o}ka Gakkai, worship},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/371},
	author = {Marc MacWilliams}
}
@article {197,
	title = {Techno-Ritualization: The Gohozon Controversy on the Internet},
	journal = {Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet },
	volume = {2},
	year = {2006},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2006/6959/pdf/Aufsatz_MacWilliams.pdf},
	author = {MacWilliams, Marc}
}
@article {458,
	title = {New media and Islamism in the Arab Winter: A case study of Huda TV in pre-revolutionary Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of Arab \& Muslim Media Research},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {237-252},
	abstract = {Although Islam promises to play an increasing role in the public life of Muslim societies, scholarly analysis often falls short in comprehending the complex and diverse nature of this revival. As Middle Eastern societies open to wider public participation, the emergence of an active Muslim polity seems irrepressible. Yet onlookers from afar worry that Islam will only find political expression through narrow and intolerant ideologies that subvert democratic principles. This article seeks to understand the complex evolution of Islamism, and explain how its restricted and often superficial expression through media may reflect a stunted beginning rather than a permanent state of regressive fundamentalism. Through a case study of Huda TV in the era immediately preceding the rise of social media, this article shows how the powerfully repressive context of Middle Eastern media ensured the enduring stagnation of a nascent political discourse.},
	keywords = {Arab Winter, Islam, New Media},
	url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/intellect/jammr/2012/00000004/F0020002/art00008},
	author = {Maguire, Thomas E. R.}
}
@article {441,
	title = {Religion and Media},
	journal = {Religion Compass},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2012},
	month = {1/2012},
	pages = {14-25},
	abstract = {This essay describes the emerging field of religion and media and outlines key issues at play in the field. The field focuses both on the media and their content and on the reception of media among various publics as ways to examine the location of religion, the nature of religious practice and the complexity of religious identity and authority. On the one hand, studies reveal how religious institutions and leaders use traditional and new media, and command of emerging media grants some institutions and leaders increased voice and authority. On the other, we find evidence that in the emerging media culture, authority shifts from traditional locations such as sacred writings, traditions and religious authorities to the individual internal authority of religious consumers involved in religious self-construction. Those in the field typically argue that religion has always been mediated and that studying the mediation of religion is necessary to the understanding of religion.

There is a great deal of religion, or something that looks a great deal like religion, to be found online and in modern media. Students in a Colorado bible college celebrate communion online, leading to online discussion by their denomination{\textquoteright}s theologians of whether this is appropriate (J. Dulce, personal conversation). In Ghana Christian videographers create popular melodramas that portray traditional African religious practice as spiritually powerful but evil (Mitchell in Mitchell \& Plate 2007). American Mormons use media to correct what they see as media misrepresentations of their faith. In the cyberspace environment of {\textquotedblleft}Second Life{\textquotedblright} it is possible to worship online at Temple Beit Israel (Crabtree 2007) while in Israel Orthodox Jews create web browsers that block material inappropriate for religious Jews (Campbell 2010). And, Elvis fans make seemingly religious pilgrimage to his home (Doss 1999). In these examples what seem to be {\textquotedblleft}two ontologically distinct spheres {\textendash} the spiritual and the technological {\textendash} collide{\textquotedblright} (Meyer 2009, p. 1). This activity has not gone unnoticed by scholars. There is vibrant interdisciplinary conversation about religion and media in fields including religious and theological studies, cultural studies, media studies, art history, anthropology and sociology.

The conversation considers what attention to media and mediation tells us about the nature of religion itself. Methodologically, social scientific and cultural study approaches predominate. The conversation emerged out of research in quite varied cultural contexts and has found location in scholarly associations including the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, the American Academy of Religion and the Society for Biblical Literature. It began to find independent organizational structure with an invitational meeting held in Uppsala, Sweden, in 1994. This led to the establishment of the International Study Commission on Religion, Media and Culture (1996{\textendash}2005) whose work has continued in a series of international conferences with meetings in Boulder (1996), Edinburgh (1999), Louisville (2004), Sigtuna (2006), Sao Paulo (2008) and Toronto (2010). Work is underway to establish the International Society for Media, Religion and Culture at the conference scheduled to be held in Eskisehir, Turkey (2012).

Key areas of study include:

{\textbullet} How religious practitioners, movements and institutions use media and are shaped by their adoption or rejection of new forms of media{\textbullet} The interpretation of the way they are portrayed in media and{\textbullet} How they attempt to control media content.But, also

{\textbullet} The appearance of religious themes and images in popular entertainment{\textbullet} The ritual use of seemingly secular entertainment and{\textbullet} The fetishization and consumption of religious images and objects.We know that {\textquotedblleft}religion{\textquotedblright} is a complex phenomenon uniting diverse practices and beliefs. The same can be said about {\textquotedblleft}media{\textquotedblright}. We ought not to talk too easily about {\textquotedblleft}the media{\textquotedblright} in the singular as though there were a single media message, impact or interaction with religion. While together the various media may constitute media cultures, our examples are of a particular form of religion and a particular medium in cultural context.

Many of the participants in this conversation are located in media studies departments and they are likely to define their work as being about {\textquotedblleft}Media and Religion{\textquotedblright}. This reversal of the terms is worth noting. Just as religion scholars argue that the connection helps them to understand and define religion, colleagues in media studies suggest that it helps them understand media more clearly. They argue that media does not simply treat religion as a subject; but carry out some of religion{\textquoteright}s ritual and interpretive functions.

With the establishment of the regular study of religion and media within the guilds and the launching of a scholarly society, it becomes appropriate to recognize {\textquotedblleft}religion and media{\textquotedblright} as a distinct interdisciplinary field. This essay identifies the field and points to some key figures, concerns and insights while recognizing that, as with any emerging field, much remains in flux.
