@article {2815,
	title = {Mediated Conflict: Shiite Heroes Combating ISIS in Iraq and Syria},
	journal = {Communication, Culture \& Critique},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {This article analyzes a number of Shiite media productions in Iraq in order to investigate the significance of heroism and religious symbols during a time of heightened sectarian tension. Many of the popular heroes and symbols discussed here have direct and indirect connotations that extend beyond the national boundaries of individual countries, especially since the regional sectarian conflict is very dominant. The article relies on YouTube videos and screenshots taken from a variety of sources and argues that these symbols, heroes, and media productions play an important role in propagating popular political and religious beliefs that contribute toward the solidification of a distinctly Iraqi Shiite Ummah identity whose shared values demarcate them from the rest of the society.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cccr.12177},
	author = {Al-Rawi, Ahmed and Jiwani, Yasmin}
}
@conference {67,
	title = {Mediated Islam: Media Religion Interface in the Middle East},
	booktitle = {Hamrin International Media Conference},
	year = {2009},
	month = {October 2009},
	address = {J{\"o}nk{\"o}ping, Sweden},
	abstract = {Media{\textquoteright}s secular narratives presume that media should be agent of social change directed by project of modernity. The media is supposed to take a shift from pre modern to modern, oppressive to free, from hierarchical to egalitarian, tyrannical to democratic, religious to secular and from backward to enlightened position. The European originated narratives helped western TV channels to shift their dependency from states to the markets. However Muslim societies in Arab Islamic world are not convinced with this project and media of the Muslim world remained critical to secular narratives of media, although supportive to the professional etiquettes. With these apprehensions, Arab Televisions in general and Islamic religious channels in particular have developed their own Arab Islamic narratives. With these two hypothetical boundaries of media religion interface in the Middle East, question of Islam will be main domain of inquiry in this paper. Ignoring the role of media in the Middle East, focus will be on dynamics of Islamic media. There is gap in Arab Islamic media scholarship on how Islamic programming are determined by inter Islamic rivalries. Mediation of Islam as a process continues with all complexities and reconstructs alternative narrations like Pan Islamism, Pan Arabism, and Cultural Islam etc. It requires a framework which includes region{\textquoteright}s own cultural and religious properties.},
	keywords = {interface, Islam, Middle East, Muslim},
	url = {http://jnu.academia.edu/documents/0043/7626/Mediated_Islam_Paper.pdf},
	author = {Omair Anas}
}
@article {1294,
	title = {Mapping the Landscape of Digital Petitionary Prayer as Spiritual/Social Support in Mobile, Facebook, and E-mail},
	journal = { Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {1},
	abstract = {Traditional prayers can function to provide spiritual and social support for oneself and others. With social media, this support finds a new expression in digital prayers. We map the landscape of digital petitionary prayers for self and others across three different media. In survey one (n = 218), frequency of digital petitionary prayers, described by topic, relationship, place, and outcome, was highest for the mobile medium (phone and text messaging), midrange for Facebook (posting and e-mail), and lowest for traditional e-mail. A second survey (n = 116) revealed that different types and contexts for petitionary prayers are positively associated with love of self, others, and God. Suggestions for future research include investigating the quality and outcomes of petitionary prayers across private, face-to-face, and digital contexts.},
	keywords = {Digital, digital prayers, God, mobile, New Media, petitionary prayers, Self, Traditional prayers},
	doi = {10.1080/15348423.2013.760385},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15348423.2013.760385$\#$.Ulmi51Csim5},
	author = {E. James Baeslera and Yi-Fan Chena}
}
@article {989,
	title = {Mapping the Landscape of Digital Petitionary Prayer as Spiritual/Social Support in Mobile, Facebook, and E-mail},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion },
	volume = {12},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1-15},
	abstract = {Traditional prayers can function to provide spiritual and social support for oneself and others. With social media, this support finds a new expression in digital prayers. We map the landscape of digital petitionary prayers for self and others across three different media. In survey one (n = 218), frequency of digital petitionary prayers, described by topic, relationship, place, and outcome, was highest for the mobile medium (phone and text messaging), midrange for Facebook (posting and e-mail), and lowest for traditional e-mail. A second survey (n = 116) revealed that different types and contexts for petitionary prayers are positively associated with love of self, others, and God. Suggestions for future research include investigating the quality and outcomes of petitionary prayers across private, face-to-face, and digital contexts.},
	keywords = {email, Facebook, mobile, Prayer Online},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15348423.2013.760385},
	author = {E. James Baeslera and Yi-Fan Chena}
}
@book {1921,
	title = {Media and New Religions in Japan},
	series = {Routledge Research in Religion, Media, and Culture},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London and New York},
	isbn = { 0415659124},
	author = {Erica Baffelli}
}
@article {2739,
	title = {Muslims on the Path of the Salaf Al-Salih},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {The transfer of religious rituals into computer-mediated environments (CMEs) has attracted the attention of scholars in recent years. This article aims to contribute to this field by analysing the ritual dynamics in Dutch and German chat rooms as well as Internet discussion forums popular among Muslims following the Salafiyya. Two questions stand in the centre of the analysis: How are rituals transferred to new CMEs? And what accounts for the varying success of transfer processes? Religious rituals are understood to be successful when they (a) reproduce the core values and norms of a community; (b) involve a significant number of believers; and (c) protect the sacred from the profane. The ritual landscape of a religion undergoes a transformation in the course of the transfer process with mixed results: some rituals like the Muslim conversion ritual migrate successfully while other transfer processes yield ambiguous results, as the discussion of the ritual acts of gender segregation shows. Furthermore, in the case of some rituals like the Muslim prayer, a migration is not even attempted, while, on the other hand, some religious practices can become increasingly ritualized in the new environment and enter the ritual repertoire of a community. This contribution argues that the diverse outcomes of ritual transfer processes are partly the result of the interplay between affordances of CMEs and the exigencies of ritual segments.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2011.597414},
	author = {Becker, Carmen}
}
@article {346,
	title = {Mass Media and Religious Identity: A Case Study of Young Witches},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion },
	volume = {48},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {501-514},
	chapter = {501},
	keywords = {alternative religion online, identity, teen witches},
	author = {Berger, Helen and Douglas Ezzy}
}
@article {405,
	title = {Mass media and religious identity: a case study of young witches},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {501-514},
	abstract = {Drawing on interviews with 90 young people who have become Witches, we explore the visual media{\textquoteright}s influence on identity formation and maintenance. Witchcraft is a late modern religion that is highly individualistic and many young people report they have become a Witch without any interaction with other Witches. The rapid growth of interest in this religion among the young since The Craft was first shown provides an important example of the mass media{\textquoteright}s role in formation of contemporary religious identity. We argue that representations of Witchcraft in the visual mass media (along with other cultural trends such as environmentalism, feminism, and individualism) and cultural resources such as books, Internet sites, and magazines provide a mediated form of social interaction that sustains the plausibility of Witchcraft as a religion. It also helps the young to develop and legitimate their beliefs and practices and develop their Witchcraft persona.},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01462.x/abstract},
	author = {Berger, H. and Ezzy, D.}
}
@article {1931,
	title = {Media Theology: New Communication Technologies as religious constructs, metaphors, and experiences},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {Recent studies have seen religious observance as inherently related to available communication technologies. This study follows this thrust but complements the focus on religious praxis with a look at media theology{\textemdash}the ideological dimension of the religion and media nexus. It traces three distinct facets of media theology: the way religious sensibilities affect how we create, shape, apply, and establish a relationship with media technologies; how media technologies serve as tools for grasping aspects of theology; and finally, how media use can launch mental and existential religious experiences. The study{\textquoteright}s orientation is historical, charting the development of the relationship between media technologies and the religious mind in the Abrahamic religions from the biblical media of fire and cloud through script and electric communications and all the way to the Internet.
Keywords},
	keywords = {Biblical media, information and communication technology (ICT), internet, media theology, New Media, religion, religious experience, science technology society (STS)},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444816649915},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1461444816649915},
	author = {Blondheim, Manaheim and Rosenberg, Hananel}
}
@article {2888,
	title = {Mapping and leveraging influencers in social media to shape corporate brand perceptions},
	journal = {Corporate Communications: An International Journal},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {The emerging new influencer community is wielding significant power over the perceptions of brands and companies, largely driven by the rapid expansion of social media channels through which influencers communicate. The {\textquotedblleft}nobodies{\textquotedblright} of the past are now the new {\textquotedblleft}somebodies{\textquotedblright} demanding the attention of communication professionals who seek continuous engagement with targeted consumers throughout the various channels of the social web. The purpose of this paper is to present a means of identifying these new {\textquotedblleft}somebodies{\textquotedblright}.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281111156853},
	url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13563281111156853/full/html},
	author = {Norman Booth and Matic, J. A.}
}
@article {597,
	title = {More Than Half of Mobile Users Avoid Certain Apps Due to Privacy Concerns},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	institution = {Pew Research Center{\textquoteright}s Internet \& American Life Project},
	type = {Report},
	address = {Washington, D.C. },
	abstract = {More than half of mobile application users have uninstalled or avoided certain apps due to concerns about the way personal information is shared or collected by the app, according to a nationally representative telephone survey conducted by the Pew Research Center{\textquoteright}s Internet \& American Life Project.},
	keywords = {App, Privacy},
	url = {http://pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2012/PIP_MobilePrivacyManagement.pdf},
	author = {Jan Lauren Boyles and Aaron Smith and Mary Madden}
}
@proceedings {1891,
	title = {M{\'e}dia, spiritualit{\'e} et la{\"\i}cit{\'e} : Regards crois{\'e}s franco-roumains},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {146},
	publisher = {Iarsic},
	edition = {Iarsic},
	address = {Les Arcs/France},
	abstract = {This scientific event brought together different authorities, academic institutions and political and media organizations at the Villa No{\"e}l in Bucharest to make an assessment on the sensitive questions related to religious freedom and liberty of conscience, on spirituality and secularity, full of meaning symbols, with a significant emotional and ethical charge. This book is a contribution to the public sphere debate on the secularity and the spirituality in the service of freedom considering two paradigmatic cases, two European countries: Romania {\textendash} statistically the most religious country of Europe, and France {\textendash} statistically the less religious country of Europe.
