@article {2813,
	title = {The Politics of Affect: the Glue of Religious and Identity Conflicts in Social Media},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {Affect theory often overlooks decades of anthropological, feminist, queer, and postcolonial scholarship on emotion. I build on this extensive scholarship of emotion and use my online ethnography of a Facebook group that promotes the public visibility of Christianity as a springboard to build a conceptual framework of the politics of affect. I address three theoretical gaps: 1) the lack of distinction between different emotions, 2) how affect is often performed for someone, and 3) the varying intensities of emotion. I delve into the intricate ways in which emotions fuel identities, worldviews, and their contestations, and how fake news may come to be perceived as affectively factual. This article deepens our understanding of the role of affect in polemic and mediatized conflicts. The role of emotion in religious conflicts and identity politics is not simply analytically useful, but is, at times, the very fabric of which political ideas are made.},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/rmdc/8/1/article-p11_11.xml?language=en},
	author = {Abdel-Fadil, Mona}
}
@article {1014,
	title = {Practicing the Disseminary: Technology Lessons from Napster},
	journal = {Teaching Theology and Religion},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2002},
	chapter = {10},
	abstract = {Whatever will happen in the way of the confluence of pedagogy and technology, it will not so much perpetuate past models in more efficient ways as it will reflect a stronger element of (for example) the unanticipated success of Napster. The author suggests a fivefold interpretation of Napster{\textquoteright}s implications as a guideline of what cybermedia do well, and how theological educators can use cybermedia to enrich their classroom teaching by distinguishing online from in-class education. Cybermedia serve best when they do not duplicate or usurp functions best accomplished in person, and personal interaction thrives when not burdened with information-transmission that might as well take place online.
},
	doi = {10.1111/1467-9647.00113},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9647.00113/abstract},
	author = {Adam, A. K. M.}
}
@book {1697,
	title = {Pluralismo, Tolerancia y religi{\'o}n en Colombia.},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {202},
	publisher = {Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana},
	organization = {Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana},
	edition = {1},
	address = {Medell{\'\i}n, Colombia},
	abstract = {Investigaci{\'o}n hist{\'o}rica sobre el catolicismo en Colombia, la pluralidad religiosa y los enfrentamientos pol{\'\i}ticos y religiosos. },
	keywords = {colombian church, pluralism, tolerance, war and religion},
	isbn = {978-958-696-888-1},
	issn = {978-958-696-888-1},
	url = {www.upb.edu.co ; https://www.academia.edu/694741/Guerra_y_religi\%C3\%B3n_en_Colombia},
	author = {Arboleda, Carlos}
}
@book {395,
	title = {Personal Connections in the Digital Age},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	organization = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
	address = {Cambridge},
	abstract = {The internet and the mobile phone have disrupted many of our conventional understandings of our selves and our relationships, raising anxieties and hopes about their effects on our lives. This timely and vibrant book provides frameworks for thinking critically about the roles of digital media in personal relationships. Rather than providing exuberant accounts or cautionary tales, it offers a data-grounded primer on how to make sense of these important changes in relational life. The book identifies the core relational issues these media disturb and shows how the ways we talk about them echo historical discussions about earlier communication technologies. Chapters explore how we use mediated language and nonverbal behavior to develop and maintain communities, social networks, new relationships, and to maintain relationships in our everyday lives. It combines research findings with lively examples to address questions such as whether mediated interaction can be warm and personal, whether people are honest about themselves online, whether relationships that start online can work, and whether using these media damages the other relationships in our lives. Throughout, the book argues for approaching these questions with firm understandings of the qualities ofmedia as well as the social and personal contexts in which they are developed and used. Personal Connections in the Digital Age will be required reading for all students and scholars of media, communication studies, and sociology, as well as all those who want a firmer understanding of digital media and everyday life--Publisher.},
	keywords = {Connection, Digital, relationships},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Personal_Connections_in_the_Digital_Age.html?id=JRyOQAAACAAJ},
	author = {Baym, N.}
}
@article {2066,
	title = {Private practice: Using digital diaries and interviews to understand evangelical Christians{\textquoteright} choice and use of religious mobile applications},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {111-125},