},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00330.x},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00330.x/full},
	author = {Jeffrey Mahan}
}
@article {2109,
	title = {The Irish Catholic Church and the Internet},
	journal = {New Hibernia Review},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {20-38},
	abstract = {In an article about the current state of the Catholic church in Ireland published in an Italian Jesuit magazine in 2017, the former Irish provincial Gerry O{\textquoteright}Hanlon wrote that the challenge for the Irish church today was "to re-awaken the need for salvation and the Good News of the Gospels within a culture which experiences no such need."1 Back in 2004, another Jesuit, writing in the Review of Ignatian Spirituality, had already warned that "effective advertising and marketing" were crucial" to "develop a fresh image" of the Catholic church, one that would be more likely to "capture the imagination of [its] customers."2 The emergence and growth of the church{\textquoteright}s digital strategy in Ireland must be understood against this background, as one of many attempts to avoid becoming what Archbishop Diarmuid Martin once called "an irrelevant minority culture.},
	keywords = {Catholic Church, internet, Irish},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/689122/summary},
	author = {Maignant, C}
}
@article {2029,
	title = {The Irish Catholic Church and the Internet},
	journal = {New Hibernia Review},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {20-38},
	type = {academic},
	abstract = {Nevertheless, in spite of resistances and initial smiles, the internet has become more than a key communication channel for the Catholic church; it has, in the minds of many, become a potential transformational force. Numerous commentators have suggested that the impact of the digital age on religion is likely to be as revolutionary as the invention of the printing press.6 The medium is in a position to influence the language of the church, the nature of its interactions with the faithful, and its very understanding of time and space. The official discourse remains that regardless of the medium in which the church delivers its message, the fundamental message does not change. But this question, too, is up for discussion, especially as the church is unable to control the matrix of online culture. For now, it appears that the Catholic church is merely seeking to seize the opportunities provided by the new digital age and respond to its challenges, while continuing to carry out out its traditional mission and trying to restore confidence in itself as an institition.},
	keywords = {Catholic Church, internet},
	doi = {10.1353/nhr.2017.0047},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/689122/summary},
	author = {Catherine Maignant}
}
@article {2105,
	title = {User need and experience of Hajj mobile and ubiquitous systems: Designing for the largest religious annual gathering},
	journal = {Cogent Engineering },
	volume = {5},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1-26},
	abstract = {The Hajj pilgrimage is one of the largest annual events in the world. Each year, millions of Muslims visit the holy sites in Makkah. While Hajj mobile applications that help pilgrims perform Hajj activities efficiently are gaining popularity, little has been done to investigate pilgrims{\textquoteright} needs and their experiences of these applications. During the 2017 Hajj season, we conducted a study to investigate the needs and experiences of Hajj mobile service users. We used a questionnaire to investigate the need for 20 Hajj mobile features and found that maps (particularly offline maps) were the most needed feature. We also interviewed 16 pilgrims to investigate user experience (UX) of Hajj mobile applications. Three major themes emerged from our qualitative analysis of the perceptions reported by our participants: UX problems with the current mobile applications, the importance level of application features, and opportunities for improving the UX of applications. We relate these themes to specific implications for designing a better UX of mobile applications used for Hajj and its related domain (religion) and to applications for use in similar contexts (e.g., crowd and movement situations).},
	keywords = {crowd, hajj, HCI, mobile applications, mobility, religion, ubiquity, usability, user experience},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23311916.2018.1480303},
	author = {Majrashi, K and Borsci, S}
}
@book {464,
	title = {Internet Communication and Qualitative Research },
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Sage Publishing},
	organization = {Sage Publishing},
	address = {London },
	abstract = {Communication and Qualitative Research is the first textbook to examine the impact of Internet technology on qualitative research methods. Drawing on many pioneering studies using computer-mediated communication (CMC), the authors show how online researchers can employ Internet-based qualitative methods to collect rich, descriptive, contextually-situated data. They discuss the methodological, practical and theoretical considerations associated with such methods as in-depth online interviewing, virtual focus groups, and participant observation in virtual communities.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=fhtAVok8Z5AC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Chris Mann and Fiona Stewart}
}
@article {2976,
	title = {Goffman on organizations},
	journal = {Organization Studies},
	year = {2008},
	abstract = {This paper has two linked objectives: the first is to select those aspects of Goffman{\textquoteright}s immense body of work which continue, in my mind, to have a bearing/relevance for the organization studies field. The second is to offer one condensed empirical illustration, drawing upon an earlier published study which took purchase/inspiration from Goffman.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0170840608088767},
	author = {Manning, P. K.}
}
@book {156,
	title = {The Language of New Media},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	abstract = {In this book Lev Manovich offers the first systematic and rigorous theory of new media. He places new media within the histories of visual and media cultures of the last few centuries. He discusses new media{\textquoteright}s reliance on conventions of old media, such as the rectangular frame and mobile camera, and shows how new media works create the illusion of reality, address the viewer, and represent space. He also analyzes categories and forms unique to new media, such as interface and database. Manovich uses concepts from film theory, art history, literary theory, and computer science and also develops new theoretical constructs, such as cultural interface, spatial montage, and cinegratography. The theory and history of cinema play a particularly important role in the book. Among other topics, Manovich discusses parallels between the histories of cinema and of new media, digital cinema, screen and montage in cinema and in new media, and historical ties between avant-garde film and new media.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=7m1GhPKuN3cC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Manovich, Lev}
}
@book {2718,
	title = {La Chiesa in Internet. La sfida dei media digitali},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Carocci},
	organization = {Carocci},
	abstract = {Il volume offre un contributo per pensare criticamente il ruolo della rete e dei media digitali nella vita quotidiana in rapporto alle istituzioni tradizionali, in particolare alla Chiesa cattolica in Italia. I rapporti della Chiesa con i processi di modernizzazione sono stati spesso controversi e caratterizzati da un{\textquoteright}alternanza di intuizioni e chiusure, di accettazione e cautela, tanto da rendere legittima, inizialmente, l{\textquoteright}ipotesi di un atteggiamento di resistenza nei confronti dei mutamenti creati dalla diffusione di internet. Al contrario, il mondo ecclesiale in rete si {\`e} dimostrato una realt{\`a} estremamente e inaspettatamente ricca, con migliaia di utenti anche tra le persone e i parroci pi{\`u} anziani, come mostra l{\textquoteright}importante mole di dati e informazioni raccolte sul campo di cui il volume rende conto.},
	url = {https://www.weca.it/libro-del-mese/la-chiesa-internet-la-sfida-dei-media-digitali/},
	author = {Marchetti, Rita}
}
@article {1944,
	title = {Gender and Sexuality Online on Australian Muslim Forums},
	journal = {Contemporary Islam: Dynamics of Muslim Life},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {117-138},
	author = {Roxanne D. Marcotte}
}
@article {1943,
	title = {Let{\textquoteright}s Talk about Sex: Australian Muslim Online Discussions},
	journal = {Contemporary Islam: Dynamics of Muslim Life},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {65-84},
	author = {Roxanne D. Marcotte}
}
@book {1928,
	title = {Fatwa Online: Novel Patterns of Production and Consumption in "Political Islam and Global Media: The Boundaries of Religious Identity", ed. by Noha Mellor and Khalil Rinnawi},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {288},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {Abingdon},
	abstract = {The development of new and social networking sites, as well as the growth of transnational Arab television, has triggered a debate about the rise in transnational political and religious identification, as individuals and groups negotiate this new triad of media, religion and culture. 