***
Cette manifestation scientifique a r{\'e}uni diff{\'e}rentes instances, institutions et organisations acad{\'e}miques, politiques et m{\'e}diatiques {\`a} la Villa No{\"e}l afin de dresser un bilan sur les questionnements sensibles li{\'e}s {\`a} la libert{\'e} religieuse et de conscience, {\`a} la spiritualit{\'e} et {\`a} la la{\"\i}cit{\'e}, symboles charg{\'e}s de sens intellectuel, {\'e}thique et {\'e}motionnel. Les communications sont une contribution au d{\'e}bat concernant la prise de distance {\'e}pist{\'e}mologique et {\'e}thique {\guillemotleft} politiquement correct {\guillemotright} pour une la{\"\i}cit{\'e} et une spiritualit{\'e} au service de la libert{\'e} en consid{\'e}rant deux cas paradigmatiques, deux pays europ{\'e}ens, la Roumanie et la France, dont l{\textquoteright}un est statistiquement le plus religieux de l{\textquoteright}Europe et l{\textquoteright}autre le moins religieux, et qui, dans leurs espaces publics respectifs, d{\'e}clinent diff{\'e}remment la relation entre spiritualit{\'e} et la{\"\i}cit{\'e}.},
	keywords = {France, la{\"\i}cit{\'e}, media, secularity, Spirituality},
	isbn = {978-2953245066},
	issn = {978-2953245066},
	url = {http://iarsic.com/en/product/media-spiritualite-et-laicite-regards-croises-franco-roumains/},
	author = {Bratosin, Stefan}
}
@article {92,
	title = {Making space for religion in internet studies},
	journal = {The Information Society},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {309-315},
	abstract = {This paper seeks to address how religion fits into the larger domain of Internet studies and why studies of religion within CMC need to be given more attention. An argument is made for the need to take religion online more seriously, not just because it is an interesting phenomena or a popular use of the Internet, but also because religion continues to be an important part of contemporary life for many people. A summary of the growth and development of religion online is presented along with an overview of how religion has been approached and studied on the Internet. This review shows what CMC studies of religion might offer in approaching research questions related to authority, identity construction and community online. It calls for recognition of the contribution and possibilities that under-represented areas within interdisciplinary research, like religion, might offer Internet studies as a whole.},
	keywords = {CMC, Internet Studies, religion, religion online},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972240591007625$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {2052,
	title = {Methodological Challenges, Innovations and Growing Pains in Digital Religion Research},
	booktitle = {Digital Methodologies in the Sociology of Religion},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1-12},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	organization = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {Digital Religion},
	issn = {9781472571182},
	url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/digital-methodologies-in-the-sociology-of-religion-9781472571182/},
	author = {Campbell, H and Altenhofen, B}
}
@article {1265,
	title = {Making the Internet  Kosher: Orthodox (HAREDI) Jews and their  Approach to the WORLD WIDE WEB},
	journal = {Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2009},
	chapter = {99},
	abstract = {This article surveys the approach of Orthodox Judaism {\textendash} especially the Haredi (Ultra-
Orthodox) Judaism {\textendash} to the Internet. In the introduction we compare the approach
of the Abrahamic religions to the Internet. Then we focus on the Haredi
community (especially in the contemporary State of Israel) and their specific approach
to the Internet. This article argues that the use of the Internet, although officially
banned by many Haredi Rabbis, is in fact tolerated on a pragmatic basis. We
also survey which kind of {\textquotedblleft}protection against secular threads{\textquotedblright} the Haredim1 use
(filtering software, Holy Shabbat protection). In the last part of this article the role
of the Internet in Israeli religious politics, and by its uses by fundamentalist and
radical Jewish groups, is surveyed},
	keywords = {Halakha, Haredim, Judaism, Kosher, Rabbi, religious fundamentalism, Religious law, the Internet, Ultra-Orthodox Jews},
	url = {https://mujlt.law.muni.cz/storage/1267475339_sb_06-cejka.pdf},
	author = {Cejka, M}
}
@inbook {376,
	title = {Mediated Intercultural Communication Matters: Understanding new media, change and dialectics},
	booktitle = {New Media and Intercultural Communication: Identity, Community and Politics},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1-20},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {community, New Media, Politics},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17513057.2011.598047$\#$preview},
	author = {Cheong, P.H and Macfadyen L. and Martin, J.}
}
@article {356,
	title = {The Message of the Medium: The Challenge of the Internet to the Church and Other Communities},
	journal = {Studies in Christian Ethics},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {91-100},
	abstract = {Imagine, if you can, a small room, hexagonal in shape, like the cell of a bee. It is lighted neither by window nor by lamp, yet it is filled with a soft radiance. There are no apertures for ventilation, yet the air is fresh. There are no musical instruments, and yet, at the moment that my meditation opens, this room is throbbing with melodious sounds. An armchair is in the centre, by its side a reading-desk {\textemdash} that is all the furniture. And in the armchair there sits a swaddled lump of flesh {\textemdash} a woman, about five feet high, with a face as white as a fungus. It is to her that the little room belongs.},
	keywords = {Chrisitan, ethics, internet},
	url = {http://sce.sagepub.com/content/13/2/91.abstract},
	author = {Clough, D.}
}
@book {131,
	title = {Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {University of North Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of North Carolina Press},
	address = {Chapel Hill, NC},
	abstract = {Crucial to understanding Islam is a recognition of the role of Muslim networks. The earliest networks were Mediterranean trade routes that quickly expanded into transregional paths for pilgrimage, scholarship, and conversion, each network complementing and reinforcing the others. This volume selects major moments and key players from the seventh century to the twenty-first that have defined Muslim networks as the building blocks for Islamic identity and social cohesion. Although neglected in scholarship, Muslim networks have been invoked in the media to portray post-9/11 terrorist groups. Here, thirteen essays provide a long view of Muslim networks, correcting both scholarly omission and political sloganeering. New faces and forces appear, raising questions never before asked. What does the fourteenth-century North African traveler Ibn Battuta have in common with the American hip hopper Mos Def? What values and practices link Muslim women meeting in Cairo, Amsterdam, and Atlanta? How has technology raised expectations about new transnational pathways that will reshape the perception of faith, politics, and gender in Islamic civilization? This book invokes the past not only to understand the present but also to reimagine the future through the prism of Muslim networks, at once the shadow and the lifeline for the umma, or global Muslim community.},
	keywords = {culture, hajj, Islam, Muslim},
	author = {Cooke, Miriam and Lawrence, Brude}
}
@book {364,
	title = {Mission-shaped Church : church planting and fresh expressions of church in a changing context},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Church House},
	organization = {Church House},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {An overview of recent developments in church planting. Detailed, practical, well-researched book describes the varied and exciting "fresh expressions" of church being created. Includes questions and challenges to help local churches engage with the issues.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=eRYBUM9GK3AC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Mission and Public Affairs Council}
}
@inbook {325,
	title = {The Mediation of Religious Experience in Cyberspace},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {15-37},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents.},
	keywords = {cyberspace, Experience, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=KxSmkuySB28C\&oi=fnd\&pg=PA15\&dq=The+Mediation+of+Religious+Experience+in+Cyberspace\&ots=0g7zYpYFsK\&sig=nJ_zWsxPo0CCr1xnmMjA9F8ILGc$\#$v=onepage\&q=The\%20Mediation\%20of\%20Religious\%20Experience\%20in\%20Cyberspace\&f=fals},
	author = {Dawson, L.}
}
@article {2677,
	title = {Muslimah Media Watch: Media activism and Muslim choreographies of social change},
	journal = {Journalism },
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {This article explores media activism in the Muslim context by focusing on the blog, Muslimah Media Watch. It analyzes the significance of blogging as an activist tool used by a group of Muslim women to influence an ongoing and contested process of social change in Islam. Through interviews with the founder and bloggers of the site and a textual analysis of the blog posts, the author focuses on the aesthetic forms and discursive practices of digital Muslim activism and argues that projects such as Muslimah Media Watch should be evaluated not in terms of a revolutionary subversion of hegemonic discourse on gender in Islam, but rather as part of small but consistent disruptive flows of dissent which are significant precisely because of the nature of their intervention and the tactics of their resistance. The blog has also become a prime discursive and performative space where young Muslims debate and contest what it means to be modern in transnational settings.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884913478360},
	author = {Echchaibi, Nabil}
}
@article {2906,
	title = {Mass higher education and the religious imagination in contemporary Arab societies},
	journal = {American Ethologist},
	year = {1992},
	abstract = {This article explores the relationship between the recent growth of mass higher education in the Arab Muslim world, particularly in Oman and North Africa, religious activism, and the implications of the {\textquotedblleft}objectified{\textquotedblright} religious knowledge and authority that modern education encourages. Study of the new ways of knowing and the emerging networks for communication and action produced by mass higher education and contemporary religious activism offers insight into the {\textquotedblleft}political economy{\textquotedblright} of religious knowledge: the interplay of religion, politics, and national identity. [Islam, Middle East, authority, religion, education]},
	url = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/ae.1992.19.4.02a00010},
	author = {Eickelman, D. F.}
}
@article {2841,
	title = {Me, myself and the other. Interreligious and intrareligious relations in neo-conservative online forums},
	journal = {Religion},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {The Internet can be a place for exchange, but also foster echo chambers of closed world views. This poses interesting questions for the possibility of interreligious dialogue online. The article examines the cases of German Evangelical and Salafist Internet forums which mainly target a specific religious denomination, but nevertheless provide spaces for contact between different religions and denominations. For the study, a combination of quantitative and qualitative text analysis is applied. Quantitative analysis makes it possible to gain an overview of the discussed themes from a large body of text and serves as a basis for sampling smaller textual units for close examination using qualitative content analysis. The analysis yields two primary results: First, intrareligious dialogue plays a particular role for the negotiation of religious identity. Second, interreligious relations reflect the societal positions of both religious groups.
