@article {2701,
	title = {Interpreting Islam through the Internet: making sense of hijab},
	journal = {Contemporary Islam},
	year = {2010},
	abstract = {Hijab, the practice of modesty or "covering," is one of the most visible and controversial aspects of Islam in the twenty-first century, partly because the Qur{\textquoteright}an offers so little guidance on proper dress. This forces Muslims to engage in ijtihad (interpretation), which historically has resulted in vast differences in dress around the world. By transcending some of the boundaries of space, time and the body, the Internet has emerged as a place where Muslims from diverse backgrounds can meet to debate ideas and flesh them out through shared experiences. After discussing hijab in the Qur{\textquoteright}an and other traditional sources, this article explores the use of cyberspace as a multi-media platform for learning about and debating what constitutes appropriate Islamic dress. The last section focuses on a case study of the multi-user "hijablog" hosted by thecanadianmuslim.ca, which represents one of the largest in-print discussions on hijab ever recorded in the English language. On this blog and other forums like it, ijtihad has become a critical tool for debate on matters such as hijab, which are important but sparsely discussed in the Qur{\textquoteright}an. },
	keywords = {internet, Islam},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227123676_Interpreting_Islam_through_the_Internet_Making_sense_of_hijab},
	author = {Akou, Heather Marie}
}
@conference {67,
	title = {Mediated Islam: Media Religion Interface in the Middle East},
	booktitle = {Hamrin International Media Conference},
	year = {2009},
	month = {October 2009},
	address = {J{\"o}nk{\"o}ping, Sweden},
	abstract = {Media{\textquoteright}s secular narratives presume that media should be agent of social change directed by project of modernity. The media is supposed to take a shift from pre modern to modern, oppressive to free, from hierarchical to egalitarian, tyrannical to democratic, religious to secular and from backward to enlightened position. The European originated narratives helped western TV channels to shift their dependency from states to the markets. However Muslim societies in Arab Islamic world are not convinced with this project and media of the Muslim world remained critical to secular narratives of media, although supportive to the professional etiquettes. With these apprehensions, Arab Televisions in general and Islamic religious channels in particular have developed their own Arab Islamic narratives. With these two hypothetical boundaries of media religion interface in the Middle East, question of Islam will be main domain of inquiry in this paper. Ignoring the role of media in the Middle East, focus will be on dynamics of Islamic media. There is gap in Arab Islamic media scholarship on how Islamic programming are determined by inter Islamic rivalries. Mediation of Islam as a process continues with all complexities and reconstructs alternative narrations like Pan Islamism, Pan Arabism, and Cultural Islam etc. It requires a framework which includes region{\textquoteright}s own cultural and religious properties.},
	keywords = {interface, Islam, Middle East, Muslim},
	url = {http://jnu.academia.edu/documents/0043/7626/Mediated_Islam_Paper.pdf},
	author = {Omair Anas}
}
@inbook {105,
	title = {The Internet and Islam{\textquoteright}s New Interpreters},
	booktitle = {New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {41-55},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	address = {Bloomington},
	abstract = {This second edition of a widely acclaimed collection of essays reports on how new media-fax machines, satellite television, and the Internet-and the new uses of older media-cassettes, pulp fiction, the cinema, the telephone, and the press-shape belief, authority, and community in the Muslim world. The chapters in this work, including new chapters dealing specifically with events after September 11, 2001, concern Indonesia, Bangladesh, Turkey, Iran, Lebanon, the Arabian Peninsula, and Muslim communities in the United States and elsewhere.New Media in the Muslim Worldsuggests new ways of looking at the social organization of communications and the shifting links among media of various kinds in local and transnational contexts. The extent to which today{\textquoteright}s new media have transcended local and state frontiers and have reshaped understanding of gender, authority, social justice, identities, and politics in Muslim societies emerges from this timely and provocative book. Dale F. Eickelman, Ralph and Richard Lazarus Professor of Anthropology and Human Relations at Dartmouth College, is author ofThe Middle East and Central Asia: An Anthropological ApproachandMuslim Politics(coauthored with James Piscatori). Jon W. Anderson, Professor and chair of Anthropology at The Catholic University of America and co-director of the Arab Information Project at Georgetown University, is author ofArabizing the Internet},
	keywords = {information and communication technology, Islam, Quran},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=Moh2l5d85OYC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Anderson, Jon}
}
@book {122,
	title = {Islam in the Digital Age: E-jihad, Online Fatwas and Cyber Islamic Environments},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Pluto Press},