This book examines the implications of new media on the rise of political Islam and on Islamic religious identity in the Arab Middle East and North Africa, as well as among Muslim Arab Diasporas. Undoubtedly, the process of globalization, especially in the field of media and ICTs, challenges the cultural and religious systems, particularly in terms of identity formation. Across the world, Arab Muslims have embraced new media not only as a source of information but also as a source of guidance and fatwas, thereby transforming Muslim practices and rituals. 

This volume brings together chapters from a range of specialists working in the field, presenting a variety of case studies on new media, identity formation and political Islam in Muslim communities both within and beyond the MENA region. },
	author = {Marcotte, Roxanne and Mellor, Noha and Rinnawa, Khahil}
}
@inbook {1945,
	title = {The {\textquoteleft}Religionated{\textquoteright} Body: Fatwas and Body Parts},
	booktitle = {Medicine, Religion, and the Body},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {27-49},
	publisher = {Leiden},
	organization = {Leiden},
	edition = { International Studies in Religion and Society},
	address = {Brill},
	abstract = {This chapter looks at some of the issues that arise with meanings that are associated with Muslim bodies to illustrate the importance of the body in Islam as a reflection of social meanings and its significance as the object of power relations. In order to investigate how the body is imagined in Islam, it may be useful, for our purpose, to resurrect an obsolete mid-17th century verb in order to discuss the specific religious ontological statuses that are attributed to persons and bodies: to {\textquoteright}religionate{\textquoteright} literally means {\textquoteright}to make religious{\textquoteright}. Ethico-religious, social and physical segregation of {\textquoteright}religionated{\textquoteright} bodies often finds its religious justification in the theological or religiolegal realms. The chapter focuses on the {\textquoteright}religionated{\textquoteright} meaning of bodies. Bodies still often retain their {\textquoteright}religionated{\textquoteright} constructions in contemporary fatwas on such issues as blood and organ donation, organ transplant, or dissection of cadavers for medical training.},
	keywords = {body parts; fatwas; Islam; organ donation; religionated bodies},
	url = {10.1163/ej.9789004179707.i-300.16},
	author = {Roxanne D Marcotte}
}
@book {415,
	title = {Life Online. Researching Real Experience in Virtual Space},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {AltaMira},
	organization = {AltaMira},
	address = {Walnut Creek, CA},
	abstract = {Alienating for some, yet most intimate and real for others, emerging communications technologies are creating a varied array of cyberspace experiences. Nowhere are the new and old more intertwined, as familiar narratives of the past and radical visions of the future inform our attempts to assess the impact of cyberspace on self and society. Amidst the dizzying pace of technological innovation, Annette N. Markham embarks on a unique, ethnographic approach to understanding internet users by immersing herself in on-line reality. The result is an engrossing narrative as well as a theoretically engaging journey. A cast of characters, the reflexive author among them, emerge from Markham{\textquoteright}s interviews and research to depict the complexity and diversity of internet realities. While cyberspace is hyped as a disembodied cultural arena where physical reality can be transcended, Markham finds that to understand how people experience the internet, she must learn how to be embodied there {\textquotedblright}a process of acculturation and immersion which is not so different from other anthropological projects of cross-cultural understanding. Both new and not-so-new, cyberspace provides a context in which we can ask new sorts of questions about all cultural experience.},
	author = {Markham, A.}
}
@article {198,
	title = {S(l)Pirituality. Immersive Worlds as a Window to Spirituality Phenomena},
	journal = {Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2008},
	abstract = {This paper focuses on several conceptual and methodological considerations for studying spirituality in Massive Multiuser Online Environments (MMOEs), taking Second Life (SL) as our main case study. This inquiry represents the follow-up of two previous research lines, one related with pop-esoteric products and operational belief system, and the other with communication patterns and social networks within online environments. Hence, our current objective pretends to highlight how operational belief articulates, or acquires meaning, through users{\textquoteright} interaction inside online environments.},
	keywords = {Phenomena, Spirituality},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2008/8295/pdf/martinez.pdf},
	author = {Martinez-Z{\'a}rate, Pablo and Corduneanu, Isabela and Martinez, Luiz M}
}
@book {1275,
	title = {Fundamentalisms Comprehended},
	series = {The Fundamentalism Project},
	volume = {5},
	year = {1995},
	publisher = {The University of Chicago Press },
	organization = {The University of Chicago Press },
	address = {Chicago },