},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0048721X.2020.1754603?journalCode=rrel20},
	author = {Elwert, Frederik and Tabti, Samira and Pfahler, Lukas}
}
@article {2829,
	title = {The Myth of Catholic Italy in Post-Fascist Newsreels},
	journal = {Media History},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {This article analyzes how Catholicism had a central role in the identity-creation process after the War. The study employs the online archive of the national agency {\textquoteleft}Istituto Luce{\textquoteright} to analyze 261 newsreels about religion released between 1946 and 1965. The article uses (i) Benedict Anderson{\textquoteright}s work on imagined communities and (ii) Roland Barthes{\textquoteright} concept of mythology as theoretical frameworks. This study indicates that the majority of newsreels presented Catholicism as intertwined with Italian politics, and as a central element of both tradition and modernity. These findings suggest that the newly formed Italian democracy used the media to emphasize certain aspects of Catholicism, while overlooking others, such as its implications with the Fascist regime. In this way, the media contributed to create a post-war myth where Catholicism represented a moral resource for the country{\textquoteright}s leaders and citizens. This historical process contributes to explain the contemporary pervasiveness of Catholicism in Italian media.
},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13688804.2016.1207510?journalCode=cmeh20},
	author = {Evolvi, Giulia}
}
@article {2845,
	title = {Materiality, Authority, and Digital Religion: The Case of a Neo-Pagan Forum},
	journal = {Entangled Religions},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {The study of material culture increasingly pays attention to digital religion, but there are certain aspects, such as religious authority, that remain underresearched. Some questions are still open for inquiry: What can a material approach contribute to the understanding of religious authority in digital venues? How can authority be materially displayed on the Internet? This article shows how religious authority is affected by material practices connected with digital media use through the qualitative analysis of a NeoPagan forum, The Celtic Connection. NeoPagans tend to hold a non traditional notion of authority, accord great importance to material practices, and extensively use the Internet. The analysis of the forum suggests that NeoPagans use digital venues to look for informal sources of authority and strategies to embed materiality in online narratives. The article claims that it is important to develop new frameworks to analyze nontraditional authority figures and new definitions of media that include both physical objects and communication technologies.
},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342361993_Materiality_Authority_and_Digital_Religion_The_Case_of_a_NeoPagan_Forum},
	author = {Evolvi, Giulia}
}
@article {2825,
	title = {The Making of contemporary papacy: manufactured charisma and Instagram},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {Recent research highlights the growth of alternative religious leadership on a global scale. In response, social media have emerged as platforms to compete for religious primacy. Accordingly, the study asks how is online religious authority constructed, re-affirmed and implemented by religious organizations? We contend that through online means, religious organizations are nowadays working to construct a public image to spark charismatic attraction towards institutional leaders. To investigate, we developed a grounded study that captured the full Instagram production of Pope Francis{\textquoteright} official account (429 images). Drawing on construal theory, findings demonstrated the strategic management of social, spatial, affective and hypothetical distance, simultaneously corresponding with uncovered facets: hierarchical positioning; geographical locales, haptic engagement, and leaders{\textquoteright} visual focus. Thus, we suggest introducing a concept of image-mediated-charisma, and its theoretical framing through digital distance. Concepts that were observed in the religious realm yet can be extended and applied to political or cultural leaders.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1567803},
	author = {Golan, Oren and Martini, Michele}
}
@article {214,
	title = {More Americans Are Seeking Net-Based Faith Experiences},
	year = {2001},
	abstract = {You can buy books on the Internet, strike up relationships on the Internet and a growing proportion of the population are experiencing God in cyberspace, as well. A new study released by the Barna Research Group, of Ventura, California, indicates that among the growing number of Americans who use the Internet, millions are turning to the digital dimension to get them in touch with God and others who pursue faith matters. The report projects that within this decade as many as 50 million individuals may rely solely upon the Internet to provide all of their faith-based experiences. Among the findings of the studies described in the report is that born again and evangelical Christians are every bit as likely as non-Christians to use the digital superhighway. Catholics and mainline Protestants are slightly more likely to use the Internet than are Baptists and Protestants who attend non-mainline churches. Adults who are affiliated with a faith group other than Christianity have one of the highest concentrations of Net usage (85\%). Adults use the Internet for a wide variety of activities, regardless of their faith commitments. The most universal value of the Internet is to find information, but other common uses include maintaining existing relationships, buying products, and previewing new media.},
	keywords = {Americans, Faith, internet},
	author = {Barna Research Group}
}
@article {1297,
	title = {Mediated Martyrs of the Arab Spring: New Media, Civil Religion, and Narrative in Tunisia and Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of Communication},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {312},
	abstract = {This article analyzes the emergence of nationalist martyr narratives and their dissemination via new media as forces for social mobilization and political change. Situating them in the religio-historical contexts of North Africa, we trace martyr narratives in Tunisia and Egypt back to pre-Islamic periods and compare them to the contemporary stories of Mohamed Bouazizi and Khaled Saeed. This reveals the impact of new media on the region, evident in {\textquotedblleft}virtual reliquaries,{\textquotedblright} and the role that martyr narratives play as catalysts in social mobilization. The trajectory of the martyr narrative from the traditional religious context to the state-driven concept of civil religion allows for the political dimension of narratives resident within the religious context to surface in the contemporary discursive moment.},
	keywords = {Civil Religion, Egypt, martyr narratives, Narrative, New Media, political change, Tunisia, virtual reliquaries},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcom.12017/abstract;jsessionid=E24465C217B6F163E3838A3BAC3882B9.f01t01?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=\&userIsAuthenticated=false},
	author = {Jeffry R. Halverson and Scott W. Ruston and Angela Trethewey}
}
@article {1198,
	title = {Mediated Martyrs of the Arab Spring: New Media, Civil Religion, and Narrative in Tunisia and Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of Communication},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {312},
	abstract = {This article analyzes the emergence of nationalist martyr narratives and their dissemination via new media as forces for social mobilization and political change. Situating them in the religio-historical contexts of North Africa, we trace martyr narratives in Tunisia and Egypt back to pre-Islamic periods and compare them to the contemporary stories of Mohamed Bouazizi and Khaled Saeed. This reveals the impact of new media on the region, evident in {\textquotedblleft}virtual reliquaries,{\textquotedblright} and the role that martyr narratives play as catalysts in social mobilization. The trajectory of the martyr narrative from the traditional religious context to the state-driven concept of civil religion allows for the political dimension of narratives resident within the religious context to surface in the contemporary discursive moment.},
	keywords = {Arab Spring, Civil Religion, Contemporary Religious Community, Mediated Martyrs, Narrative, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication},
	doi = {10.1111/jcom.12017},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcom.12017/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=\&userIsAuthenticated=false},
	author = {Jeffry R. Halverson and Scott W. Ruston and Angela Trethewey}
}
@book {2708,
	title = {The Mediatization of Culture and Society},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Mediatization has emerged as a key concept to reconsider old, yet fundamental questions about the role and influence of media in culture and society. In particular the theory of mediatization has proved fruitful for the analysis of how media spread to, become intertwined with, and influence other social institutions and cultural phenomena like politics, play and religion.},
	isbn = {9780415692373},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/The-Mediatization-of-Culture-and-Society/Hjarvard/p/book/9780415692373},
	author = {Hjarvard, Stig}
}
@article {2705,
	title = {The mediatisation of religion: Theorising religion, media and social change},
	journal = {Culture and Religion},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Drawing on recent advances in mediatisation theory, the article presents a theoretical framework for understanding the increased interplay between religion and media. The media have become an important, if not primary, source of information about religious issues, and religious information and experiences become moulded according to the demands of popular media genres. As a cultural and social environment, the media have taken over many of the cultural and social functions of the institutionalised religions and provide spiritual guidance, moral orientation, ritual passages and a sense of community and belonging. Furthermore, the article considers the relationship between mediatisation and secularisation at three levels: society, organisation and individual. At the level of society, mediatisation is an integral part of secularisation. At the level of organisation and the individual, mediatisation may both encourage secular practices and beliefs and invite religious imaginations typically of a more subjectivised nature.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14755610.2011.579719},
	author = {Hjarvard, Stig}
}
@book {2816,
	title = {Media, Home and Family},
	series = {Routledge},
	year = {2003},
	abstract = {Based on extensive fieldwork, this book examines how parents make decisions regulating media use, and how media practices define contemporary family life.