	organization = {Pluto Press},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {The Internet is very big in the Arab world. After Al-Jazeera, it is the second most important source of dissenting opinion. Literally, millions of people in the Muslim world rely on web-sites to get their information and fatwas. A whole new life of cyber Imams and a new culture is emerging through Internet programmes and will have a profound effect on Arab consciousness. This book documents all this and examines various sites and offers the first comprehensive analysis of the impact of the Internet on Islamic culture. Zia Sardar, author of Postmodernism and the Other and Why Do People Hate America. The Internet is an increasingly important source of information for many people in the Muslim world. Many Muslims in majority and minority contexts rely on the Internet -- including websites and e-mail -- as a primary source of news, information and communication about Islam. As a result, a new media culture is emerging which is having a significant impact on areas of global Muslim consciousness. Post-September 11th, this phenomenon has grown more rapidly than ever.Gary R. Bunt provides a fascinating account of the issues at stake, identifying two radical new concepts: Firstly, the emergence of e-jihad ({\textquoteright}Electronic Jihad{\textquoteright}) originating from diverse Muslim perspectives -- this is described in its many forms relating to the different definitions of {\textquoteright}jihad{\textquoteright}, including on-line activism (ranging from promoting militaristic activities to hacking, to co-ordinating peaceful protests) and Muslim expression post 9/11. Secondly, he discusses religious authority on the Internet -- including the concept of on-line fatwas and their influence in diverse settings, and the complexities of conflicting notions of religious authority.},
	keywords = {cyber, Digital, fatwas, Islam, jihad},
	author = {Gary Bunt}
}
@book {248,
	title = {IMuslims: Rewiring the House of Islam},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {UNC Press},
	organization = {UNC Press},
	address = {Chapel Hill, NC},
	abstract = {Exploring the increasing impact of the Internet on Muslims around the world, this book sheds new light on the nature of contemporary Islamic discourse, identity, and community. The Internet has profoundly shaped how both Muslims and non-Muslims perceive Islam and how Islamic societies and networks are evolving and shifting in the twenty-first century, says Gary Bunt. While Islamic society has deep historical patterns of global exchange, the Internet has transformed how many Muslims practice the duties and rituals of Islam. A place of religious instruction may exist solely in the virtual world, for example, or a community may gather only online. Drawing on more than a decade of online research, Bunt shows how social-networking sites, blogs, and other "cyber-Islamic environments" have exposed Muslims to new influences outside the traditional spheres of Islamic knowledge and authority. Furthermore, the Internet has dramatically influenced forms of Islamic activism and radicalization, including jihad-oriented campaigns by networks such as al-Qaeda. By surveying the broad spectrum of approaches used to present dimensions of Islamic social, spiritual, and political life on the Internet, iMuslimsencourages diverse understandings of online Islam and of Islam generally.},
	keywords = {information and communication technology, Islam, social networks, study of religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=qIbwHwTYqqcC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Gary Bunt}
}
@inbook {218,
	title = {Rip.Burn.Pray: Islamic Expression Online},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {123-134},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression.Religion Onlineprovides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes thePew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-definingCyberspace as SacredSpace.},
	keywords = {Islam, Online, Prayer},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Gary Bunt}
}
@book {83,
	title = {When Religion Meets New Media},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {This book focuses on how different Jewish, Muslim, and Christian communities engage with new media. Rather than simply reject or accept new media, religious communities negotiate complex relationships with these technologies in light of their history and beliefs. I suggest a method for studying these processes called the "religious-social shaping of technology" and students are asked to consider four key areas: religious tradition and history; contemporary community values and priorities; negotiation and innovating technology in light of the community; communal discourses applied to justify use.  A variety of examples such as the Christian e-vangelism movement, Modern Islamic discourses about computers and the rise of the Jewish kosher cell phone, demonstrate the dominant strategies which emerge for religious media users, as well as the unique motivations that guide specific groups. },
	keywords = {Christianity, Islam, Judaism, New Media},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=UykFd5cBsrYC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {261,
	title = {Islamogaming: Digital Dignity via Alternative Storytelling},
	booktitle = {Halos and avatars: Playing (video) games with God},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {63-74},