	abstract = {Religious mobile applications (apps) offer a relatively new space for religious practices such as studying sacred texts, prayer, and meditation. To date, most studies in the digital religion literature, and to some extent in general mobile app studies, focus inquiry on app content and/or design only. This study advances these areas of study by extending inquiry to the mobile app audience by exploring how Evangelical Christians actually choose and use religious mobile apps, and how app engagement informs their religious identities. Data from qualitative digital diary reports and in-depth interviews were analyzed within Campbell{\textquoteright}s networked religion framework, specifically through the storied identity and networked community concepts. Findings explicate the combination of online and offline resources used for choosing apps, shifting core religious practices from offline to mobile contexts, and a lack of networked community engagement for sharing private religious app experiences.},
	keywords = {digital diaries, Evangelical Christian, mobile apps, religion},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649922},
	author = {Bellar, W}
}
@article {2173,
	title = {Private practice: Using digital diaries and interviews to understand evangelical Christians{\textquoteright} choice and use of religious mobile applications},
	journal = {New Media \& Society },
	volume = {19},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {111-125},
	abstract = {Religious mobile applications (apps) offer a relatively new space for religious practices such as studying sacred texts, prayer, and meditation. To date, most studies in the digital religion literature, and to some extent in general mobile app studies, focus inquiry on app content and/or design only. This study advances these areas of study by extending inquiry to the mobile app audience by exploring how Evangelical Christians actually choose and use religious mobile apps, and how app engagement informs their religious identities. Data from qualitative digital diary reports and in-depth interviews were analyzed within Campbell{\textquoteright}s networked religion framework, specifically through the storied identity and networked community concepts. Findings explicate the combination of online and offline resources used for choosing apps, shifting core religious practices from offline to mobile contexts, and a lack of networked community engagement for sharing private religious app experiences.},
	keywords = {digital diaries, Digital Religion, Evangelical Christians, mobile application, mobile audiences, networked community, networked religion, storied identity},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649922},
	author = {Bellar,W}
}
@book {352,
	title = {Power failure: Christianity in the culture of technology},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Brazos Press},
	organization = {Brazos Press},
	address = {Grand Rapids, MI},
	abstract = {We live in a culture shaped and fueled by technology. Usually we equate access to technology with opportunity and the chance to pursue "the good life." Power Failure raises some crucial, if disconcerting, questions about technology: If technology liberates us, what kind of liberation does it promise? Are we prospering, and by what definition? Albert Borgmann looks at the relationship between Christianity and technology by examining some of the "invisible" dangers of a technology-driven lifestyle. Specifically, he points out how utility and consumption have replaced connection to physical things and meaningful practices in everyday life. Power Failure calls us to redeem and restrain technology through simple Christian practices, including citizen-based decision making, shared meals, and daily Scripture reading.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Power_failure.html?id=NVfXAAAAMAAJ},
	author = {Borgmann, A.}
}
@book {2862,
	title = {Perplexed Religion},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {Observatory of Media, Religion and Culture},
	organization = {Observatory of Media, Religion and Culture},
	url = {http://www.obsblanquerna.com/perplexed-religion-3/},
	author = {Diez bosch, Miriam and Melloni, Alberto and Mic{\`o}, Josep Luis}
}
@article {2890,
	title = {The presentation of self in the online world: Goffman and the study of online identities},
	journal = {Journal of Information Science},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {This paper presents an exemplification and discussion of the contemporaneity of Erving Goffman{\textquoteright}s work and of its applicability to the analysis of identity and presentation of self in the blogging and Second Life (SL) contexts. An analysis of online identity and interaction practices in 10 different cases of bloggers and SL inhabitants and of their online spaces is presented in terms of: expressions given; embellishment as a minor form of persona adoption; dividing the self; conforming and {\textquoteleft}fitting in{\textquoteright}; and masking, anonymity and pseudonimity. The key finding of the research is that, contrary to engaging with the process of whole persona adoption, participants were keen to re-create their offline self online, but engaged in editing facets of self. This emphasizes the key premise in Goffman{\textquoteright}s work that, when in {\textquoteleft}front stage{\textquoteright}, people deliberately chose to project a given identity. It is concluded that Goffman{\textquoteright}s original framework is of great usefulness as an explanatory framework for understanding identity through interaction and the presentation of self in the online world. Equally, the online environment, with its enhanced potential for editing the self, can offer opportunities to contribute to the further development of the Goffman framework.