},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Media-Home-and-Family/Hoover-Clark-Alters/p/book/9780415969178},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart M. and Clark, Lynn Schofield and Alters, Diane F.}
}
@book {2936,
	title = {The media and religious authority},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Pennsylvania State University},
	organization = {Pennsylvania State University},
	address = {University Park, PA},
	abstract = {As the availability and use of media platforms continue to expand, the cultural visibility of religion is on the rise, leading to questions about religious authority: Where does it come from? How is it established? What might be changing it? The contributors to The Media and Religious Authority examine the ways in which new centers of power and influence are emerging as religions seek to {\textquotedblleft}brand{\textquotedblright} themselves in the media age. Putting their in-depth, incisive studies of particular instances of media production and reception in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and North America into conversation with one another, the volume explores how evolving mediations of religion in various places affect the prospects, aspirations, and durability of religious authority across the globe.
An insightful combination of theoretical groundwork and individual case studies, The Media and Religious Authority invites us to rethink the relationships among the media, religion, and culture.
},
	url = {https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/978-0-271-07322-4.html},
	author = {Hoover, S}
}
@article {2675,
	title = {Media and the imagination of religion in contemporary global culture},
	journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {This article argues for an invigorated scholarship of religion within cultural studies. It suggests that this is justified both on its own terms and because there is evidence that the interaction of media and religion is creating entirely new forms of the religious in contemporary public life. Religion persists in history, but it persists in part because of its mediation and this persistent, mediated religion constitutes a new evolution. The article presents a range of contexts where this can be seen to be happening, not least those contexts most involved in contemporary cultural globalization.
},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1367549411419980},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart M.}
}
@book {2717,
	title = {Mass Media Religion: The Social Sources of the Electronic Church},
	year = {1988},
	publisher = {SAGE Publications, Incorporated},
	organization = {SAGE Publications, Incorporated},
	abstract = {Mass Media Religion considers and explores the implications of the evergrowing religious broadcasting media in terms of their social and political contexts.

The author reviews both the historical origins of fundamentalist and neo-evangelical responses to the crisis of modernity and the historical development of the electronic church. He includes a series of interviews with representative viewers, discussing their beliefs, experiences, worldviews, and the role electronic religion plays in other aspects of their lives.

Finally, the development of the electronic church in its wider context and its implications for American culture in general are considered.},
	url = {https://www.colorado.edu/cmrc/1988/11/01/mass-media-religion-social-sources-electronic-church},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart}
}
@article {2795,
	title = {Media, Public Scholarship and Religious Controversy: Notes from Trump{\textquoteright}s America},
	journal = {journal of religion in Europe},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {The persistence of religion in the twenty-first century has renewed the importance of scholarships devoted to it. At the same time, the digital age has re-positioned and recentered the affordances of mediated circulations around "the religious." This increasing presence and significance of media and religion suggests that substantive scholarships of religion must necessarily articulate media as well. Religious controversies therefore present a special challenge and a special opportunity to scholarships of media and religion. New ways of doing scholarship, and doing so publicly, present themselves. All scholarships of mediated religion must necessarily be public, so scholarship is articulated into these circulations, and at the same time can build on and benefit from knowledge-building that occurs outside the formal boundaries of the academy. This paper explores emerging theories of digital mediation and proposes a circulation-focused understanding of the role, place, and potentials of scholarships today.},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/rmdc/8/1/article-p153_153.xml?language=en},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart M}
}
@book {2669,
	title = {The Media and Religious Authority},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Penn State University Press},
	organization = {Penn State University Press},
	abstract = {As the availability and use of media platforms continue to expand, the cultural visibility of religion is on the rise, leading to questions about religious authority: Where does it come from? How is it established? What might be changing it? The contributors to The Media and Religious Authority examine the ways in which new centers of power and influence are emerging as religions seek to {\textquotedblleft}brand{\textquotedblright} themselves in the media age. Putting their in-depth, incisive studies of particular instances of media production and reception in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and North America into conversation with one another, the volume explores how evolving mediations of religion in various places affect the prospects, aspirations, and durability of religious authority across the globe.},
	url = {https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/978-0-271-07322-4.html},
	author = {Hoover, Stewart M}
}
@inbook {2937,
	title = {The media and religious authority from ancient to modern},
	booktitle = {The Media and Religious Authority },
	year = {2016},
	pages = {pp. 37-66},
	publisher = {Pennsylvania University Press.},
	organization = {Pennsylvania University Press.},
	address = {University Park, PA},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/book/58768},
	author = {Horsfield, P}
}
@article {360,
	title = {A mediated religion: historical perspectives on Christianity and the Internet},
	journal = {Studies in World Christianity},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {278-295},
	keywords = {Christianity, media, religion},
	url = {http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/swc.2007.13.3.278},
	author = {Horsfield, P. G. and Teusner, P.}
}
@article {382,
	title = {A Mediated Religion: Historical perspectives on Christianity and the Internet},
	journal = {Studies in World Christianity},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2007},
	keywords = {Christianity, history, internet and religion, media},
	url = {http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/swc.2007.13.3.278},
	author = {Horsfield, P and Teusner, P.}
}
@inbook {398,
	title = {Media},
	booktitle = {Theorizing Rituals: Issues, Topics, Approaches, Concepts},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {Brill},
	organization = {Brill},
	address = {Leiden},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Theorizing_Rituals_Issues_topics_approac.html?id=f4nZAAAAMAAJ},
	author = {Hughes-Freeland, F.}
}
@book {2716,
	title = {Materiality and the Study of Religion: The Stuff of the Sacred},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Material culture has emerged in recent decades as a significant theoretical concern for the study of religion. This book contributes to and evaluates this material turn, presenting thirteen chapters of new empirical research and theoretical reflection from some of the leading international scholars of material religion. Following a model for material analysis proposed in the first chapter by David Morgan, the contributors trace the life cycle of religious materiality through three phases: the production of religious objects, their classification as religious (or non-religious), and their circulation and use in material culture.

The chapters in this volume consider how objects become and cease to be sacred, how materiality can be used to contest access to public space and resources, and how religion is embodied and performed by individuals in their everyday lives. Contributors discuss the significance of the materiality of religion across different religious traditions and diverse geographical regions, paying close attention to gender, age, ethnicity, memory and politics. The volume closes with an afterword by Manuel V{\'a}squez.},
	isbn = {9781138599932},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Materiality-and-the-Study-of-Religion-The-Stuff-of-the-Sacred/Hutchings-McKenzie/p/book/9781138599932},
	author = {Hutchings, Tim and McKenzie, Joanne}
}
@article {161,
	title = {Message of the Holy Father for the 36TH World Communications Day -- Internet: A New Forum for Proclaiming the Gospel},
	year = {2002},
	url = {http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/messages/communications/documents/hf_jp-ii_mes_20020122_world-communications-day_en.html},
	author = {Pope John Paul II}
}
@article {158,
	title = {Message of the Holy Father for the XXIV World Communications Day: The christian message in a computer culture},
	year = {1990},
	url = {<http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/messages/communications/documents/hf_jp-ii_mes_24011990_world-communications-day_en.html>},
	author = {Pope John Paul II}
}
@article {60,
	title = {My iPod, My iCon: How and Why Do Images Become Icons?},
	journal = {Critical Studies in Media Communication},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2008},
	month = {December 2008},
	pages = {466-489},
	abstract = {This paper engages the cultic following of Apple computer through an examination of their brand image, here represented by the famous iPod silhouette commercials. I argue that Apple employs the techniques of the Orthodox icon, constructing a mode of seeing known as symbolical realism. This mode cues the reader to see with their divine eye, recognizing neither a realistic portrayal of an actual event nor a symbolic representation. Instead, the viewer sees the advertisements as a hypostasis of the immersion in music. This mode of seeing deflects attention from Apple{\textquoteright}s ideological gain and invites viewer participation in a cult celebrating the immersive experience. In short, the ads construct a visual enthymeme whose missing element is the user. By participating in the ritual of seeing through symbolic realism and thereby completing the enthymeme, the iPod is transformed into my iCon, bestowing the commodity, and by extension the corporation, with cult value.},
	keywords = {Cult Value, Icons, Ipod, Symbolic Realism, Visual Rhetoric},
	url = {http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a904854783~db=all~jumptype=rss},
	author = {Eric Jenkins}
}
@inbook {411,
	title = {Mediatized lives: Autobiography and assumed authenticity in digital storytelling},
	booktitle = {Digital Storytelling, Mediatized Stories. Self-representations in New Media},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {105-122},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Recent years have seen amateur personal stories, focusing on {\guillemotleft}me, flourish on social networking sites and in digital storytelling workshops. The resulting digital stories could be called {\guillemotleft}mediatized stories. This book deals with these self-representational stories, aiming to understand the transformations in the age-old practice of storytelling that have become possible with the new, digital media. Its approach is interdisciplinary, exploring how the mediation or mediatization processes of digital storytelling can be grasped and offering a sociological perspective of media studies and a socio-cultural take of the educational sciences. Aesthetic and literary perspectives on narration as well as questioning from an informatics perspective are also included.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=Sl_WM0tVV84C\&pg=PA105\&lpg=PA105\&dq=Mediatized+lives:+Autobiography+and+assumed+authenticity+in+digital+storytelling\&source=bl\&ots=MgExXTBiye\&sig=V2Ms-GgkRzw5k6TU_M7KUE8h3kk\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=06stT9TXCaaLsQLYndzGDg\&ved=0CC0Q6AE},
	author = {Kaare, H. and Lundby, K.}
}
@conference {66,
