@inbook {1301,
	title = {Grassroots Religion: Facebook and Offline Post-Denominational Judaism },
	booktitle = {Social Media Religion and Spirituality},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = { De Gruyter},
	organization = { De Gruyter},
	chapter = {8},
	address = {Berlin},
	keywords = {Facebook, Jews, Judaism, Online, self-generated, social media, social network, Youth},
	url = {http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/46335/1/SMRC_Umbruch_24_7_13.pdf$\#$page=147},
	author = {Nathan Abrams and Sally Baker and B. J. Brown}
}
@conference {2107,
	title = {The Beauty of Ugliness: Preserving while Communicating Online with Shared Graphic Photos},
	booktitle = {European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Springer },
	organization = {Springer },
	address = {Nancy, France },
	abstract = {In this paper, we report on interviews with 11 Shia content creators who create and share graphic, bloody photos of Tatbeer, a religious ritual involving self-harm practices on Ashura, the death anniversary of the prophet Muhammad{\textquoteright}s grandson. We show how graphic images serve as an object of communication in religious practices with the local community, the inner-self, and a wider audience. In particular, we highlight how content creators appropriated, in their own words, {\textquotedblleft}ugly{\textquotedblright} photos to preserve the authenticity and beauty of their rituals while communicating their own interpretation of such rituals to others. We suggest that ugliness may be regarded as a useful resource to inform systems that seek to invite dialogue with marginalized or minority groups.},
	keywords = {Graphic Photos, Gulf Arabs, Online photo sharing, social media},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10606-018-9331-3$\#$citeas},
	author = {Alshehri, M and Su, N.M}
}
@article {2177,
	title = {Islamophobia and Twitter: A Typology of Online Hate Against Muslims on Social Media},
	journal = {Policy \& Internet },
	volume = {6},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133-150},
	abstract = {The Woolwich attack in May 2013 has led to a spate of hate crimes committed against Muslim communities in the United Kindom. These incidents include Muslim women being targeted for wearing the headscarf and mosques being vandalized. While street level Islamophobia remains an important area of investigation, an equally disturbing picture is emerging with the rise in online anti-Muslim abuse. This article argues that online Islamophobia must be given the same level of attention as street level Islamophobia. It examines 500 tweets from 100 different Twitter users to examine how Muslims are being viewed and targeted by perpetrators of online abuse via the Twitter search engine, and offers a typology of offender characteristics.},
	keywords = {Islamophobia, Muslims, Online, social media, Twitter},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1944-2866.POI364},
	author = {Awan, I}
}
@article {1309,
	title = {Baring Their Souls in Online Profiles or Not? Religious Self-Disclosure in Social Media},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {744},
	abstract = {This study measured the prevalence of religious self-disclosure in public MySpace profiles that belonged to a subsample of National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) wave 3 respondents (N = 560). Personal attributes associated with religious identification as well as the overall quantity of religious self-disclosures are examined. A majority (62 percent) of profile owners identified their religious affiliations online, although relatively few profile owners (30 percent) said anything about religion outside the religion-designated field. Most affiliation reports (80 percent) were consistent with the profile owner{\textquoteright}s reported affiliation on the survey. Religious profile owners disclosed more about religion when they also believed that religion is a public matter or if they evaluated organized religion positively. Evangelical Protestants said more about religion than other respondents. Religiosity, believing that religion is a public matter, and the religiosity of profile owners{\textquoteright} friendship group were all positively associated with religious identification and self-disclosure.},
	keywords = {emerging adults, New Media, religious identity, self-disclosure, social media},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01597.x/abstract;jsessionid=9B8826AC18C2E87FC1ED90C4479B63D2.f01t04},
	author = {Piotr S. Bobkowski and Lisa D. Pearce}
}
@article {1008,
	title = {Al Jazeera{\textquoteright}s Framing of Social Media During the Arab Spring. },
	journal = {CyberOrient},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {This study investigates how Al Jazeera framed social media in relation to the revolutions and protests of the {\textquotedblleft}Arab Spring{\textquotedblright} within its broadcast media coverage. A content analysis of Arabic language broadcasts appearing from January 25th through February 18th 2011, covering the protests in Tahrir Square, was conducted using the Broadcast Monitoring System (BMS) and Arab Spring Archive. Through this analysis we see a number of common narratives being used by Al Jazeera to frame social media and make claims about the influence they had on the protests and related social movements. By noting the frequency of social communications technologies referenced, ways in which these technologies were characterized and interpreting supporting themes with which they were identified helps illuminate the assumptions promoted by Al Jazeera regarding the role and impact of social communications technology on these events.},