	abstract = {In this fifth volume of the Fundamentalism Project, Fundamentalisms Comprehended, the distinguished contributors return to and test the endeavor{\textquoteright}s beginning premise: that fundamentalisms in all faiths share certain "family resemblances." Several of the essays reconsider the project{\textquoteright}s original definition of fundamentalism as a reactive, absolutist, and comprehensive mode of anti-secular religious activism. The book concludes with a capstone statement by R. Scott Appleby, Emmanuel Sivan, and Gabriel Almond that builds upon the entire Fundamentalism Project. Identifying different categories of fundamentalist movements, and delineating four distinct patterns of fundamentalist behavior toward outsiders, this statement provides an explanatory framework for understanding and comparing fundamentalisms around the world.},
	keywords = {activism, anti-secular, family resemblances, religion},
	url = {http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo3631732.html},
	author = {ARTIN E. MARTY and R. SCOTT APPLEBY}
}
@article {328,
	title = {Virtual Religion in Context},
	journal = {Religion},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {343-354},
	abstract = {This article explores the notion of {\textquoteright}virtual religion{\textquoteright} in various ways. In part, it is a response to a number of ideas found in the articles by Philip P. Arnold, Shawn Arthur, Christopher Helland, Anastasia Karaflogka and Mark MacWilliams which appear in this issue of Religion, but it also discusses religion in online contexts in relation to various important themes such as the character of cyberspace both present and future, the multimedia Web and its alleged postmodern orientations, virtual identity, the dynamics of virtual community, and the controversies concerning the positive and negative ramifications of online life and experience, as discussed by technomystics, technophobes and others who hold more moderate views. The article ends by raising some questions about the future character of religion and spirituality in cyberspace},
	keywords = {community, Context, religion, Spirituality, Virtual},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1006/reli.2002.0410},
	author = {Maxwell, P}
}
@article {515,
	title = {Virtual Religion in Context},
	journal = {Religion},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {343-354},
	abstract = {This article explores the notion of {\textquoteleft}virtual religion{\textquoteright} in various ways. In part, it is a response to a number of ideas found in the articles by Philip P. Arnold, Shawn Arthur, Christopher Helland, Anastasia Karaflogka and Mark MacWilliams which appear in this issue of Religion, but it also discusses religion in online contexts in relation to various important themes such as the character of cyberspace both present and future, the multimedia Web and its alleged postmodern orientations, virtual identity, the dynamics of virtual community, and the controversies concerning the positive and negative ramifications of online life and experience, as discussed by technomystics, technophobes and others who hold more moderate views. The article ends by raising some questions about the future character of religion and spirituality in cyberspace.
},
	keywords = {Context, religion, Virtual},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1006/reli.2002.0410$\#$preview},
	author = {Maxwell, P}
}
@book {1282,
	title = {Mashup Religion: Pop Music and Theological Invention},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Baylor University Press},
	organization = {Baylor University Press},
	address = {Waco, TX},
	abstract = {Popular music artists are intentionally unoriginal. Pop producers find their inspiration by sampling across traditions and genres; remix artists compose a pastiche of the latest hits. These"mashup"artists stretch the boundaries of creativity by freely intermingling old sounds and melodies with the newest technologies. Using this phenomenon in contemporary music-making as a metaphor, John McClure encourages the invention of new theological ideas by creating a mashup of the traditional and the novel. What emerges are engaging ways of communicating that thrive at the intersection of religion and popular culture yet keep alive the deepest of theological truths.},
	keywords = {artists, digital audio, digital media, Popular music, religious life, singers, songwriters, Theological Invention, theology, traditional communities},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9781602583580},
	author = {John S. McClure}
}
@article {313,
	title = {Training Catholic youth ministry leaders using Web 2.0 tools},
	journal = {Journal Of Youth Ministry },
	volume = {8},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {81-95},
	keywords = {Roman Catholic Church, Training, Web 2.0, Youth Ministry},
	author = {McCorquodale, Charlotte and Leigh Sterten}
}
@book {1221,
	title = {Lived Religion: Faith and Practice in Everyday Life},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	abstract = {How can we grasp the complex religious lives of individuals such as Peter, an ordained Protestant minister who has little attachment to any church but centers his highly committed religious practice on peace-and-justice activism? Or Hannah, a devout Jew whose rich spiritual life revolves around her women{\textquoteright}s spirituality group and the daily practice of meditative dance? Or Laura, who identifies as Catholic but rarely attends Mass, and engages daily in Buddhist-style meditation at her home altar arranged with symbols of Mexican American popular religion? Diverse religious practices such as these have long baffled scholars, whose research often starts with the assumption that individuals commit, or refuse to commit, to an entire institutionally framed package of beliefs and practices. 