},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0165551512470051?journalCode=jisb},
	author = {Liam Bullingham and Ana C. Vasconcelos}
}
@article {91,
	title = {Postcyborg ethics: A new way to speak of technology?},
	journal = {EME: Exploration in Media Ecology},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {279-296},
	keywords = {cyborg, ethics, religion, technology},
	url = {http://www.media-ecology.org/publications/Explorations_Media_Ecology/v5n4.html},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@book {2064,
	title = {Playing with Religion in Digital Games},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	address = {Bloomington, IN},
	abstract = {Shaman, paragon, God-mode: modern video games are heavily coded with religious undertones. From the Shinto-inspired Japanese video game Okami to the internationally popular The Legend of Zelda and Halo, many video games rely on religious themes and symbols to drive the narrative and frame the storyline. Playing with Religion in Digital Games explores the increasingly complex relationship between gaming and global religious practices. For example, how does religion help organize the communities in MMORPGs such as World of Warcraft? What role has censorship played in localizing games like Actraiser in the western world? How do evangelical Christians react to violence, gore, and sexuality in some of the most popular games such as Mass Effect or Grand Theft Auto? With contributions by scholars and gamers from all over the world, this collection offers a unique perspective to the intersections of religion and the virtual world.},
	keywords = {digital games, religion},
	issn = {978-0-253-01253-1},
	url = {http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/product_info.php?products_id=807175},
	author = {Campbell, H and Grieve, G}
}
@article {2045,
	title = {Problematizing the Human-Technology Relationship through Techno-Spiritual Myths Presented in The Machine, Transcendence and Her},
	journal = {Journal of Religion \& Film},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {Article 21 },
	abstract = {This article explores three common techno-spiritual myths presented in three recent science fiction films, highlighting how the perceived spiritual nature of technology sets-out an inherently problematic relationship between humanity and technology. In The Machine, Transcendence and Her, human-created computers offer salvation from human limitations. Yet these creations eventually overpower their creators and threaten humanity as a whole. Each film is underwritten by a techno-spiritual myths including: {\textquotedblleft}technology as divine transcendence{\textquotedblright} (where technology is shown to endow humans with divine qualities, {\textquotedblleft}technological mysticism{\textquotedblright} (framing technology practice as a form of religion/spirituality) and {\textquotedblleft}techgnosis{\textquotedblright} (where technology itself is presented as a God). Each myth highlights how the human relationship to technology is often framed in spiritual terms, not only in cinema, but in popular culture in general. I argue these myths inform the storylines of these films, and spotlight common concerns about the outcome of human engagement with new technologies. By identifying these myths and discussing how they inform these films, a techno-spirituality grounded in distinctive posthuman narratives about the future of humanity is revealed.},
	keywords = {spiritual, technology},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol20/iss1/21/},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {2098,
	title = {PICTURE: The Adoption of ICT by Catholic Priest},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture. Perspectives, Practices and Futures},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {131{\textendash}149},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {This anthology - the first of its kind in eight years - collects some of the best and most current research and reflection on the complex interactions between religion and computer-mediated communication (CMC). The contributions cohere around the central question: how will core religious understandings of identity, community and authority shape and be (re)shaped by the communicative possibilities of Web 2.0? The authors gathered here address these questions in three distinct ways: through contemporary empirical research on how diverse traditions across the globe seek to take up the technologies and affordances of contemporary CMC; through investigations that place these contemporary developments in larger historical and theological contexts; and through careful reflection on the theoretical dimensions of research on religion and CMC. In their introductory and concluding essays, the editors uncover and articulate the larger intersections and patterns suggested by individual chapters, including trajectories for future research.},
	keywords = {Catholic, ICT},
	issn = {9781433114748},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Digital_Religion_Social_Media_and_Cultur.html?id=I7GqtgAACAAJ},
	author = {Cantoni, L and Rapetti, E and Tardini, S and Vannini, S and Arasa, D}
}
@article {2907,
	title = {Procedural justice in contacts with the police: Testing a relational model of authority in a mixed methods study},
	journal = {Psychology, Public Policy, and Law},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {A relational model of authority (Tyler \& Lind, 1992) emphasizes the role of procedural justice (the fairness of methods used to achieve outcomes) in public support for and evaluation of the police. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, this study tested the model in the context of victim{\textendash}police interactions. In-depth interviews were conducted with 110 people who had reported a crime (personal or property) to the police in the previous year. Quantitative findings supported the predictions that higher perceived antecedents of procedural justice would be associated with higher perceived legitimacy (obligation to obey the law), outcome fairness, and satisfaction with the contact. Antecedents of procedural justice were a stronger predictor of outcome fairness and satisfaction than the realization of a desired outcome, and a stronger predictor of legitimacy than criminal history. Qualitative findings supported these results. It appears that procedural justice has the potential for helping to motivate individuals with criminal history to obey the law. Implications for evaluation of police performance are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232563422_Procedural_Justice_in_Contacts_with_the_Police_Testing_a_Relational_Model_of_Authority_in_a_Mixed_Methods_Study},
	author = {Elliott, I. and Thomas, S. D. M. and Ogloff, J. R. P.}
}
@article {1176,
	title = {Prophetic Communities Online? Threat and promise for the church in cyberspace},