	keywords = {activism, Arab Spring, democracy, Egypt, information and communication technology, internet, public sphere, satellite TV, social media},
	url = {http://www.cyberorient.net/article.do?articleId=7758},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Diana Hawk}
}
@inbook {2055,
	title = {Internet and social media},
	booktitle = {Routledge{\textquoteright}s Companion to Religion and Popular Culture},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {154-168},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion and popular culture is a fast-growing field that spans a variety of disciplines. This volume offers the first real survey of the field to date and provides a guide for the work of future scholars. It explores key issues of definition and of methodology, religious encounters with popular culture across media, material culture and space, ranging from videogames and social networks to cooking and kitsch, architecture and national monuments representations of religious traditions in the media and popular culture, including important non-Western spheres such as Bollywood.},
	keywords = {internet, social media},
	issn = {9781138322738},
	author = {Campbell, H and Teusner, P. E}
}
@inbook {285,
	title = {Twitter of Faith: Understanding social media networking and microblogging rituals as religious practices},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {191-206},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {blogs, internet, microblogging, social media},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@inbook {284,
	title = {Religion 2.0? Relational and hybridizing pathways in religion, social media and culture},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1-24},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	chapter = {Religion 2.0? Relational and hybridizing pathways in religion, social media and culture.},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Authority, community, identity, internet, religion, social media},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Ess, Charles}
}
@article {1302,
	title = {Transnational immanence: the autopoietic co-constitution of a Chinese spiritual organization through mediated communication},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {Online},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {Information and communication technologies are often cited as one major source, if not the causal vector, for the rising intensity of transnational practices. Yet, extant literature has not examined critically how digital media appropriation affects the constitution of transnational organizations, particularly Chinese spiritual ones. To address the lack of theoretically grounded, empirical research on this question, this study investigates how the Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation (Tzu Chi), one of the largest Taiwan-based civil and spiritual nonprofit organizations among the Chinese diaspora, is co-constituted by various social actors as an operationally closed system through their mediated communication. Based on an innovative theoretical framework that combines Maturana and Varela{\textquoteright}s notion of {\textquoteleft}autopoiesis{\textquoteright} with Cooren{\textquoteright}s ideas of {\textquoteleft}incarnation{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}presentification{\textquoteright}, we provide a rich analysis of Tzu Chi{\textquoteright}s co-constitution through organizational leaders{\textquoteright} appropriation of digital and social media, as well as through mediated interactions between Tzu Chi{\textquoteright}s internal and external stakeholders. In so doing, our research expands upon the catalogue of common economic and relational behaviors by overseas Chinese, advances our understanding of Chinese spiritual organizing, and reveals the contingent role of digital and social media in engendering transnational spiritual ties to accomplish global humanitarian work.},
	keywords = {Asia, Authority, autopoiesis, Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation, communicative constitution of organizations, information and communication technologies, nonprofit, social media, Taiwan, transnationalism},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2013.833277$\#$.Ulm51VCsim5},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Jennie M. Hwang and Boris H.J.M. Brummansb}
}
@article {1926,
	title = {Cheong, P. H. (2014). Tweet the Message? Religious Authority and Social Media Innovation. Journal of Religion, Media \& Digital Culture, 3(3), 2{\textendash}19.},
	journal = {Religion, Media, and Digital Culture},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1-19},
	abstract = {Religious believers have historically adapted Scripture into brief texts for wider