Meredith McGuire points the way forward toward a new way of understanding religion. She argues that scholars must study religion not as it is defined by religious organizations, but as it is actually lived in people{\textquoteright}s everyday lives. Drawing on her own extensive fieldwork, as well as recent work by others, McGuire explores the many, seemingly mundane, ways that individuals practice their religions and develop their spiritual lives. By examining the many eclectic and creative practices -- of body, mind, emotion, and spirit -- that have been invisible to researchers, she offers a fuller and more nuanced understanding of contemporary religion.},
	keywords = {Embodied Practices for Healing and Wholeness, Gendered Spiritualities, Popular Religions in Practice, Popular Religious Expressions, Religious Commitment, Religious Hybridity, religious identity, religious lives, Sociology of religion, Spirituality and Materiality},
	issn = {9780195368338},
	url = {http://global.oup.com/academic/product/lived-religion-9780195368338?cc=us\&lang=en\&},
	author = {McGuire, Meredith B}
}
@article {199,
	title = {Give Me That Online-Time Religion: The Role Of The Internet in Spiritual Life},
	journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
	volume = {23 },
	year = {2005},
	pages = {942-954},
	abstract = {Online religious forums allow individuals to meet and interact with others who share their faith, beliefs, and values from the privacy of their homes. Active membership in traditional religious organizations has been shown to fulfill important social needs and to be associated with a number of benefits for the individuals involved. The survey study we report here found that many of the self and social benefits derived from participation in local religious institutions also accrue for those who take part in virtual religious forums. These interactive online forums were found to attract both those who are actively engaged in their local religious organizations and those who are unaffiliated. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.},
	url = {http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/give-me-that-online-time-religion-the-role-of-the-internet-in-vb3TB2fTwk},
	author = {McKenna, Katelyn Yael and West, Kelly J}
}
@book {2989,
	title = {Understanding media},
	year = {2964},
	publisher = {Signet Books},
	organization = {Signet Books},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {You{\textquoteright}ve heard the expression, {\textquotedblleft}The medium is the message.{\textquotedblright} But what does that really mean? {\textquotedblleft}The medium is the message{\textquotedblright} is a term coined by Marshall McLuhan in his book, Understanding Media: Extensions of Man. More than fifty years after it was published {\textendash} in 1964 {\textendash} Understanding Media reads as if it{\textquoteright}s from the future. In this Understanding Media summary, I{\textquoteright}ll break down {\textendash} in my own words {\textendash} why {\textquotedblleft}The medium is the message,{\textquotedblright} as well as other key ideas within this media theory classic.},
	url = {https://kadavy.net/blog/posts/understanding-media-summary-marshall-mcluhan/},
	author = {McLuhan, M.}
}
@book {238,
	title = {The Virtual Pagan: Exploring Wicca and Paganism through the Internet},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {Weiser Books},
	organization = {Weiser Books},
	address = {Boston},
	abstract = {Here is a practical manual on craft and technology for anyone interested in joining an on-line coven.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=-A3P2UcESsYC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {McSherry, Lynn}
}
@article {363,
	title = {The Gospel in Cyberspace: Reflections on Virtual Reality},
	journal = {Epworth Review},
	volume = {22},
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {cyberspace, Gospel},
	author = {Meadows, P. R.}
}
@article {239,
	title = {Researching Individuals Religious in the Context of the Internet},
	journal = {Online: Heidelberg Journal of Religion on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Individuals, internet, Research},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5827/pdf/Meier3.pdf},
	author = {Meier, Gernot}
}
@book {2689,
	title = {Aesthetic Formations: Media, Religion, and the Senses},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	organization = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	abstract = {This book examines the incorporation of newly accessible mass media into practices of religious mediation in a variety of settings including the Pentecostal Church and Islamic movements, as well as the use of religious forms and image in the sphere of radio and cinema.},
	url = {https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9780230605558},
	author = {Meyer, Birgit}
}
@article {334,
	title = {Online Rituals in Virtual Worlds: Christian Online Services between Dynamix and Stability},
	journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Christianity, Online, Ritual, Virtual},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2008/8293/pdf/nadja.pdf},
	author = {Miczek, N}
}
@article {2847,
	title = {Digital faiths: An analysis of the online practices of Muslim women in the Netherlands},
	journal = {Women{\textquoteright}s Studies International Forum},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {In response to current debates in Western Europe around Islam, gender equality and emancipation, this article aims to develop a new perspective on conceptualising {\textquoteleft}emancipation{\textquoteright} in feminist theory and practice. Our case study of how Muslim women in the Netherlands use digital media to negotiate their religious affiliations and multiple belongings shows that faith and religious practices are important markers of Muslim women{\textquoteright}s agency, both emancipatory and submissive. Theoretically, the article integrates classical feminist standpoint theory and situated knowledges with current debates on agency and subjectivity. Methodologically, our virtual ethnography draws on both online and offline data: postings on four websites for Muslims living in the Netherlands as well as focus group interviews with their editors/bloggers and women active in Dutch Muslim women{\textquoteright}s organisations. The data were analysed through Critical Discourse Analysis.
},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539513001337},
	author = {Midden, Eva and Ponzanesi, Sandra}
}
@article {2990,
	title = {The presentation of self in electronic life: Goffman on the Internet},
	year = {1964},
	abstract = {Paper presented at Embodied Knowledge and Virtual Space Conference, Goldsmiths{\textquoteright} College, University of London. },
	url = {https://smg.media.mit.edu/library/miller1995.html},
	author = {Miller, H.}
}
@article {794,
	title = {Faith in the Age of Facebook: Exploring the Links Between Religion and Social Network Site Membership and Use},
	journal = {Sociology of Religion},
	year = {2013},
	month = {9 January 2013},