	journal = {Listening: Journal of Religion and Culture},
	volume = {34},
	year = {1999},
	chapter = {87},
	keywords = {cyberspace, prophetic church, Prophetic Communities},
	url = {http://www.drury.edu/ess/church/church.html},
	author = {Charles Ess}
}
@book {2928,
	title = {The presentation of self in everyday life},
	year = {1990},
	publisher = {Penguin},
	organization = {Penguin},
	abstract = {A notable contribution to our understanding of ourselves. This book explores the realm of human behavior in social situations and the way that we appear to others.  Dr. Goffman uses the metaphor of theatrical performance as a framework. Each person in everyday social intercourse presents himself and his activity to others, attempts to guide and cotnrol the impressions they form of him, and employs certain techniques in order to sustain his performance, just as an actor presents a character to an audience.  The discussions of these social techniques offered here are based upon detailed research and observation of social customs in many regions.},
	url = {https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/61106/the-presentation-of-self-in-everyday-life-by-erving-goffman/},
	author = {Goffman, E}
}
@inbook {397,
	title = {Performing Rituals in Virtual Worlds {\textendash} A Contested Field},
	booktitle = {RItual, Media, and Conflict},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Rituals can provoke or escalate conflict, but they can also mediate it and although conflict is a normal aspect of human life, mass media technologies are changing the dynamics of conflict and shaping strategies for deploying rituals. This collection of essays emerged from a two-year project based on collaboration between the Faculty of Religious Studies at Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands and the Ritual Dynamics Collaborative Research Center at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. An interdisciplinary team of twenty-four scholars locates, describes, and explores cases in which media-driven rituals or ritually saturated media instigate, disseminate, or escalate conflict. Each multi-authored chapter is built around global and local examples of ritualized, mediatized conflict. The book{\textquoteright}s central question is: "When ritual and media interact (either by the mediatizing of ritual or by the ritualizing of media), how do the patterns of conflict change?"},
	keywords = {ritualized media, Rituals, Virtual},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=JX_IhpLDygQC\&pg=PA3\&lpg=PA3\&dq=Ritual,+Media+and+Conflict\&source=bl\&ots=1iFZveKmse\&sig=kQO2xAWWQ6CEGp-UvMpqfAgypnc\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=-lksT9GkHeLE2wWojMiJDw\&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA$\#$v=onepage\&q=Ritual\%2C\%20Media\%20and\%20Conflict\&f=false},
	author = {Heidbrink , S and Radde-Antweiler, K. and Miczek, N}
}
@inbook {410,
	title = {Popular religion and the internet. a match made in (cyber)heaven},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {23-35},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Helland, C}
}
@book {1288,
	title = {Practicing Religion in the Age of the Media: Explorations in Media, Religion, and Culture },
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Columbia University Press},
	organization = {Columbia University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {increasingly, the religious practices people engage in and the ways they talk about what is meaningful or sacred take place in the context of media culture{\textemdash}in the realm of the so-called secular. 

Focusing on this intersection of the sacred and the secular, this volume gathers together the work of media experts, religious historians, sociologists of religion, and authorities on American studies and art history. Topics range from Islam on the Internet to the quasi-religious practices of Elvis fans, from the uses of popular culture by the Salvation Army in its early years to the uses of interactive media technologies at the Simon Wiesenthal Center{\textquoteright}s Beit Hashoah Museum of Tolerance. The issues that the essays address include the public/private divide, the distinctions between the sacred and profane, and how to distinguish between the practices that may be termed {\textquotedblleft}religious{\textquotedblright} and those that may not.},
	keywords = {Beit Hashoah, popular culture, quasi-religious practices, Sacred, Salvation Army, Secular},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=9aDg8Ih78QAC\&dq=religion+and+internet\&lr=\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Stewart M. Hoover and Lynn Schofield Clark}
}
@article {1259,
	title = {Personal Religion Online},
	year = {2004},
	abstract = {Paper presented at Internet Research 5.0, University of Sussex, England.},
	keywords = {American Life Project, internet, Pew Internet, religion, spiritual religious, survey},
	url = {http://gsb.haifa.ac.il/~sheizaf/AOIR5/131.html},
	author = {Stewart Hoover and Lynn Schofield Clark}
}
@article {399,
	title = {{\textquoteright}The Politics of Familiarity: Visual, Liturgical and Organisational Conformity in the Online Church},
	journal = {Special Issue on Aesthetics and the Dimensions of the Senses},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {63-86},
	abstract = {{\textquotedblleft}Online churches{\textquotedblright} are Internet-based Christian communities, pursuing worship, education, support, proselytisation and other religious goals through computer-mediated communication. This paper draws on three years of participant observation and 50 interviews to investigate reliance on the familiar in the aesthetics and sensory experience of online religion, a trend that previous researchers have noticed but not fully explained. I use two ethnographic studies to explore the range of motivations that can guide this common strategy and consider visual design, use of sound, avatar gestures, awareness of co-presence and the physical activity of the computer user. Key factors include the desire to {\textquotedblleft}frame{\textquotedblright} participant expectations, {\textquotedblleft}ground{\textquotedblright} online experience, demonstrate theological {\textquotedblleft}authenticity{\textquotedblright} and encourage participatory leadership, and these achievements are used to validate experimentation in other areas. This strategy is not uncontested, however: {\textquotedblleft}outsiders{\textquotedblright} are frequently deterred by styles that {\textquotedblleft}insiders{\textquotedblright} consider {\textquotedblleft}normal{\textquotedblright}, and both churches have begun to explore new forms of architecture, ritual and communication with no clear offline parallels. New blends of familiarity and innovation are emerging, indicating some of the future directions of online churchmanship.