dissemination through relatively inexpensive publications. The emergence of Twitter and other microblogging tools today afford clerics a platform for real time information sharing with its interface for short written texts, which includes providing links to graphics and sound recordings that can be forwarded and responded to by others. This paper discusses emergent practices in tweet authorship which embed and are inspired by sacred Scripture, in order to deepen understanding of the changing nature of sacred texts and of the constitution of religious authority as pastors engage microblogging and social media networks. Drawing upon a Twitter feed by a prominent Christian megachurch leader with global influence, this paper identifies multiple ways in which tweets have been encoded to quote, remix and interpret Scripture, and to serve as choice aphorisms that reflect or are inspired by Scripture. Implications for the changing nature of sacred digital texts and the reconstruction of religious authority are also discussed.},
	keywords = {Bible, pastors, religious authority, Singapore, social media, Twitter},
	url = {http://jrmdc.com/papers-archive/volume-3-issue-3-december-2014/},
	author = {Cheong, Pauline Hope}
}
@book {286,
	title = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Authority, avatars, community, history, identity, internet, online church, social media, theology, theory of religion online},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Fischer-Nielsen, Peter and Gelfgren, Stefan and Ess, Charles}
}
@article {1186,
	title = {Digital Gravescapes: Digital Memorializing on Facebook},
	journal = {The Information Society: An International Journal},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {184},
	abstract = {I conduct a textual analysis of a digital memorial to understand the ways in which the digital sphere has disrupted or altered material and aesthetic displays of death and the associated genre of discourses surrounding death. I first use Morris{\textquoteright}s history of traditional gravescapes to situate digital memorials within their broader historical context. I then draw on the functional genre of eulogies, in particular Jamieson and Campbell{\textquoteright}s systematic description of eulogies, as a textual analytic to understand Facebook{\textquoteright}s unique memorializing discourse. My analysis suggests that the affordances of the Internet allow for a peculiar dynamic wherein the bereaved engage in communication with the deceased instead of with each other and yet strengthen the communal experience, as their personal communications are visible to the entire community. While the digital memorials lack the permanence of traditional gravescapes, the ongoing conversation they foster sublimates death into the process of communication.},
	keywords = {Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, Death, digital media, digital memorials, discourse, eulogy, Facebook, gravescapes, memorializing, memorializing discourse, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, religion, Religion and the Internet, religious engagement, rhetoric, social media, Sociology of religion, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972243.2013.777309$\#$.UikZdDasim7},
	author = {Scott Church}
}
@article {604,
	title = {I Am Second: Evangelicals and Digital Storytelling},
	journal = {Australian Journal of Communication},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {16},
	chapter = {73},
	abstract = {This article explores the use of online video as a medium for spiritual autobiography through a case study of the Christian movement I am Second (IaS). IaS has published 74 short films, focused primarily on evangelical Christian celebrities. In each case, the video subject overcomes struggles or achieves fulfilment only by surrendering their lives to God and becoming {\textquoteleft}Second{\textquoteright}. These stories are shared through fan blogs, Facebook, YouTube, and offline study groups. Analysis of the design, circulation, and response to these films indicates that digital media are fostering significant shifts in the production and reception of religious storytelling.},
	keywords = {Christianity, digital storytelling, evangelism, social media},
	author = {Hutchings, T.}
}
@unpublished {609,
	title = {Waving a "Hi": Religion Among Facebook Users},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Association of Internet Researchers 9.0},
	address = {Copenhagen},
	keywords = {Facebook, religion, social media, user},
	author = {Johns, M.D.}
}
@conference {1907,
	title = {Communities of (Digital) Practice: Preparing religious leaders for lively online engagement},
	booktitle = {Religious Education Association},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	publisher = {Religious Education Association},
	organization = {Religious Education Association},
	address = {Boston, MA},
	abstract = {The digital revolution has expanded the skill set needed for leadership in faith communities. Theological education has adapted slowly. We chronicle the transformation of a teaching and learning center at a denominational seminary from static resource-lending enterprise into a dynamic learning lab for digital engagement. Convening communities of digital media practice in an action research setting, the center equips religious educators to be substantial contributors to online conversations about faith. Using situated learning theory, we discuss our research with faith formation practitioners and seminarians.},
	keywords = {Christian education, digital literacy, evangelism, faith formation, social media, theological education},
	url = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/1V-Kbz5H1DPZIpJlF0iD1njn5w3F8H2lxBy4BJueKEF4/edit?usp=sharing},
	author = {Lisa Kimball and Kyle Oliver}
}
@article {2142,