	abstract = {This study examines how religiousness influences social network site (SNS) membership and frequency of use for emerging adults between 18 and 23 years old utilizing Wave 3 survey data from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR). Independent of religion promoting a prosocial orientation, organizational involvement, and civic engagement, Catholics and Evangelical Protestants are more likely than the {\textquotedblleft}not religious{\textquotedblright} to be SNS members, and more Bible reading is associated with lower levels of SNS membership and use. We argue there are both sacred and secular influences on SNS involvement, and social behaviors, such as being in school and participating in more non-religious organizations, generally positively influence becoming a SNS member, yet certain more private behaviors, such as Bible reading, donating money, and helping the needy, lessen SNS participation. We also suggest four areas for future research to help untangle the influence of religiousness on SNS use and vice versa. },
	keywords = {adolescents/youth, civic participation, internet, personal religiousity, social networks, technology},
	doi = {10.1093/socrel/srs073 },
	url = {http://socrel.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/01/09/socrel.srs073.short?rss=1},
	author = {Brian J. Miller},
	editor = {Peter Mundey and Jonathan P. Hill}
}
@article {417,
	title = {Blogging as social action: a genre analysis of the weblog},
	journal = {Into the Blogosphere: Rhetoric, Community, and Culture of Weblogs},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2004},
	url = {http://blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/blogging_as_social_action.html?referer=http\%3A\%2F\%2Fscholar.google.com\%2Fscholar\%3Fq\%3DBlogging\%2Bas\%2Bsocial\%2Baction\%3A\%2Ba\%2Bgenre\%2Banalysis\%2Bof\%2Bthe\%2Bweblog\%26hl\%3Den\%26as_sdt\%3D0\%26as_vis\%3D1\%26oi\%3Dscholart$\#$se},
	author = {Miller, C. R. and Shepherd, D.}
}
@article {1292,
	title = {Faith in the Age of Facebook: Exploring the Links Between Religion and Social Network Site Membership and Use},
	journal = {Sociology of Religion},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {227},
	abstract = {This study examines how religiousness influences social network site (SNS) membership and frequency of use for emerging adults between 18 and 23 years old utilizing Wave 3 survey data from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR). Independent of religion promoting a prosocial orientation, organizational involvement, and civic engagement, Catholics and Evangelical Protestants are more likely than the {\textquotedblleft}not religious{\textquotedblright} to be SNS members, and more Bible reading is associated with lower levels of SNS membership and use. We argue there are both sacred and secular influences on SNS involvement, and social behaviors, such as being in school and participating in more non-religious organizations, generally positively influence becoming a SNS member, yet certain more private behaviors, such as Bible reading, donating money, and helping the needy, lessen SNS participation. We also suggest four areas for future research to help untangle the influence of religiousness on SNS use and vice versa.},
	keywords = {adolescents, civic participation, emerging adulthood, internet, personal religiosity, social networks, technology, Youth},
	url = {http://socrel.oxfordjournals.org/content/74/2/227.short},
	author = {Brian J. Miller and Peter Mundey and Jonathan P. Hill}
}
@book {416,
	title = {The Internet: An Ethnographic Approach},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Berg},
	organization = {Berg},
	address = {Oxford},
	abstract = {An examination of Internet culture and consumption. The Internet is increasingly shaping, and being shaped by, users{\textquoteright} lives. From cybercafes to businesses, from middle class houses to squatters settlements, the authors have gathered material on subjects as varied as personal relations, commerce, sex and religion. Websites are also analyzed as new cultural formations acting as aesthetic traps. At every point, email chat and surfing are found to be exploited in ways that bring out both unforeseen attributes of the Internet and the contradictions of modern life. The material, taken from ethnographic work in Trinidad, adds depth to earlier discussions about the Internet as an expansion of space, the changes it effects to time and personhood, and the new political economy of the information age. A tie-in with the book{\textquoteright}s own website provides further illustrations.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Internet.html?id=g8HYAAAAIAAJ},
	author = {Miller, D. and Slater, D.}
}
@inbook {365,
	title = {Aspects of Christian Exegesis: Hermeneutics, the Theological Virtues, and Technology},
	booktitle = {Theology and Technology: Essays in Christian Analysis and Exegesis},
	year = {1984},
	publisher = {University Press of America},
	organization = {University Press of America},
	address = {Lanham},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Theology_and_technology.html?id=TNkPAQAAIAAJ},
	author = {Mitcham, C.. and Grote, J}
}
@article {433,
	title = {Young People, Technoculture and Embodied Spirituality},
	journal = {Interface: A Forum for Theology in the World},
	volume = {14},
	number = {22},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	publisher = {ATF Theology},
	chapter = {73},
	address = {Hindmarsh, Adelaide, Australia},
	author = {Mitchell, Craig D}
}
@article {2728,
	title = {Posting images on the web: the creative viewer and non-violent resistance against terrorism},
	journal = {Material Religion},
	year = {2006},
	abstract = {In this article I investigate how the web was used for expressing non-violent resistance in the wake of the July 2005 bombings in London. I first describe how one website, entitled "We are not afraid," became a space for displaying and viewing responses to these attacks. My contention is that, to describe this phenomenon either as the creation of a fully fledged online community or simply as an electronic noticeboard is to oversimplify what is both a fluid and a social network. Indeed, the phenomenon is better described as a diverse collective representation in the face of shared trauma. In order to test this thesis out, I develop a taxonomy of postings showing the uses that these images are put to, including to console, to encourage, to explain and to exhort. Second, I look at the communicative ripples caused by this site, including the development of other sites that accepted the posting of satirical pictures and more explicit religious imagery. Third, I examine written responses to this web phenomenon, showing how these sites became catalysts for further interaction. On the basis of this analysis I make a number of observations, including that this represents a visually dominated, highly original and largely transitory network of resistance against terrorism.},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233705911_Posting_Images_on_the_Web_The_Creative_Viewer_and_Non-violent_Resistance_Against_Terrorism},
	author = {Mitchell, Jolyon}
}
@book {2877,
	title = { Promoting Peace, Inciting Violence: The Role of Religion and Media },
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {This book explores how media and religion combine to play a role in promoting peace and inciting violence. It analyses a wide range of media - from posters, cartoons and stained glass to websites, radio and film - and draws on diverse examples from around the world, including Iran, Rwanda and South Africa.

Part One considers how various media forms can contribute to the creation of violent environments: by memorialising past hurts; by instilling fear of the {\textquoteleft}other{\textquoteright}; by encouraging audiences to fight, to die or to kill neighbours for an apparently greater good.