My two case studies, the Anglican Cathedral of Second Life and LifeChurch.tv Church Online, reflect two key trends among online churches: the proliferation of small-scale independent congregations and the increasing involvement of wealthy institutions. The empirical and theoretical dimensions of this paper are innovative and timely, drawing attention to the professionalization and domestication of online religion and the rise of the {\textquotedblleft}online campus{\textquotedblright}, key developments that deserve considerable scholarly attention.},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2010/11298/pdf/04.pdf},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@book {2941,
	title = {Postmodern youth ministry},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {Zondervan},
	organization = {Zondervan},
	address = {Grand Rapids},
	abstract = {The rules have changed. Everything you believe is suspect. The world is up for grabs. Welcome to the emerging postmodern culture. A "free zone" of rapid change that places high value on community, authenticity, and even God--but has little interest in modern, Western-tinged Christianity. Postmodern Youth Ministry addresses these enormous philosophical shifts and shows how they{\textquoteright}re affecting teenagers.
},
	url = {https://www.zondervan.com/9780310238171/postmodern-youth-ministry/},
	author = {Jones, T}
}
@mastersthesis {71,
	title = {Pixelated Stained Glass: A Fantasy Theme Analysis of Online and Face-to-Face Christian Community},
	volume = {MA},
	year = {2007},
	month = {July 2007},
	school = {Ball State University},
	address = {Muncie, Indiana},
	abstract = {This thesis investigates how two Christian communities {\textendash} differentiated primarily by their medium of communication {\textendash} characterize and cast Christian community. The method of fantasy theme analysis was used to explore this thesis{\textquoteright}s central research question; namely, are content differences present in the ways in which face-to-face and digital communication systems characterize and cast the Christian sense of community? After an analysis of St. Pixels Church of the Internet (digital communication) and St. Luke{\textquoteright}s United Methodist Church (face-to-face communication) it was found that the online community demonstrated a rhetorical vision of koinonia, while the face-to-face community demonstrated a rhetorical vision of ekklesia.},
	url = {http://jwchesebro.iweb.bsu.edu/digitalstorytelling/Theses/Jones_Elizabeth_Complete_Thesis_March_2007.pdf},
	author = {Elizabeth B. Jones}
}
@article {2726,
	title = {The projectilic image: Islamic State{\textquoteright}s digital visual warfare and global networked affect},
	journal = {Media, Culture \& Society},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {Islamic State{\textquoteright}s (IS) image-warfare presents an auspicious opportunity to grasp the growing role of digital images in emerging configurations of global conflict. To understand IS{\textquoteright} image-warfare, this article explores the central role of digital images in the group{\textquoteright}s war spectacle and identifies a key modality of this new kind of warfare: global networked affect. To this end, the analysis focuses on three primary sources: two Arabic-language IS books, Management of Savagery (2004) and O{\textquoteright} Media Worker, You Are a Mujahid!, 2nd Edition (2016), and a video, Healing the Believers{\textquoteright} Chests (2015), featuring the spectacular burning of a Jordanian air force pilot captured by IS. It uses the method of {\textquoteleft}iconology{\textquoteright} within a case-study approach. I analyze IS{\textquoteright} doctrine of image-warfare explained in the two books and, in turn, examine how this doctrine is executed in IS video production, conceptualizing digital video as a specific permutation of moving digital images uniquely able to enact, and via repetition, to maintain, visual and narrative tension between movement and stillness, speed and slowness, that diffuses global network affect. Using a theoretical framework combining spectacle, new media phenomenology, and affect theory, the article concludes that global networked affect is projectilic, mimicking fast, lethal, penetrative objects. IS visual warfare, I argue, is best understood through the notion of the {\textquoteleft}projectilic image{\textquoteright}.