	title = {Religious Identity, Expression, and Civility in Social Media: Results of Data Mining Latter-Day Saint Twitter Accounts},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion },
	volume = {56},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {637-657},
	abstract = {This study explores religious self-identification, religious expression, and civility among projected Latter-Day Saint Twitter accounts (201,107 accounts and 1,542,229 tweets). Novel methods of data collection and analysis were utilized to test hypotheses related to religious identity and civility against social media data at a large scale. Results indicated that (1) projected LDS Twitter accounts tended to represent authentic (rather than anonymous or pseudonymous) identities; (2) local minority versus majority status did not influence users{\textquoteright} willingness to religiously self-identify; (3) isolation stigma did not occur when users religiously self-identified; (4) participants exhibited much lower degrees of incivility than was anticipated from previous studies; and (5) religious self-identification was connected to improved civility. Results should be of interest to scholars of religion for better understanding participation patterns and religious identity among Latter-Day Saints and for exploring how these results may transfer to other groups of religious people.},
	keywords = {civility, data mining, Later-Day Saint, religious identity, social media, Twitter},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jssr.12358},
	author = {Kimmons, R and McGuire, K and Stauffer, M and Jones, J.E. and Gregson, M and Austin, M}
}
@article {2162,
	title = {Locating the {\textquotedblleft}Internet Hindu{\textquotedblright}: Political Speech and Performance in Indian Cyberspace},
	journal = {Television \& New Media},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {339-345},
	abstract = {The article seeks to offer an understanding of the politics and presence of this increasingly visible, informal online political formation in India, whose members are referred to as the Internet Hindus. Used to describe young, often urban, middle-class/upper-middle-class followers of Hinduism residing in India (and abroad), the term has come to be associated almost entirely with those who aggressively voice their right-wing political views and support for Narendra Modi on social media platforms. The article explores the politics espoused by some of these {\textquotedblleft}Internet Hindus{\textquotedblright} and frames them vis-{\`a}-vis the larger themes foregrounded by the electoral victory of the Hindu nationalist political outfit, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). In doing so, the article attempts to locate {\textquotedblleft}Internet Hindus{\textquotedblright} in a democracy, which has the third largest Internet user base in the world, and seeks to deconstruct their ethno-nationalistic online posturing, while reflecting on what this may mean for the online collective itself.},
	keywords = {digital politics, Hindu nationalism, Hindutva, Internet Hindu, political speech, social media},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1527476415575491},
	author = {Mohan, S}
}
@article {375,
	title = {Religious Leaders, Mediated Authority and Social Change},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Communication Research},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {452-454},
	abstract = {This essay discusses the relationships between mediated religious authority and social change, in terms of clergy{\textquoteright}s social media negotiation and multimodal communication competence, with implications for attracting attention and galvanizing active networks and resources for social initiatives.},
	keywords = {Authority, Leaders, religion, social media},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00909882.2011.577085},
	author = {Cheong P.H.}
}
@article {305,
	title = {Streetbook: How Egyptian and Tunisian youth hacked the Arab Spring},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {70-82},
	keywords = {Arab Spring, social media},
	url = {http://www.technologyreview.com/web/38379/},
	author = {John Pollock}
}
@article {1185,
	title = {The Effects of Religiousity on Internet Consumption},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1-21},
	abstract = {The relationship between technology adoption and religion has received scant research attention. The complicated process of Internet use among contemporary religious people is affected by the tension between technological developments and religious beliefs. The current research aims to explore the effects of religiosity on Internet consumption in a newly industrialized Muslim country, Turkey. The study utilized a cross-sectional design based on data from 2,698 subjects, selected by stratified random sampling, covering all 12 regions of the country. By offering an exploratory approach, this study sheds light on how various interpretations of religion enable culture-specific observations on Internet consumption patterns, and its relation with different levels of religiosity. The findings revealed that the level of religiosity has a significant effect on the patterns of Internet consumption.},
	keywords = {Internet use, religion, religiousity, social media},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2012.722663},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2012.722663$\#$.UijPtkoo7Mw},
	author = {Ozlem Hesapci Sanaktekina and Yonca Aslanbayb and Vehbi Gorguluc}