	title = {Marketing of Religion in Cyberspace},
	booktitle = {Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference Proceedings},
	year = {2003},
	month = {December 2003},
	abstract = {The Internet has begun to play a significant role in people{\textquoteright}s lives, albeit in the lives of people living on the {\textquoteleft}right{\textquoteright} side of the digital divide. Yet, the nexus between religion and the Internet has seldom been discussed in the marketing context. This paper investigates the effect of the Internet on how people use the new technology to fulfill their spiritual and religious needs. The marketing implications of this nascent but widely spreading phenomenon are discussed since this trend has a significant impact on the providers of spiritual and religious services.},
	url = {http://smib.vuw.ac.nz:8081/WWW/ANZMAC2003/papers/CON04_kales.pdf},
	author = {Sudhir Kale and Rajeev Kamineni}
}
@book {2819,
	title = {The Media World of ISIS},
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	abstract = {From efficient instructions on how to kill civilians to horrifying videos of beheadings, no terrorist organization has more comprehensively weaponized social media than ISIS. Its strategic, multiplatformed campaign is so effective that it has ensured global news coverage and inspired hundreds of young people around the world to abandon their lives and their countries to join a foreign war. The Media World of ISIS explores the characteristics, mission, and tactics of the organization{\textquoteright}s use of media and propaganda. Contributors consider how ISIS{\textquoteright}s media strategies imitate activist tactics, legitimize its self-declared caliphate, and exploit narratives of suffering and imprisonment as propaganda to inspire followers. Using a variety of methods, contributors explore the appeal of ISIS to Westerners, the worldview made apparent in its doctrine, and suggestions for counteracting the organization{\textquoteright}s approaches. Its highly developed, targeted, and effective media campaign has helped make ISIS one of the most recognized terrorism networks in the world. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of its strategies--what worked and why--will help combat the new realities of terrorism in the 21st century.},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Media-World-Indiana-Middle-Studies/dp/0253045916},
	author = {Krona, Michael and Pennington, Rosemary}
}
@inbook {2965,
	title = {Media logic and the mediatization approach: A good partnership, a m{\'e}salliance, or a misunderstanding?},
	booktitle = {Media logic(s) revisited. Transforming communications{\textemdash}Studies in cross-media research},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	organization = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	address = {London},
	author = {Krotz, F.}
}
@article {68,
	title = {Methods and Theory for Studying Religion on the Internet: Introduction to the Special Issue on Theory and Methodology},
	journal = {Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	abstract = {Religious Internet research is just beginning and some of these questions have provoked initial answers {\textendash} but most of the questions have stimulated even more issues with regard to substantial and methodological demands. The social aspects and consequences of religious Internet use, particularly, still have to be considered in further research. Immanent Internet research offers many new perspectives for religious studies. While traditional media like books, magazines, and television enable us to see only the supplier and the supplies on the religious market, the Internet {\textendash} as an interactive medium {\textendash} now makes it possible to be aware of the consumer{\textquoteright}s perspective as well. By observing Internet chat rooms, guest books, frequently asked questions (FAQs), and discussion forums and discussion lists (which are normally archived) on religion-related Web sites in particular, we can observe the way religious knowledge is spread in an online community in detail. We can recognize that these new processes of communication create new hierarchies among users in discussion forums. This new diffusion of ritual knowledge, which is nowadays accessible to every Internet user, also signifies changes in the traditional structure of religious communities. However, we still know very little about what people are actually doing with the ritual and religious knowledge that they gain from Internet use. Thus, on the one hand we need to discuss new methodological and theoretical approaches in Internet research but we also have to consider the shortcoming of past approaches.},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5822/pdf/Introduction1.pdf},
	author = {Oliver Kr{\"u}ger}
}
@book {2678,
	title = {Media, Religion and Gender: Key Issues and New Challenges},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Media, Religion and Gender presents a selection of eminent current scholarship that explores the role gender plays when religion, media use and values in contemporary society interact. The book:

surveys the development of research on media, religion and culture through the lens of key theoretical and methodological issues and debates within gender studies.
includes case studies drawn from a variety of countries and contexts to illustrate the range of issues, theoretical perspectives and empirical material involved in current work
outlines new areas and reflects on challenges for the future.
Students of media, religion and gender at advanced level will find this a valuable resource, as will scholars and researchers working in this important and growing field.},
	issn = {9780415504737},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Media-Religion-and-Gender-Key-Issues-and-New-Challenges/Lovheim/p/book/9780415504737},
	author = {L{\"o}vheim, Mia}
}
@article {2084,
	title = {Mediatization: analyzing transformations of religion from a gender perspective},
	journal = {Media, Culture \& Society },
	volume = {38},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {18{\textendash}27},
	abstract = {This book presents new research on the changing relationship between the media, religion and culture from a Nordic perspective, while engaging with the theory of the mediatization of religion. In contemporary society, news journalism, film and television series, as well as new digital media, provide critical commentary on religion while also enabling new forms of religious imagery and interaction. Religious leaders, communities and individuals reflexively negotiate their presence within this new mediatized reality. In an increasingly globalized Nordic context, the media have also come to play an important role in the performance of both individual and social identities, and in the representation and development of social and religious conflicts. Through empirical analysis and theoretical discussions, scholars from film and media studies, the sociology of religion, and theology contribute to the development of the theory of the mediatization of religion as well as to the broader research field of media, religion and culture.},
	keywords = {GENDER, mediatization, public sphere, religion},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0163443715615411?journalCode=mcsa},
	author = {L{\"o}vheim, M}
}
@inbook {2112,
	title = {Media and religion: Bridging {\textquoteleft}incompatible agendas{\textquoteright}},
	booktitle = {Foundations and Futures in the Sociology of Religion},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	edition = {1},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {This chapter addresses the challenge of finding adequate theories for understanding the growing complexity of the religious situation in Europe and the rest of the world through discussing the insights that can be gained through engagement with theories of the role of media in contemporary society. Various forms of media have become pivotal arenas for the new visibility of religion in Europe. While sociologists of religion are becoming more sensitive to these developments, they continue to lack the conceptual tools to adequately analyse what this means for the role and presence of religion in contemporary society. Following Grace Davie{\textquoteright}s (2000) exploration of the incompatible agendas between sociologists of religion on the one hand and media scholars on the other, the aim of this chapter will be to highlight the changes currently taking place and the emerging potential for closer dialogue between these two factions in the future.},
	keywords = {media, religion},
	issn = {9781138092327},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781351607391},
	author = {L{\"o}vheim, M}
}
@article {2089,
	title = {The mediatisation of religion debate: an introduction},
	journal = {Culture and Religion~},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {111{\textendash}117},
	abstract = {Within the growing literature on religion and media, a more specific debate has recently developed in relation to the mediatisation of religion. The Danish scholar, Stig Hjarvard, has undertaken leading work in articulating a detailed theory of the mediatisation of religion, arguing that contemporary religion is increasingly mediated through secular, autonomous media institutions and is shaped according to the logics of those media. This special issue is the first extended discussion of Hjarvard{\textquoteright}s thesis by researchers working across different disciplines and areas of study. This introduction sets out the background and key concepts for this debate, discusses why the mediatisation of religion debate is important for sociological and cultural understandings of contemporary religion, and provides a brief summary of the arguments of the individual articles within this collection.},
	keywords = {mediatisation, religion},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14755610.2011.579715},
	author = {L{\"o}vheim, M and Lynch, G}
}
@article {2844,
	title = {The Mediatized Conditions of Contemporary Religion: Critical Status and Future Directions},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {During the last decade the framework of mediatization theory has been introduced in the field of media, religion and culture as a parallel perspective to the {\textquotedblleft}mediation of religion{\textquotedblright} approach, allowing new questions to be posed that align with religious change within Europe. This article provides a critical review of existing research applying mediatization of religion theory, focusing on key issues raised by its critics as well as how the theory have moved the research field forward. These issues concern the concept of religion, institution and social change, religious authority, and the application of mediatization theory outside the North-Western European context where it originated. The article argues that an institutional approach to mediatization is a relevant tool for analyzing change as a dynamic process in which the logics of particular forms of media influence practices, values and relations within particular manifestations of religion across various levels of analysis.
},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/rmdc/8/2/article-p206_206.xml?language=en},
	author = {L{\"o}vheim, Mia and Hjarvard, Stig}
}
@inbook {2085,
	title = {Media and transformations of religion},
	booktitle = {Religion across Media: From Early Antiquity to Late Modernity},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {185{\textendash}202},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {media, religion},
	issn = {9781453910856},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Religion_Across_Media.html?id=6yDUngEACAAJ},
	author = {Lundby, K}
}
@book {2672,
	title = {Mediatization of Communication},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	organization = {De Gruyter Mouton},
	abstract = {This handbook on Mediatization of Communication uncovers the interrelation between media changes and changes in culture and society. This is essential to understand contemporary trends and transformations.
"Mediatization" characterizes changes in practices, cultures and institutions in media-saturated societies, thus denoting transformations of these societies themselves.This volume offers 31 contributions by leading media and communication scholars from the humanities and social sciences, with different approaches to mediatization of communication. The chapters span from how mediatization meets climate change and contribute to globalization to questions on life and death in mediatized settings.The book deals with mass media as well as communication with networked, digital media.