	publisher = {Westminster Press},
	organization = {Westminster Press},
	address = {Louisville},
	abstract = {Craig Detweiler{\textquoteright}s collection of up-to-the-minute essays on video games{\textquoteright} theological themes (and yes, they do exist!) is an engaging and provocative book for gamers, parents, pastors, media scholars, and theologians--virtually anyone who has dared to consider the ramifications of modern society{\textquoteright}s obsession with video games and online media. Together, these essays take on an exploding genre in popular culture and interpret it through a refreshing and enlightening philosophical lens.},
	keywords = {Christianity, game studies, Islam, public sphere, video games, virtual worlds},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=GomyEvcocJsC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {90,
	title = {Who{\textquoteright}s got the power? The question of religious authority and the internet},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2007},
	chapter = {14},
	abstract = {While many themes have been explored in relation to religion online{\textemdash}ritual, identity construction, community{\textemdash}what happens to religious authority and power relationships within online environments is an area in need of more detailed investigation. In order to move discussions of authority from the broad or vague to the specific, this article argues for a more refined identification of the attributes of authority at play in the online context. This involves distinguishing between different layers of authority in terms of hierarchy, structure, ideology, and text. The article also explores how different religious traditions approach questions of authority in relation to the Internet. Through a qualitative analysis of three sets of interviews with Christians, Jews, and Muslims about the Internet, we see how authority is discussed and contextualized differently in each religious tradition in terms of these four layers of authority.},
	keywords = {Authority, Christianity, internet, Islam, Judaism},
	url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/campbell.html},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {1266,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Islamophobia{\textquotedblright} in the West: A Comparison Between Europe and America},
	year = {2009},
	institution = {Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for  Muslim-Christian Understanding, Georgetown University},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	keywords = {America, anti-terrorism, Europe, Islam, Islamophobia, Muslims, xenophobia},
	url = {http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/docs/ACMCU_Islamophobia_txt_99.pdf},
	author = {Jocelyn Cesari}
}
@book {131,
	title = {Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {University of North Carolina Press},
	organization = {University of North Carolina Press},
	address = {Chapel Hill, NC},
	abstract = {Crucial to understanding Islam is a recognition of the role of Muslim networks. The earliest networks were Mediterranean trade routes that quickly expanded into transregional paths for pilgrimage, scholarship, and conversion, each network complementing and reinforcing the others. This volume selects major moments and key players from the seventh century to the twenty-first that have defined Muslim networks as the building blocks for Islamic identity and social cohesion. Although neglected in scholarship, Muslim networks have been invoked in the media to portray post-9/11 terrorist groups. Here, thirteen essays provide a long view of Muslim networks, correcting both scholarly omission and political sloganeering. New faces and forces appear, raising questions never before asked. What does the fourteenth-century North African traveler Ibn Battuta have in common with the American hip hopper Mos Def? What values and practices link Muslim women meeting in Cairo, Amsterdam, and Atlanta? How has technology raised expectations about new transnational pathways that will reshape the perception of faith, politics, and gender in Islamic civilization? This book invokes the past not only to understand the present but also to reimagine the future through the prism of Muslim networks, at once the shadow and the lifeline for the umma, or global Muslim community.},
	keywords = {culture, hajj, Islam, Muslim},
	author = {Cooke, Miriam and Lawrence, Brude}
}
@book {1287,
	title = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	keywords = {Australia, cyberspace, identity, internet, Islam, religion, Spirituality, USA, virtual community, Youth},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=wv7yBEkNy90C\&oi=fnd\&pg=PP2\&dq=religion+and+internet\&ots=CA4s_YcVP2\&sig=xdDIUwtCtkJoZbGLjswTPVLMeg4$\#$v=onepage\&q=religion\%20and\%20internet\&f=false},
	author = {Lorne L. Dawson and Douglas E. Cowan}
}
@article {134,
	title = {From the pulpit to the studio: Islam{\textquoteright}s internal battle},
	journal = {Media Development Online},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {In February 2006, when Wafa Sultan, a Syrian-American activist in Southern California who advocates secularism in Muslim countries, defiantly told an Islamic sheikh on a widely popular Al-Jazeera news show {\textquoteright}to shut up and lis- ten, it{\textquoteright}s my turn{\textquoteright}, she knew she was making history on Arab television. Never before has the authority of Islam represented on this show by a conserva- tive sheikh from. Cairo{\textquoteright}s famed Al-Azhar University been challenged in a similarly brazen way by another Muslim, and much less so by a woman.},