Part Two explores how film can bear witness to past acts of violence, how film-makers can reveal the search for truth, justice and reconciliation, and how new media can become sites for non-violent responses to terrorism and government oppression. To what extent can popular media arts contribute to imagining and building peace, transforming weapons into art, swords into ploughshares?},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Promoting-Peace-Inciting-Violence-Religion/dp/041555747X},
	author = {Jolyon Mitchell}
}
@mastersthesis {64,
	title = {Virtual Space, Real Religion: Using the Internet for Adult Faith Formation},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April 2007},
	school = {Seton Hall University},
	address = {South Orange, New Jersey},
	abstract = {At the Church of St. Clare, we have embraced information technology across many ministries, and have several years of experience in using web pages and email. In 2003 we began a major effort to plan and implement a culture of Adult Faith Formation, which has opened up new challenges and fresh ideas. Chapter 1 describes the parish and some of the questions related to technology use as we look at the possibilities that the Web 2.0 provides us as parish ministers. Before making technology decisions, we have to understand how adults grow in faith. Chapter 2 summarizes some recent work in that area. Chapter 3 addresses the culture of communications technology in the United States, drawing on surveys and personal experience to understand how Americans use the Internet, both in general and specifically for activities related to faith and spirituality. The Church is not unaware of these technologies; Chapter 4 brings together some Church documents and theological reflection on the opportunities and dangers of modern methods of communication. Given the volatile nature of information technology, it is more important to understand guidelines and objectives than to choose specific technologies. Chapter 5 offers a set of principles that can be used to evaluate proposed technology uses and to spark creative thinking around areas where we might discover shortfalls. In Chapter 6 I attempt to test these principles by applying them to some web sites, both our own and others that appear to be recognized as {\textquotedblleft}best in class{\textquotedblright} examples.},
	url = {http://terrimiyamoto.com/documents/Virtual.pdf},
	author = {Terri Miyamoto}
}
@article {2162,
	title = {Locating the {\textquotedblleft}Internet Hindu{\textquotedblright}: Political Speech and Performance in Indian Cyberspace},
	journal = {Television \& New Media},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {339-345},
	abstract = {The article seeks to offer an understanding of the politics and presence of this increasingly visible, informal online political formation in India, whose members are referred to as the Internet Hindus. Used to describe young, often urban, middle-class/upper-middle-class followers of Hinduism residing in India (and abroad), the term has come to be associated almost entirely with those who aggressively voice their right-wing political views and support for Narendra Modi on social media platforms. The article explores the politics espoused by some of these {\textquotedblleft}Internet Hindus{\textquotedblright} and frames them vis-{\`a}-vis the larger themes foregrounded by the electoral victory of the Hindu nationalist political outfit, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). In doing so, the article attempts to locate {\textquotedblleft}Internet Hindus{\textquotedblright} in a democracy, which has the third largest Internet user base in the world, and seeks to deconstruct their ethno-nationalistic online posturing, while reflecting on what this may mean for the online collective itself.},
	keywords = {digital politics, Hindu nationalism, Hindutva, Internet Hindu, political speech, social media},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1527476415575491},
	author = {Mohan, S}
}
@article {1268,
	title = {The Language of Islamophobia in Internet Articles},
	journal = {INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2008},
	chapter = {73},
	abstract = {Islamophobia, the hatred for and fear of Islam and Muslims, manifests
itself in physical, political, cultural, linguistic and other forms. From the
linguistic perspective, many words have been coined to perpetuate prejudices
against Muslims and their religion. Expressions are freely used to associate
Islam, which means {\textquotedblleft}peace{\textquotedblright} in Arabic, with concepts and actions which the
religion and practising Muslims do not approve of, much less condone.
Expressions such as Islamic terrorism, Islamic fanaticism, Muslim extremists,
Islamist and political Islam have been used pejoratively. To strike fear and
misgivings in the minds of many Europeans, the British capital has even been
mischievously called {\textquotedblleft}Londonistan{\textquotedblright} by anti-Muslim elements. Known
Islamophobic items taken from Internet articles need to be analysed to respond
objectively to linguistic Islamophobia},
	keywords = {internet, Islamophobia, language, Muslims, political Islam, religion},
	url = {http://www.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/view/31},
	author = {Haja Mohideen and Shamimah Mohideen}
}
@mastersthesis {49,
	title = {Computer-Mediated Communication and Theology: A Missional Analysis of Digital Media},
	year = {2006},
	month = {Spring 2006},
	school = {Humboldt State University},
	address = {Arcata, CA},
	abstract = {As a primary goal, this paper will serve to develop a critical understanding of how computer-mediated communication is shaping modern theology. Since this question encompasses very broad areas of study, I will narrow my focus to frameworks where this shift can be analyzed in a concise way, as well as provide insight into where I think contemporary theology is going.},
	url = {http://www.mohland.com/mohland-senior-thesis.pdf},
	author = {Josh Mohland}
}
@book {366,
	title = {Responsible Technology: A Christian Perspective},
	year = {1986},
	publisher = {Eerdmans},
	organization = {Eerdmans},
	address = {Grand Rapids},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=cp7Jcfz2fmwC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Monsma, S. V.}
}
@conference {79,
	title = {Researching theo(b)logy: Emerging Christian communities and online construction of identity, theology and society},
	booktitle = {UK Research Network for Theology, Religion and Popular Culture Conference},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April 2007},
	address = {St. Catherine{\textquoteright}s College, Oxford},
	abstract = {In this paper I will present two Internet technologies, blogs and open source programming, which are being used by emerging Christian communities in their construction of identity, theology and society. I am in the preliminary stages of data collection for my PhD thesis, and so this paper addresses several methodological issues that are raised when conducting research on blogs. This paper reflects on the use emerging Christian communities are making of the Internet and argues for a participatory research methodology for the blogosphere.},
	url = {not found},
	author = {Katharine Sarah Moody}
}
@inbook {1253,
	title = {Cybersociality: Connecting Digital Fun to the Play of God},
	booktitle = {Halos and Avatars: Playing Video Games With God},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Westminster John Knox Press},
	organization = {Westminster John Knox Press},
	chapter = {12},
	keywords = {cyber, cybersociality, Digital Religion, digital technologies, Digital Worlds, Immersion, popular culture, theology, transcendentalize secularity, video games},
	url = {http://www.academia.edu/366940/_Cybersociality_Connecting_Digital_Cultures_to_the_Play_of_God},
	author = {John W. Morehead}
}
@article {2740,
	title = {Mediation or mediatisation: The history of media in the study of religion},