The topic of this volume makes a valuable contribution to the understanding of contemporary processes of social, cultural and political changes.The handbook provides the reader with the most currentstate of mediatization research.},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Mediatization_of_Communication.html?id=JnKWoAEACAAJ},
	author = {Lundby, Knut}
}
@book {1282,
	title = {Mashup Religion: Pop Music and Theological Invention},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Baylor University Press},
	organization = {Baylor University Press},
	address = {Waco, TX},
	abstract = {Popular music artists are intentionally unoriginal. Pop producers find their inspiration by sampling across traditions and genres; remix artists compose a pastiche of the latest hits. These"mashup"artists stretch the boundaries of creativity by freely intermingling old sounds and melodies with the newest technologies. Using this phenomenon in contemporary music-making as a metaphor, John McClure encourages the invention of new theological ideas by creating a mashup of the traditional and the novel. What emerges are engaging ways of communicating that thrive at the intersection of religion and popular culture yet keep alive the deepest of theological truths.},
	keywords = {artists, digital audio, digital media, Popular music, religious life, singers, songwriters, Theological Invention, theology, traditional communities},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9781602583580},
	author = {John S. McClure}
}
@article {2740,
	title = {Mediation or mediatisation: The history of media in the study of religion},
	journal = {Culture and Religion},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Several different accounts of {\textquoteleft}mediatisation{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}mediation{\textquoteright} circulate in the literature of media studies. This paper begins with a parsing of them, considering their conceptual distinctions and similarities. The argument developed here is for a general theory of mediation and a more particular view of mediatisation. Although developing a critical assessment of a prevailing notion of mediatisation, the paper does not dismiss it, but regards it as exhibiting a limited usefulness. In order to make its case, the paper relies on the case study of Evangelical ephemeral print in Britain circa 1800, examining the production and circulation of tracts in order to show that arguments for mediatisation need to be strongly qualified by historical evidence. Greater reliance on historical precedents will strengthen studies of mediatisation by chastening the often exorbitant and ahistorical claims made for it.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14755610.2011.579716},
	author = {Morgan, David}
}
@article {2695,
	title = {Muslim Political Activism or Political Activism by Muslims? Secular and Religious Identities Amongst Muslim Arab Activists in the United States and United Kingdom},
	journal = {Identities},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Scholarship on Muslim political mobilisation in the West has developed as an important counterpoint to public discourse, which has tended to cast Muslims as a threat to social cohesion, liberal democracy, and national security. But even as scholarly literature has shed light on civic participation among Muslims, it has sidelined the diversity of political identities and values that motivate them. Most, if not all, Muslims in the West find their identities politicised in some way, but the question of whether this leads to a consensus amongst Muslims about the role of religion in public life often remains unexamined. In this article we draw on interviews with seventy-eight activists in Britain and the United States who are both Muslim and Arab to complicate ideas about the political mobilisation of Muslims in the West. Respondents, we show, are far from unified in their views on religion as a basis for political action and mobilisation. Some are keen to place Islam squarely in mainstream political spaces; most, however, are insistent that Islam should remain a private faith and identity and that political mobilisation should take place under the aegis of Arabness or other {\textquoteleft}secular{\textquoteright} identities. Using theoretical perspectives on the public sphere, we explain the complexity of our respondents{\textquoteright} political identities and activism. Our overall aim is to broaden perspectives on the ways in which people from Muslim backgrounds participate in public, political life in Western contexts.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1070289X.2011.656068},
	author = {Nagel, Caroline ~ R. and Staeheli, Lynn ~ A.}
}
@book {2878,
	title = {Media, Religion and Gender: Key Issues and New Challenges},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {Media, Religion and Gender presents a selection of eminent current scholarship that explores the role gender plays when religion, media use and values in contemporary society interact. The book:






surveys the development of research on media, religion and culture through the lens of key theoretical and methodological issues and debates within gender studies.




includes case studies drawn from a variety of countries and contexts to illustrate the range of issues, theoretical perspectives and empirical material involved in current work




outlines new areas and reflects on challenges for the future.



Students of media, religion and gender at advanced level will find this a valuable resource, as will scholars and researchers working in this important and growing field.},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243214524301},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0891243214524301},
	author = {Mia L {\"o}vheim}
}
@article {401,
	title = { Miracles or Love? How Religious Leaders Communicate Trustworthiness through the Web},
	journal = {Journal of Religion and Popular Culture },
	year = {2004},
	abstract = {A religious organization should communicate trustworthiness by attempting correctly to interpret its message and by recruiting new members. Modern communication involves new means of communication like the Internet, which has become an important medium capable of spreading a complex message to a large audience. Religious movements are a growing social and organizational force that employ modern communication methods and criteria. This paper addresses the convergence of religious communication and the Internet, by focusing on trust, a fundamental element of any type of communication, especially of a religious kind. Two main drivers can elicit trust: capabilities (the skill to realize what is promised) and benevolence (the lack of any opportunistic or egoistic goal). This paper employs the content analysis method to analyze the biographies of religious leaders posted on the their official web-sites, in order to verify the existence of these two trust drivers, i.e., leader{\textquoteright}s capabilities and benevolence. The results demonstrate the different stress placed on each.},
	keywords = {Communication, Love, religion},
	url = {http://www.usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art7-miraclesorlove.html},
	author = {Pace, Stefano}
}
@article {418,
	title = {"Making MOOsic{\textquotedblright}: the development of personal relationships online and a comparison to their offline counterparts},
	journal = {Journal of Social and Personal Relationships},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {514-537},
	abstract = {Despite the rapid development of the Internet over the past decade and the associated media hyperbole about cyberspace relationships, there is a paucity of systematic research examining the prevalence, type and development of personal relationships in on-line settings. This research examines relational topography in real-time text-based virtual environments known as MOOs (Multi-User Dimensions, Object Oriented). Current users of MOOs (235) completed a survey on MOO relationships, with 155 also completing a survey on offline relationships. Almost all survey respondents (93.6\%) had formed ongoing personal relationships on MOOs. The most commonly reported types of relationships were close friendships, friendships and romances. The majority of relationships formed (83.6\%) was with members of the opposite sex. Levels of relational development (interdependence, depth, breadth, code change, commitment, predictability/understanding, network convergence) were typically moderate to high. Most relationships had migrated to other virtual environments, and a third had resulted in face-to-face meetings. On average, MOO relationships were found to be more developed than newsgroup relationships, but less developed than off-line relationships. It was concluded that MOOs provide an inherently social and powerful context for the formation of personal relationships, many of which will transfer to other settings.},
	url = {http://spr.sagepub.com/content/15/4/517.abstract},
	author = {Parks, M. R. and Roberts, L. D.}
}
@article {2116,
	title = {Mediatisation of Catholicism in Croatia: A Networked Religion?},
	journal = {Revija za sociologiju},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {241-270},
	abstract = {This paper deals with the topic of mediatisation of religion. It is seen as a process wherein the structural logic and communicative characteristics of the media play a significant role in religious communication, thus exerting an influence on the success of the transmission of such messages and on religion as a whole. Consequently, it is argued that contemporary social transformations of religion cannot be properly analysed and understood without the acknowledgement of the increasing mediatisation of religion and its effects. Having in mind the overarching importance of the Internet as a communication platform, the authors investigated whether the Internet presence of Catholicism in Croatia can be identified as a networked religion with its main components (networked communities, storied identities, shifting authority, convergent practice and multisite reality). Media content analysis using a sample (N = 200) of various categories of Catholic websites and Facebook pages was employed. Even though noteworthy differences were found between the sites affiliated, semi-affiliated and non-affiliated with the Catholic Church in Croatia, as well as between such websites and Facebook pages, the findings suggest that in the case of Catholicism in Croatia, Internet religious communication bears close connections to the offline world, does not challenge formal religious authorities, nor does it lead to new interpretations of religious doctrines and texts. The authors concluded that the Internet presence of Catholicism in Croatia leads to the re-affirmation and deepening of the existing forms of religion in the new media environments.},
	keywords = {Catholicism, Croatia, mediatisation, networked religion, religion},
	url = {https://hrcak.srce.hr/193686},
	author = {Pavi{\'c}, Z and Kurbanovi{\'c}, F and Levak, T}
}
@article {2729,
	title = {Making Space in Social Media: $\#$MuslimWomensDay in Twitter},
	journal = {Journal of Communication Inquiry},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {At the end of Women{\textquoteright}s History Month 2017, social media sites were filled with posts using the hashtag $\#$MuslimWomensDay. Muslim women have often been framed in media as either victims of a violent faith and its believers or enablers of that violence, rarely are they given the space to tell their own stories. The $\#$MuslimWomensDay hashtag was designed to draw attention to the stories and experiences of Muslim women. This qualitative textual analysis of approximately 300 tweets explores how Twitter users deployed the $\#$MuslimWomensDay hashtag in their posts in order to understand the story users told of what it means to be a Muslim woman as well as what narratives of Islam they had to fight against.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0196859918768797},
	author = {Pennington, Rosemary}
}
@article {1192,
	title = {Media, religion and the marketplace in the information  economy: evidence from Singapore},
	journal = {Environment and Planning},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2012},
	chapter = {1969},
	abstract = {In this paper we suggest that the exchange of communication in a mediatized 
environment is transforming the nature of transactions in the religious marketplace. 
In~this economy of religious informational exchanges, digitalization facilitates a process of 
mediatization that converts religious performance into forms suitable for commodifi cation 
and commoditization. The intersection of digital media, religion, and the marketplace is 
demonstrated in the context of mega Protestant and Buddhist organizations in Singapore. 