}
@article {287,
	title = {Tweeting Prayers and Communicating Grief over Michael Jackson Online},
	journal = { Bulletin of Science, Technology, \& Society},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {328-340},
	abstract = {Death and bereavement are human experiences that new media helps facilitate alongside creating new social grief practices that occur online. This study investigated how people{\textquoteright}s postings and tweets facilitated the communication of grief after pop music icon Michael Jackson died. Drawing upon past grief research, religion and new media studies, a thematic analysis of 1,046 messages was conducted on three mediated sites (Twitter, TMZ.com, and Facebook). Results suggested that social media served as grieving spaces for people to accept Jackson{\textquoteright}s death rather than denying it or expressing anger over his passing. The findings also illustrate how interactive exchanges online helped recycle news and {\textquotedblleft}resurrected{\textquotedblright} the life of Jackson. Additionally, as fans of deceased celebrities create and disseminate web-based memorials, new social media practices like {\textquotedblleft}Michael Mondays{\textquotedblright} synchronize tweets within everyday life rhythms and foster practices to hasten the grieving process. },
	keywords = {blogs, celebrity, internet, microblogging, popular culture, religion, social media},
	doi = {10.1177/0270467610380010},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Sanderson, James and Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@inbook {2145,
	title = {Social media and Islamic practice: Indonesian ways of being digitally pious},
	booktitle = {Digital Indonesia: Connectivity and Divergence},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {146-162},
	publisher = {ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute},
	organization = {ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute},
	abstract = {This book places Indonesia at the forefront of the global debate about the impact of {\textquoteright}disruptive{\textquoteright} digital technologies. Digital technology is fast becoming the core of life, work, culture and identity. Yet, while the number of Indonesians using the Internet has followed the upward global trend, some groups -- the poor, the elderly, women, the less well-educated, people living in remote communities -- are disadvantaged. This interdisciplinary collection of essays by leading researchers and scholars, as well as e-governance and e-commerce insiders, examines the impact of digitalisation on the media industry, governance, commerce, informal sector employment, education, cybercrime, terrorism, religion, artistic and cultural expression, and much more. It presents groundbreaking analysis of the impact of digitalisation in one of the world{\textquoteright}s most diverse, geographically vast nations. In weighing arguments about the opportunities and challenges presented by digitalisation, it puts the very idea of a technological {\textquoteright}revolution{\textquoteright} into critical perspective.},
	keywords = {Digital, Indonesian, Islamic, social media},
	issn = {9789814762991},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=rpsnDwAAQBAJ\&dq=9+Social+media+and+Islamic+practice:+Indonesian+ways+of+being+digitally+pious\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Slama, M}
}
@inbook {2170,
	title = {The {\textquotedblleft}Almost{\textquotedblright} Territories of the Charismatic Christian Internet},
	booktitle = {The Changing World Religion Map},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3899-3912},
	publisher = {Springer },
	organization = {Springer },
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {The constantly emerging technologies of the internet are frequently described in terms that evoke space. As online technologies continue to grow in their global ubiquity, it is appropriate to consider how the virtual geographies that are conjured in online engagement extend beyond the web browser. This chapter builds upon anthropological approaches studying religious communication to consider how internet engagement with some religious Believers creates and provides a sense of presence in an inspirited world. I first discuss how anthropologists approached the relationship between religious communication and space before considering Charismatic Christians in the UK. Following 12 months of fieldwork in their churches in the South of England, I describe a range of everyday internet practices and the spiritual implications held by my informants. The key finding is that the technologies of the internet provide for Believers contexts in which they are able to perceive and directly experience the dimensions of their spiritual battles. While British Christianity continues to suffer steady decline, web-based resources allow Christians opportunities to experience connections with others as part of an unstoppable, global, wave of revival. This sense of sanctified online community is tempered by knowledge that words transmitted in some online contexts may be witnessed by non-Believers. While this knowledge is mostly welcomed by members, shared spaces such as Facebook or Youtube can become sites for spiritually hazardous confrontations. In their engagement with online media these Christians experience online comments lists, blog entries, and social networking platforms as sites in which struggles for global, national, and personal salvation are staged and restaged. For these Christians, the spaces of the internet come to be experienced as territories in constant transition.},