},
	keywords = {digital image, digital video},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0163443717725575},
	author = {Kraidy, Marwan M}
}
@article {2966,
	title = {Power vs. influence: Knowing the difference could make or break your company},
	journal = {Forbes.com},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {Beth Kuhel writes about leadership strategies and tips for rising up in the workplace. Connect with Beth on LinkedIn and Twitter @BethKuhel},
	url = {https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2017/11/02/power-vs-influence-knowing-the-difference-could-make-or-break-your-company/?sh=46bc772b357c},
	author = {Kuhel, B.}
}
@book {2809,
	title = {Prayer, Pop and Politics: Researching Religious Youth in Migration Society},
	series = {V\&r Unipress},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {This interdisciplinary volume presents research at the intersection of religion, age and race and tackles the question what it is like to be young and religious in a migration society. The chapters{\textquoteright} foci range from digital and offline activism of religious youth to participatory action research projects on radicalisation prevention. The authors present research on various religious traditions, and apply an array of different theoretical angles including feminist, post- and de-colonial perspectives. In going one step further, the volume engages in the debate over novel conceptual frameworks attuned to investigate contemporary manifestations of youth religiosity, for example in digital spaces. The methodological chapters strongly advocate for reflexivity in the context of empirical research on religion in migration society. In discussing the implications of insider and outsider positions in research, as well as researchers{\textquoteright} privileges and the challenges in concept operationalization, it promotes a self-evaluative assessment of researchers{\textquoteright} positionalities.},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Prayer-Pop-Politics-Transformation-Contemporary/dp/3847109790},
	author = {Limacher, Katharina and Mattes, Astrid and Novak, Christoph}
}
@article {2990,
	title = {The presentation of self in electronic life: Goffman on the Internet},
	year = {1964},
	abstract = {Paper presented at Embodied Knowledge and Virtual Space Conference, Goldsmiths{\textquoteright} College, University of London. },
	url = {https://smg.media.mit.edu/library/miller1995.html},
	author = {Miller, H.}
}
@article {2728,
	title = {Posting images on the web: the creative viewer and non-violent resistance against terrorism},
	journal = {Material Religion},
	year = {2006},
	abstract = {In this article I investigate how the web was used for expressing non-violent resistance in the wake of the July 2005 bombings in London. I first describe how one website, entitled "We are not afraid," became a space for displaying and viewing responses to these attacks. My contention is that, to describe this phenomenon either as the creation of a fully fledged online community or simply as an electronic noticeboard is to oversimplify what is both a fluid and a social network. Indeed, the phenomenon is better described as a diverse collective representation in the face of shared trauma. In order to test this thesis out, I develop a taxonomy of postings showing the uses that these images are put to, including to console, to encourage, to explain and to exhort. Second, I look at the communicative ripples caused by this site, including the development of other sites that accepted the posting of satirical pictures and more explicit religious imagery. Third, I examine written responses to this web phenomenon, showing how these sites became catalysts for further interaction. On the basis of this analysis I make a number of observations, including that this represents a visually dominated, highly original and largely transitory network of resistance against terrorism.},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233705911_Posting_Images_on_the_Web_The_Creative_Viewer_and_Non-violent_Resistance_Against_Terrorism},
	author = {Mitchell, Jolyon}
}
@book {2877,
	title = { Promoting Peace, Inciting Violence: The Role of Religion and Media },
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	abstract = {This book explores how media and religion combine to play a role in promoting peace and inciting violence. It analyses a wide range of media - from posters, cartoons and stained glass to websites, radio and film - and draws on diverse examples from around the world, including Iran, Rwanda and South Africa.

Part One considers how various media forms can contribute to the creation of violent environments: by memorialising past hurts; by instilling fear of the {\textquoteleft}other{\textquoteright}; by encouraging audiences to fight, to die or to kill neighbours for an apparently greater good.