We show how these large organizations embed media relations in their sacred spaces 
through a process of hybridization. In turn, hybrid spaces are converted into material 
outputs that may be readily transacted in real and virtual spaces. Hybridization attends to 
a postmodern audience and consumers who value experience and sensorial stimulations. 
It integrates retail, entertainment, and the aesthetics into a space of ascetic performance 
that is digitally transportable. Digital transactional spaces thrive on the abundance of 
information, and information multiplies when communication is unfettered by the absence 
of proprietary safeguards. The religious marketplace may therefore be understood as a 
medially driven performance space where points of interaction are digitally},
	keywords = {Buddhism, Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, digital media, hybridization, information economy, internet, Mass media, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, Protestantism, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, Singapore, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Internet Studies{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media and religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}networked society{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}online identity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious congregations{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious practice online{\textquotedblright}},
	doi = {10.1068/a44272},
	url = {http://paulinehopecheong.com/media/8eb82a57db78bb75ffff839dffffe41e.pdf},
	author = {Jessie Poon and Shirlena Huang and Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@article {2080,
	title = {Methods for analyzing let{\textquoteright}s plays: Context analysis for gaming videos on YouTube},
	journal = {Gamenvironments},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {Let{\textquoteright}s Plays, gaming videos distributed on video platforms such as YouTube, became immensely popular during the last years. As a new research field they offer a huge new pool of research data for the study of video games/gaming and religion. But how to adequately analyze these data? We here propose a matrix for the initial section of analyzing Let{\textquoteright}s Plays, namely context analysis which then of course needs to be followed by content analysis. Based on the six wh-questions as applied especially also in the classical historical-critical method, we here propose a structured, step by step procedure analyzing specified and clearly defined components. Each step in this context analysis takes up one specific component of the Let{\textquoteright}s Play and provides context information for it. As such, we present and discuss a sequence of steps which is applicable not only in the study of Let{\textquoteright}s Plays and religion, but in research on Let{\textquoteright}s Plays in general. 
},
	keywords = {Beyond: Two Souls, context analysis, gamevironments, Let{\textquoteright}s Play, YouTube},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282298487_Methods_for_Analyzing_Let{\textquoteright}s_Plays_Context_Analysis_for_Gaming_Videos_on_YouTube},
	author = {Radde-Antewler, K and Zeilier, X}
}
@book {2842,
	title = {Mediatized Religion in Asia: Studies on Digital Media and Religion},
	series = {Routledge},
	year = {2018},
	abstract = {This edited volume discusses mediatized religion in Asia, examining the intensity and variety of constructions and processes related to digital media and religion in Asia today. Individual chapters present case studies from various regions and religious traditions in Asia, critically discussing the data collected in light of current mediatization theories. By directing the study to the geographical, cultural and religious contexts specific to Asia, it also provides new material for the theoretical discussion of the pros and cons of the concept mediatization, among other things interrogating whether this concept is useful in non-{\textquoteright}Western{\textquoteright} contexts."
},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Mediatized-Religion-in-Asia-Studies-on-Digital-Media-and-Religion/Radde-Antweiler-Zeiler/p/book/9780367663933},
	author = {Radde-Antweiler, Kerstin and Zeiler, Xenia}
}
@inbook {1710,
	title = {Medios digitales y religi{\'o}n: investigar la mediatizaci{\'o}n de la fe en la era digital},
	booktitle = {Crisis y cambio: propuestas desde la sociolog{\'\i}a},
	volume = {2},
	pages = {527-536},
	publisher = {Federaci{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola de Sociolog{\'\i}a},
	organization = {Federaci{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola de Sociolog{\'\i}a},
	address = {Madrid},
	keywords = {Mediatizaci{\'o}n, medios digitales, podcasting, Rezandovoy},
	url = {http://fes-web.org/uploads/files/modules/congress/11/Libro\%20de\%20Actas\%20final_2.pdf},
	author = {Riezu,Xabier}
}
@conference {2147,
	title = {Money, God, and SMS: Explorations in Supporting Social Action Through a Bangladeshi Mosque},
	booktitle = {CHI Conference },
	year = {2017},
	address = {Denver, CO},
	abstract = {Religious institutions hold a significant place in daily life for the vast majority of people in the world, especially in developing countries. Yet despite their social prominence, and despite HCI{\textquoteright}s emphasis on the social context of technology, organized religion is neglected in both the HCI and ICTD literature. This paper explores the relationship that mosques in Bangladesh have with their constituencies and with technology, with an eye toward the integration of technology with existing religious institutions as a way to achieve positive social ends. We first describe a qualitative exploration of several mosque communities in Bangladesh, where we find that skepticism and pragmatism about modern technology interact in a complex way that nevertheless leaves room for technical interventions. We then describe a randomized controlled trial to study the relative value of SMS messages infused with overtly religious or secularly altruistic frames for the purpose of mosque fundraising. We find that SMS messages increase donations overall, but that their framing is significant. Messages with secular altruistic framing increased donations by 9.5\%, while those with religious sentiment increased donations by 57.3\%. Our findings demonstrate how technologies like SMS amplify underlying religious forces and suggest the possibility of working with religious institutions in applying positive ICT interventions. },
	keywords = {Bangladeshi Mosque, God, money, SMS, social action},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316706139_Money_God_and_SMS_Explorations_in_Supporting_Social_Action_Through_a_Bangladeshi_Mosque},
	author = {Rashidujjaman Rifat, M and Chen, J and Toyama, K}
}
@article {2702,
	title = {Media, Racism and Islamophobia: The Representation of Islam and Muslims in the Media},
	journal = {Sociology Compass},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {This article examines the representation of Islam and Muslims in the British press. It suggests that British Muslims are portrayed as an {\textquoteleft}alien other{\textquoteright} within the media. It suggests that this misrepresenatation can be linked to the development of a {\textquoteleft}racism{\textquoteright}, namely, Islamphobia that has its roots in cultural representations of the {\textquoteleft}other{\textquoteright}. In order to develop this arguement, the article provies a summary/overview of how ethnic minorities have been represented in the British press and argues that the treatment of British Muslims and Islam follows these themes of {\textquoteleft}deviance{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}un-Britishness{\textquoteright}.
},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229720560_Media_Racism_and_Islamophobia_The_Representation_of_Islam_and_Muslims_in_the_Media},
	author = {Saeed, Amir}
}
@book {schulz2011muslims,
	title = {Muslims and New Media in West Africa: Pathways to God},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	isbn = {9780253223623},
	url = {http://books.google.com.au/books?id=9mQdb6Exta4C},
	author = {Schulz, D.E.}
}
@book {465,
	title = {Media and Religion: Foundations of an Emerging Field },
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {This is the first text to examine the history, theory, cultural context, and professional aspects of media and religion. While religion has been explored more fully in psychology, sociology, anthropology, and the humanities, there is no clear bridge of understanding to the communication discipline. Daniel A. Stout tackles this issue by providing a roadmap for examining this understudied area so that discussions about media and religion can more easily proceed. Offering great breadth, this text covers key concepts and historical highlights; world religions, denominations, and cultural religion; and religion and specific media genres. The text also includes key terms and questions to ponder for every chapter, and concludes with an in-class learning activity that can be used to encourage students to explore the media{\textendash}religion interface and review the essential ideas presented in the book.
},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Media_and_Religion.html?id=p5dVywAACAAJ},
	author = {Daniel A. Stout}
}
@book {2876,
	title = {Media and Ritual: Death, Community and Everyday Life },
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {This wide-ranging and accessible book offers a stimulating introduction to the field of media anthropology and the study of religious ritual. Johanna Sumiala explores the interweaving of rituals, communication and community. She uses the tools of anthropological enquiry to examine a variety of media events, including the death of Michael Jackson, a royal wedding and the transgressive actions which took place in Abu Ghraib, and to understand the inner significance of the media coverage of such events. The book deals with theories of ritual, media as ritual including reception, production and representation, and rituals of death in the media. It will be invaluable to students and scholars alike across media, religion and anthropology.},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Media-Ritual-Community-Everyday-Religion/dp/0415684323},
	author = {Johanna Sumiala}
}
@article {2796,
	title = {Mediated Muslim martyrdom: Rethinking digital solidarity in the {\textquotedblleft}Arab Spring{\textquotedblright}},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {In today{\textquoteright}s world of networked, mobile, and global digital communication, Muslim martyrdom as a multi-layered communicative practice has experienced a new type of media saturation, thereby posing a challenge for the study of media, religion, and culture in a digital age. In this article, the analysis focuses on two cases of high symbolic relevance for the events later referred to as the {\textquotedblleft}Arab Spring{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}the deaths of a Tunisian fruit seller Mohammed Bouazizi and a young Egyptian man Khaled Saeed. Special focus is given to the discussion of digital solidarities and their construction in circulation and remediation of martyr narratives of Bouazizi and Saeed in diverse media contexts. In this global development of digital solidarities, we identify two categories of martyr images of particular relevance{\textemdash}a {\textquotedblleft}living martyr{\textquotedblright} and a {\textquotedblleft}tortured martyr{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}and discuss their resonance with different historical, religious, cultural, and political frames of interpretation. In conclusion, we reflect on the question of the ethics of global mediation of Muslim martyrdom and its implications for the study field of media, religion, and culture in its digital state.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649918},
	author = {Sumiala, Johanna and Korpiola, Lilly}
}
@inbook {1540,
	title = {Malaysian Christians Online: Online/Offline Networks of Everyday Religion},
	booktitle = {Post-Privacy Culture: Gaining Social Power in Cyber-Democracy},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {177-202},
	publisher = {Inter-Disciplinary Press},
	organization = {Inter-Disciplinary Press},
	chapter = {8},
	address = {United Kingdom},
	abstract = {Religion has already found its footing in cyberspace. Countless websites promoting particular religious organisations and ideals are easily found within a click or two online. Blogs are now an outlet for religious and spiritual discussion for different groups and individuals. Due to the relatively unfiltered nature of the Internet, it is more possible for new types of religious expressions to surface for public consumption, even if some of these expressions might not conform to conventional notions of spiritual expression. All of these new forms of online religion then, serve as a gateway to study different models and contexts of religious expression. 