	journal = {Culture and Religion},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Several different accounts of {\textquoteleft}mediatisation{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}mediation{\textquoteright} circulate in the literature of media studies. This paper begins with a parsing of them, considering their conceptual distinctions and similarities. The argument developed here is for a general theory of mediation and a more particular view of mediatisation. Although developing a critical assessment of a prevailing notion of mediatisation, the paper does not dismiss it, but regards it as exhibiting a limited usefulness. In order to make its case, the paper relies on the case study of Evangelical ephemeral print in Britain circa 1800, examining the production and circulation of tracts in order to show that arguments for mediatisation need to be strongly qualified by historical evidence. Greater reliance on historical precedents will strengthen studies of mediatisation by chastening the often exorbitant and ahistorical claims made for it.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14755610.2011.579716},
	author = {Morgan, David}
}
@book {2680,
	title = {Key Words in Religion, Media and Culture},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {{\textquoteright}From The Passion of the Christ to the presumed {\textquoteright}clash of civilizations{\textquoteright}, religion{\textquoteright}s role in culture is increasingly contested and mediated. Key Words in Religion, Media, and Culture is a welcome and interdisciplinary contribution that maps the territory for those who aim to make sense of it all. Highlighting the important concepts guiding state-of-the-art research into religion, media, and culture, this book is bound to become an important and frequently consulted resource among scholars both seasoned and new to the field.{\textquoteright} {\textendash}Lynn Schofield Clark

{\textquoteright}David Morgan has assembled here a fine team of scholars to prove beyond a doubt that the intersections of religion, media, and culture constitute one of the most stimulating fields of inquiry around today...This highly useful and theoretically sophisticated text will likely assume {\textquoteright}ritual{\textquoteright} status in this emergent field.{\textquoteright} {\textendash} Rosalind I. J. Hackett, University of Tennessee, US

{\textquoteright}This volume is a major intervention in the literature on religion, media and culture. Drawing together leading international scholars, it offers a conceptual map of the field to which students, teachers and researchers will refer for many years to come. The publication of Key Words in Religion, Media and Culture is a significant moment in the formation of this area of study, and sets a standard for cross-disciplinary collaboration and theoretical and methodological sophistication for future work in this area to follow.{\textquoteright} {\textendash} Gordon Lynch, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK},
	issn = {9780415448635},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Key-Words-in-Religion-Media-and-Culture/Morgan/p/book/9780415448635},
	author = {Morgan, David}
}
@article {2676,
	title = {Religion and media: A critical review of recent developments},
	journal = {Critical Research on Religion},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {This article considers recent changes in the definition of religion and of media as the basis for framing the study of their relation to one another and recent research in the intersection they have come to form over the last two decades or so. The history, materiality, and reception of each have colored scholarly work, and made ethnography, practice, material culture, and embodiment key aspects of scholarship. A new paradigm for some scholars for studying mediation is aesthetics{\textemdash}no longer understood as the {\textquotedblleft}philosophy of the beautiful,{\textquotedblright} but as the study of perception in the mediated practices that make up lived religion.
},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2050303213506476},
	author = {Morgan, David}
}
@book {2715,
	title = {Religion and Material Culture: The Matter of Belief},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Religious belief is rooted in and sustained by material practice, and this book provides an extraordinary insight into how it works on the ground. David Morgan has brought together a lively group of writers from religious studies, anthropology, history of art, and other disciplines, to investigate belief in everyday practices; in the objects, images, and spaces of religious devotion and in the sensations and feelings that are the medium of experience. By avoiding mind/body dualism, the study of religion can break new ground by examining embodiment, sensation, space, and performance.

Materializing belief means taking a close look at what people do, how they feel, the objects they exchange and display, and the spaces in which they perform whether spontaneously or with scripted ceremony. Contributions to the volume examine religions around the world{\textemdash}from Korea and Brazil to North America, Europe, and Africa. Belief is explored in a wealth of contexts, including Tibetan Buddhism, the hajj, American suburbia and the world of dreams, visions and UFOs.},
	isbn = {9780415481168},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Religion-and-Material-Culture-The-Matter-of-Belief/Morgan/p/book/9780415481168?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=dcf98635278d2dbf1b5546e4d830a447c597fa6b-1612998192-0-AcQLnnm-lkXwFTQGhEEk3GsUXxv6mfzYrr_VMbnioNzJSVE_9nCOgFm99XPreP2uHSkSJuHQJv},
	author = {Morgan, David}
}
@article {2991,
	title = {What{\textquoteright}s {\textquotedblleft}home{\textquotedblright} got to do with it? Contradictory dynamics in the domestication of technology and the dislocation of domesticity.},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	year = {2003},
	abstract = {This article focuses on how we can understand the contradictory dynamicsthrough which communications technologies have been domesticated at the same time that domesticity itself has been dislocated. The article addresses questions of historical periodization and the need for a more developed historical perspective on the futurological debates about the new technologies with which so much of media and cultural studies is concerned today.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13675494030064001},
	author = {Morley, D.}
}
@article {2118,
	title = {Group identity and social closeness: Secular and Ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israeli academic institutions},
	journal = {International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {259-279},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to study examine the social identity of Ultra-Orthodox students enrolled in institutions of higher learning in Israel, and specifically the ways in which the identity of Ultra-Orthodox students who interact with other groups on campus compares to the identity of self-segregated Ultra-Orthodox students. Traditionally, Ultra-Orthodox students have preferred self-segregated educational institutions. Today, however increasing numbers of Ultra-Orthodox Jews are enrolling in regular academic institutions. Although they study in separate, homogeneous classrooms, they interact with secular students within the framework of the institution.},
	keywords = {identity, Israeli society, Secular, Ultra-Orthodox Jews},
	url = {https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2017-0085},
	author = {Moskovich, Y and Liberman, I}
}
@inbook {188,
	title = {Online Buddhist Community: An Alternative Organization In The Information Age},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {225-246},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. 
Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=KxSmkuySB28C\&pg=PA138\&lpg=PA138\&dq=Online+Buddhist+Community:+An+Alternative+Organization+In+The+Information+Age\&source=bl\&ots=0g7sXyXwsJ\&sig=cji4vNbLTHlWtINWPaltXa034lQ\&hl=en\&ei=HTm4TpqmGqTLsQLP2eC6Aw\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&},
	author = {Kim. Mun-Cho}
}