Part Two explores how film can bear witness to past acts of violence, how film-makers can reveal the search for truth, justice and reconciliation, and how new media can become sites for non-violent responses to terrorism and government oppression. To what extent can popular media arts contribute to imagining and building peace, transforming weapons into art, swords into ploughshares?},
	url = {https://www.amazon.com/Promoting-Peace-Inciting-Violence-Religion/dp/041555747X},
	author = {Jolyon Mitchell}
}
@book {367,
	title = {The playful world: how technology is transforming our imaginationms},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Ballantine Books},
	organization = {Ballantine Books},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {As you read these words, the architects of the new virtual reality are inventing a world you never imagined: call it the playful world. It{\textquoteright}s a world of interactive Web-based toys that instantly collapse the gulf between wish and existence, space and time, animate and inanimate. It{\textquoteright}s a world where the entire fabric of the material world becomes manipulable, programmable, mutable. Situated at the crossroads of high technology and popular culture, the playful world is taking shape at the speed of electronic creativity. Are you ready for it? Your kids are. In this spellbinding new book, Mark Pesce, one of the pioneers in the ongoing technological revolution, explores how a new kind of knowing and a new way of creating are transforming the culture of our time. It started, bizarrely enough, with Furbys, the first toys that had the "will" to grow and interact intelligently with their environment. As Pesce argues, Furbys, for all their cloying cuteness, were a vital sign of a new human endeavor--the ability to copy part of our own intelligence into the physical world. But engineers of the playful world have already gone much further into considerably stranger virtual realms. Pesce takes us inside the world{\textquoteright}s cutting-edge research facilities where the distinction between bits and atoms is rapidly dissolving. We meet the creators of LEGO Mindstorms, a snap-together plastic device that intelligently controls motors and processes data from sensors. We watch technological geniuses like Marvin Minsky and Eric Drexler turn the theoretical breakthroughs of Nobel laureate Richard Feynman into "nanites"-- tiny ultra-high-speed computers that replicate intelligent life. We observe the launch of the amazing and much-anticipated Sony Playstation 2, a platform that will allow us to bring synthetic worlds into the home and create a gateway to the living planet. Web-based toys are only the beginning--the first glimmer of a new reality that is transforming our entire culture with incredible speed and power. After all, thanks to the computer revolution and the Internet, all of us already command powers that just a generation ago would have been described as magical. Magic is about to take on a whole new dimension. In this dazzling book, Mark Pesce offers a mind-bending preview of the incredible future that awaits us all in The Playful World.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/The_playful_world.html?id=VwDqicYPyM4C},
	author = {Pesce, M.}
}
@article {2831,
	title = {Pushing boundaries and blurring categories in digital media and religion research},
	journal = {Sociology Compass},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {As religious identity and spiritual practices transform and expand in the digital media moment, this article advocates for more critical scholarship on media and religion that examines the complex ways that individuals make meaning in the digital age. First, I present an overview of foundational media and religion theories that analyze the interactions between these ever-changing fields, such as the culturalist tradition, mediatization theory, and the social shaping of technology approach. Furthermore, this essay highlights insightful research trends that blur distinctions between media spaces and complicate definitions of religion. Finally, a discussion of gaps in the scholarship will justify an argument for more theories centered in international contexts, as well as analysis of the relationships between media technologies, aesthetics, affect, identity and religious expression. These emerging approaches provide more in-depth discussions of how the fast-changing and ever-complex digital culture is deeply connected to the evolving nature of religion and human existence.},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/soc4.12769},
	author = {Peterson, Kristin M.}
}
@book {427,
	title = {Practically Religious: Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion of Japan},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {University of Hawai{\textquoteright}i Press},
	organization = {University of Hawai{\textquoteright}i Press},
	address = {Honolulu},
	author = {Reader, Ian and Tanabe, George J.}
}
@inbook {2069,
	title = {On Pomegranates and Etrogs: Internet Filters as Practices of Media Ambivalence among National Religious Jews in Israel},
	booktitle = {Digital Judaism: Jewish Negotiations with Digital Media and Culture},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {145-160},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In the contemporary environment of media saturation, users are continually making choices about the types and kinds of media technologies to employ or avoid at different moments and places in their everyday lives. Some of these choices are based on simple technical or practical criterion (i.e., my smartphone is easy to access during my daily commute), while others are informed by a sense of decorum (i.e., one should not text during a funeral) or the idea that self-imposed limits of media use will lead to a more balanced lifestyle (i.e., no e-mail after work hours). Among such abundance, it is nearly impossible to be an early adopter or enthusiastic user of all media-users are constantly making choices (i.e., to text rather than telephone, to invest in a laptop but not in a smartphone, etc.), and through these choices they express ambivalence about certain media and enthusiasm about others. Users{\textquoteright} deliberations and discussions about these choices and practices are increasingly employed as identity markers (Hoover, Clark and Alters, 2004; Seiter, 2003). Media consumption and avoidance of specific contents or technologies are not only practical choices but also are expressions of identification with a specific class, ethnic, religious or spiritual community.},
	keywords = {internet filters, Israel, Jews, religious},
	issn = {978-0415736244},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317817345/chapters/10.4324\%2F9781315818597-13},
	author = {Rosenthal, M and Ribak, R}
}
@inbook {2156,
	title = {The People of the Nook: Jewish Use of the Internet},