A website, however, is in many ways only the expressed product. What about the dynamics behind these expressions? Because the online and the offline are inseparable entities, both simultaneously interact with and influence the individual{\textquoteright}s identity and expression. This means that in order to further develop an understanding of {\textquoteleft}online religion{\textquoteright}, the {\textquoteleft}offline{\textquoteright} must also be described extensively. Using two case studies of Malaysian Christian bloggers, this chapter demonstrates how with the use of Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) methods, it is possible to seamlessly describe everyday cyber-activity and everyday Christianity in relation to one another, thus providing a snapshot of how the larger context and framework in which Christianity in today{\textquoteright}s day and age can be better understood.},
	keywords = {Actor, Christian, malaysian, network, Online, theory},
	issn = {978-1-84888-154-9},
	url = {https://www.interdisciplinarypress.net/online-store/digital-humanities/post-privacy-culture-gaining-social-power-in-cyber-democracy},
	author = {Meng Yoe Tan}
}
@inbook {985,
	title = {Malaysian Christians Online: Online/Offline Interactions and Integration},
	booktitle = {Cyberculture Now: Social and Communication Behaviour on the Web},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {115-125},
	publisher = {Inter-Disciplinary Press},
	organization = {Inter-Disciplinary Press},
	chapter = {9},
	address = {Oxfordshire},
	abstract = {There has been a vibrant discussion in recent years since Christopher Helland{\textquoteright}s novel definitions and differentiation of online-religion/religion-online came to the fore of cyber-religious research. Much of the discussion since then has dealt primarily with certain features of particular religious websites, such as its level of user interactivity. My chapter is an attempt to side-step what a {\textquoteleft}religious{\textquoteright} website is or is not, and to locate specific Christian individuals in Malaysia and their online habits within the larger context of what they consider to be their Christian life - be it online/offline. In short, this chapter explores the ways in which online Christianity, in its varied forms, as practiced by its users, play a part in engaging an individual{\textquoteright}s faith. Drawing two case studies from my ethnographic fieldwork, this paper constructs and establishes the multiple contexts and environments that shape some Malaysian Christians{\textquoteright} online expressions of their faith, as well as how their current practice of blogging contributes back to their personal spirituality, contexts, and environments. Rather than dwelling on whether a website allows for physical or practical interactivity, this chapter explores the possibility that the Internet is yet another incorporated extension to the already diverse repertoire of Christian expression of spirituality.},
	keywords = {everyday, helland, malaysia, offline, Online, religion},
	issn = {978-1-84888-178-5},
	author = {Meng Yoe Tan}
}
@article {1893,
	title = {Multi-mediatization and religious event: the case of the evangelical campaign "Horizon of Hope" on Hope Channel Romania (Speranta TV)/Multim{\'e}diatisation et {\'e}v{\'e}nement religieux :  le cas de la campagne d{\textquoteright}{\'e}vang{\'e}lisation l{\textquoteright}{\guillemotleft} Horizon de l{\textquoteright}esp{\'e}rance {\guillemotright} de Hope },
	journal = {tic\&soci{\'e}t{\'e}},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	abstract = {Multi-mediatization and religious event: the case of the evangelical campaign "Horizon of Hope" on Hope Channel Romania (Speranta TV) {\textendash} In this article we will question how the religious media engages with the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for evangelization by reconstructing neo-protestant Hope Channel Romania{\textquoteright}s (Speranta TV) work to implement the evangelical "Horizon of Hope" campaign. Considering that ICTs cannot be regarded yet as stabilized, we suggest that the product of media evangelization created by this religious media is rooted in the logic of cross media convergence between old and new media rather than in a logic of transfer of authority toward the new media.
***
Dans cet article nous questionnons les formes d{\textquoteright}engagement des m{\'e}dias religieux avec les nouvelles technologies de l{\textquoteright}information et de la communication (NTIC) pour {\guillemotleft} {\'e}vang{\'e}liser {\guillemotright} en reconstituant le chemin fait par la cha{\^\i}ne de t{\'e}l{\'e}vision n{\'e}o-protestante Hope Channel Romania (Speranta TV) pour la mise en {\oe}uvre de la campagne d{\textquoteright}{\'e}vang{\'e}lisation l{\textquoteright} {\guillemotleft} Horizon de l{\textquoteright}esp{\'e}rance {\guillemotright}. Si l{\textquoteright}on consid{\`e}re que les NTIC ne sont pas encore stabilis{\'e}es, l{\textquoteright}hypoth{\`e}se mise {\`a} l{\textquoteright}{\'e}preuve ici consiste {\`a} montrer que le produit d{\textquoteright}{\'e}vang{\'e}lisation multim{\'e}dia cr{\'e}{\'e} par Speranta TV s{\textquoteright}inscrit davantage dans la logique de la convergence cross-media des m{\'e}dias traditionnels et des nouveaux m{\'e}dias que dans la logique du {\guillemotleft} transfert d{\textquoteright}autorit{\'e} {\guillemotright} vers les nouveaux m{\'e}dias.},
	keywords = {convergence cross media, evangelization, neo-Protestant media, New Media},
	doi = {10.4000/ticetsociete.1840},
	url = {https://ticetsociete.revues.org/1840$\#$quotation},
	author = {Tudor, Mihaela-Alexandra}
}
@mastersthesis {1199,
	title = {Manifestation of Religious Authority on the Internet: Presentation of Twelver Shiite Authority in the Persian Blogosphere},
	volume = {Master of Arts},
	year = {2012},
	month = {23-May-2012},
	school = {University of Waterloo},
	type = {Master Thesis},
	abstract = {Cyberspace has diversified and pluralized people{\textquoteright}s daily experiences of religion in unprecedented ways. By studying several websites and weblogs that have a religious orientation, different layers of religious authority including {\textquotedblleft}religious hierarchy, structures, ideology, and sources{\textquotedblright} (Campbell, 2009) can be identified. Also, using Weber{\textquoteright}s definition of the three types of authority, {\textquotedblleft}rational-legal, traditional, and charismatic{\textquotedblright} (1968), the specific type of authority that is being presented on blogosphere can be recognized. The Internet presents a level of liberty for the discussion of sensitive topics in any kind of religious cyberspace, specifically the Islamic one. In this way, the Internet is expanding the number and range of Muslim voices, which may pose problems for traditional forms of religious authority or may suggest new forms of authority in the Islamic world. The interaction between the Internet and religion is often perceived as contradictory, especially when it is religion at its most conservative practice. While the international and national applications of the Internet have increased vastly, local religious communities, especially fundamentalists, perceived this new technology as a threat to their local cultures and practices. If we look at the Internet as a central phenomenon of contemporary modernity that interacts with practiced fundamentalist religious traditions, we can ask how broad the interactions are between religious fundamentalism and the Internet and whether these relations can be reconciled. More specifically, this thesis presents a study of the junction of the Internet and religious fundamentalism reviewing the presentation of Shiite religious authority on the Persian blogosphere. As a case study, Persian weblogs are studied for content analysis for this thesis. Weblogs{\textquoteright} texts are analyzed to find evidences for Shiite beliefs and shared identity, usages and interpretations of the main Shiite religious texts, references to the role of recognized Shiite leaders, and descriptions of Shiite structural patterns of practices and organizations. This research will demonstrate how the Internet has been culturally constructed, modified, and adapted to the Iranian community{\textquoteright}s needs and how the Shiite fundamentalist community of Iran has been affected by it. Based on one of the most structured research in this area, the study by Baezilai-Nahon and Barzilai (2005), in this article I identify four principal dimensions of religious fundamentalism as they interact with the Internet: hierarchy, patriarchy, discipline, and seclusion.},
	keywords = {Authority, Biosphere, Digital Religion, Iran, media and religion, new media engagement, New media praticipation, Persian, Religious Internet Communities, Shiite Muslim, sociability unbound},
	url = { http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6774},
	author = {Valibeigi, Narges}
}
@book {2850,
	title = {Media Perceptions of Religious Changes in Australia: Of Dominance and Diversity},
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {This volume explores the contradiction between the news coverage given to issues of religion, particularly since 2001 in relation to issues such as terrorism, politics, security and gender, and the fact of its apparent decline according to Census data. Based on media research in Australia, and offering comparisons with the UK, the author demonstrates that media discussions overlook the diversity that exists within religions, particularly the country{\textquoteright}s main religion, Christianity, and presents religion according to specific interpretations shaped by race, class and gender, which in turn result in very limited understandings of religion itself. Drawing on understandings of the sacred as a non-negotiable value present in religious and secular form, Media Perceptions of Religious Changes in Australia calls for a broader sociological perspective on religion and will appeal to scholars of sociology and media studies with interests in religion and public life.
},
	isbn = {9780367192570},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Media-Perceptions-of-Religious-Changes-in-Australia-Of-Dominance-and-Diversity/Weng/p/book/9780367192570},
	author = {Weng, Enqi}
}