	keywords = {Christianity, Communication, internet, social media},
	issn = {978-94-017-9375-9},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_206$\#$citeas},
	author = {Stewart, A}
}
@article {2106,
	title = { New Media, New Relations: Cyberstalking on Social Media in the Interaction of Muslim Scholars and the Public in West Sumatra, Indonesia},
	journal = {Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {153-169},
	abstract = {This article explains how the presence of social media as one of the forms of new media has prompted changes in the relations and communications between ulama and the public. The relationship between ulama, religious teachings, and the ummah (Muslim community/the public) undoubtedly undergoes constant changes. In the current era of new media, this relationship experiences mediatization of differing features compared to past era of traditional media. The era of new media ushered in participative, open, interactive characteristics encouraging development of virtual communities, and interconnectedness, consequently positioning ulama in two particular positions. Firstly, ulama have full control over the contents they intend to post and the choice of whom they wish to communicate with on social media. Secondly, due to the aforementioned characteristics of social media, ulama who actively post religious contents on social media had come to experience cyberstalking. Despite having to endure and suffer from cyberstalking, the ulama remained active on social media and continued posting religious contents as they consider social media to have numerous positive values beneficial to spreading good values and religious teachings to the wider public. The research findings show that social media as a form of new media has led to the emergence of new relations that are entirely unlike previous traditional media. The research data were collected through in-depth interviews with three Muslim scholars of West Sumatra who are active on social media and have extensive social influences. 

},
	keywords = {Cyberstalking, Indonesia, Muslim, New Media, social media},
	url = {http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11734/1/20864-71671-1-PB.pdf},
	author = {Syahputra, I}
}
@article {2110,
	title = {New Media, New Players: The Use of Social Media with Religious Contents among Muslim Scholars in West Sumatra, Indonesia},
	journal = {Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {153-169},
	abstract = {This article explains how Muslim scholars in West Sumatra utilized social media as one of the new media containing religious contents. The relationship between Muslim scholars, religious teachings, and their followers undergoes constant changes. The era of new media introduced participative, open, interactive characteristics encouraging development of virtual communities, and interconnectedness, consequently positioning Muslim scholars as new determining players in the relationship. There are two main patterns they employ in posting religious contents on social media. Firstly, it is a pattern characterized by the systematic use of religious texts originating from the Holy Koran and Hadith or ulamas{\textquoteright} opinions contained in various classical Islamic manuscripts. Secondly, it is conducted by using reflective sentences containing universal values. Both patterns have different social implications, and due to the aforementioned new media characteristics, these West Sumatra Muslim scholars who actively post religious contents on social media had come to experience cyber-stalking. Despite being harassed and threatened, they continued posting religious contents as they consider social media to have numerous positive values beneficial to spreading good values and religious teachings to the wider community. The research findings show that social media as a form of new media has led to the emergence of new players entirely unlike previous traditional media. The research data were collected through in-depth interviews with three Muslim scholars of West Sumatra who are active on social media.},
	keywords = {Indonesia, Muslim, New Media, social media},
	url = {http://ejournal.ukm.my/mjc/article/view/20864/7539},
	author = {Syahputra, I}
}
@inbook {2071,
	title = {Israel },
	booktitle = {Online around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Apps},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {144-148},
	publisher = {ABC-CLIO},
	organization = {ABC-CLIO},
	address = {Santa Barbara, CA},
	keywords = {internet, Israel, mobile apps, social media},
	issn = {9781610697750},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Online_Around_the_World.html?id=sof6MAAACAAJ},
	author = {Tsuria, R and Yadlin-Segal, A}
}
@inbook {1254,
	title = {When {\textquoteright}Friend{\textquoteright} Becomes a Verb: Religion on the Social Web},
	booktitle = {God in the Details: American Religion in Popular Culture},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {11},
	address = {God in the Details: American Religion in Popular Culture},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, integration, Interaction, interpretation, social media, social networks},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415485364/},
	author = {Daniel Veidlinger}
}