	booktitle = {The Changing World Religion Map},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3831-3856},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {Considered both an ethnic group and a religious group, there are about 13{\textendash}14 million Jews worldwide (0.2 \% of the population). The 6.7 million Jews in the U.S. constitute about 2 \% of the American population. Internet usage by the American Jewish community is significant as an educational resource and a communication tool. As early as 2000, the National Jewish Population Survey found that 40 \% of Jewish adults used the internet for Jewish-related information in 1999, a remarkable figure given that the internet only really entered the public domain in a significant way in the mid-1990s. Thus, the {\textquotedblleft}People of the Book{\textquotedblright} have embraced technology to become the {\textquotedblleft}People of the Nook.{\textquotedblright} First, we examine those using the internet both for general information about Jewish-related items and their local Jewish communities. The extent to which various demographic and religious subgroups of American Jews use the internet is also explored. Second, internet uses are examined, including educational purposes, ritual obligations (z{\textquoteright}manim, counting the Omer, eruvim, electronic Yahrtzeit boards), convening a minyan, and conducting research. From the proliferation of mobile applications and web-based communication tools to the ever-growing storehouse of information, modern technology has made a significant imprint upon Jewish religious practice. The internet continues to play an important and positive role in Jewish religious life, as both an educational medium and a tool for performing religious tasks. Judaism, like other faiths, puts significant emphasis on community and physical proximity. The use of the internet to form a community by overcoming geographic space at almost no cost is an exciting opportunity allowing people to participate who might otherwise be unable because of time and cost constraints or physical limitations. But does this community downplay the physical proximity that allows one to comfort a mourner by a hug or a pat on the back?},
	keywords = {internet, Jewish},
	issn = {978-94-017-9375-9},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_202$\#$citeas},
	author = {Sheskin, I and Liben, M}
}
@article {266,
	title = {Palestine in Pixels: The Holy Land, Arab-Israeli Conflict, and Reality Construction in Video Games},
	journal = {Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {275{\textendash}292},
	abstract = {This article explores the ways in which Palestine is envisioned, and its representation constructed, in contemporary video games. At the same time, capitalizing on Bogost{\textquoteright}s notion of "procedurality", this article discusses the potential and limitations of various game genres for modeling complex historical, social, and political realities. It focuses particularly on the ways in which the Arab-Israeli conflict is mediated and its perception and evaluation subsequently shaped by these games. By doing so, this article analyzes how the (re)constructions of reality as provided by the video games{\textquoteright} graphical, textual, and procedural logic, serve parallel - albeit contradictory - political and ideological interpretations of real-world events. Essentially, this article argues that the procedural forms, i.e. the common models of user interaction as utilized by particular video game genres, fundamentally shape and limit the ways in which reality is communicated to the players. Therefore, on a more general level, this article aims to further develop the game genres{\textquoteright} critique by focusing on two contrasting, but equally significant and simultaneous, aspects of video games - the persuasive power of procedurality and the inherent limitations thereof.},
	url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/mjcc/2009/00000002/00000002/art00007?token=00471231d7275c277b42576b462176743b702c492b5f592f653b672c57582a72752d703},
	author = {Sisler, Vit}
}
@article {2750,
	title = {Procedural religion: Methodological reflections on studying religion in video games},
	journal = {New Media \& Society},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {The article discusses the methodological aspects of studying religion in video games. It examines the concept of {\textquotedblleft}procedural religion,{\textquotedblright} that is, the representations of religion via rule-systems in games, and investigates how we can formally analyze these representations. The article uses Petri Nets, a mathematical and a graphical tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing discrete event systems, in order to analyze how religion is represented in the rule-systems of two different mainstream video games{\textemdash}Age of Empires II, developed in the United States, and Quraish, developed in Syria. By comparing the rule-systems of both games, the article provides empirical evidence on how game rule-systems migrate between cultures and influence local game production by providing local game developers with pre-defined formulas for expressing their ideas while simultaneously limiting the scope of such expression with schematized patterns. On a more general level, the article discusses what rule-system analysis can tell us about video games as cultural and religious artifacts.},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649923?journalCode=nmsa},
	author = {Sisler, Vit}
}
@inbook {1251,
	title = {The Play Is the Thing: From Bible Fights to Passions of the Christ},
	booktitle = {Halos and Avatars: Playing Video Games With God},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Westminster John Knox Press},
	organization = {Westminster John Knox Press},
	chapter = {3},
	keywords = {Christianity, Immersion, interactivity, Jesus, narrativity, Parody, player-viewer, video games},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=GomyEvcocJsC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Wagner, R}
}
@book {245,
	title = {The Pearly Gates of Cyberspace},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {Virago},
	organization = {Virago},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Cyberspace may seem an unlikely gateway for the soul. But as science commentator Margaret Wertheim argues in this "marvelously provocative" (Kirkus Reviews) book, cyberspace has in recent years become a repository for immense spiritual yearning. Wertheim explores the mapping of spiritual desire onto digitized space and suggests that the modem today has become a metaphysical escape-hatch from a materialism that many people find increasingly dissatisfying. Cyberspace opens up a collective space beyond the laws of physics-a space where mind rather than matter reigns. This strange refuge returns us to an almost medieval dualism between a physical space of body and an immaterial space of mind and psyche.},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=H7nH08cGvbcC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Wertheim, Maragret}
}