	keywords = {Islam, Muslim},
	url = {http://rolandoperez.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/nabil-echchaibi.pdf},
	author = {Echchaibi, Nabil}
}
@book {314,
	title = {New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere},
	series = {Indiana Series in Middle East Studies},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {xv + 213},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	edition = {2},
	address = {Bloomington},
	keywords = {Islam, Muslim, New Media},
	author = {Dale Eickelman and Anderson, Jon}
}
@article {2828,
	title = {Hybrid Muslim identities in digital space: The Italian blog Yalla},
	journal = {Social Compass},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {Islam is often regarded as being incompatible with European values. In Italy, for example, anti-Islamic points of view reiterate the religion{\textquoteright}s alleged inconsistency with Catholicism and secularism. This article argues that narrative practices can challenge this idea by articulating Muslim hybrid identities that are compatible with Italian culture and society. The second-generation blog Yalla Italia represents a {\textquoteleft}third space{\textquoteright} where young Italian Muslims contrast dominant media stereotypes, thereby creating {\textquoteleft}disruptive flows of dissent{\textquoteright}. A textual analysis of the blog and interviews with some of the bloggers reveal that three main topics are employed to overcome marginalization: (1) critiques of mainstream media (2) narratives about family lives and the practice of Islam, and (3) advocacy of a quicker procedure for gaining Italian citizenship. The bloggers adopt a storytelling style to press for social and institutional change and explain how they succeed in adapting Islam to Italian society. Their religious diversity is thus perceived as providing a potential for Italy, rather than being a mark of marginalization.
},
	keywords = {internet, Islam, Italy},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0037768617697911},
	author = {Evolvi, Giulia}
}
@article {449,
	title = {THE CONSUMER JIHAD: BOYCOTT FATWAS AND NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB},
	journal = {International Journal of Middle East Studies},
	volume = {44},
	number = {45-70},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	abstract = {This article deals with the origins, development, and popularity of boycott fatwas. Born of the marriage of Islamic politics and Islamic economics in an age of digital communications, these fatwas targeted American, Israeli, and Danish commodities between 2000 and 2006. Muftis representing both mainstream and, surprisingly, radical tendencies argued that jihad can be accomplished through nonviolent consumer boycotts. Their argument marks a significant development in the history of jihad doctrine because boycotts, construed as jihadi acts, do not belong to the commonplace categories of jihad as a {\textquotedblleft}military{\textquotedblright} or a {\textquotedblleft}spiritual{\textquotedblright} struggle. The article also demonstrates that boycott fatwas emerged, to a large degree, from below. New media, in particular interconnected computer networks, made it easier for laypersons to drive the juridical discourse. They did so before September 11 as well as, more insistently, afterward. Their consumer jihad had some economic impact on targeted multinationals, and it provoked corporate reactions.},
	keywords = {fatwa online, internet and religion, Islam, jihad},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=8480777\&fulltextType=RA\&fileId=S0020743811001243},
	author = {Leor Halevi}
}
@article {448,
	title = {EXPERIMENTS IN DEVOTION ONLINE: THE YOUTUBE KHUṬBA},
	journal = {International Journal of Middle East Studies},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {5-21},
	abstract = {This paper explores what I call {\textquotedblleft}online experiments in ethical affect{\textquotedblright} through an analysis of one popular Islamic genre: the short video segments of Friday sermons (khuṭub, s. khuṭba) placed on the video-sharing website YouTube. In my discussion of this media form, I give particular attention to the kind of devotional discourse and ethical socius that is enacted online around these taped performances: notably, the practices of appending written comments to specific videos, offering responses to comments left by others or criticisms directed at either the preacher or other commentators, and the act of creating links between khuṭba pages and other web-based content. In examining these practices, I want to look at the way some of the norms of ethical and devotional comportment associated with the khuṭba in the mosque carry over to the Internet context of khuṭba listening/viewing while also engendering novel forms of pious interaction, argument, and listening.},
	keywords = {ethics, internet, Islam, Sermons, YouTube},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=8480771\&fulltextType=RA\&fileId=S002074381100122X},
	author = {Charles Hirschkind}
}
@book {1295,
	title = {The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press },
	organization = {Princeton University Press },
	abstract = {Middle Eastern Muslim men have been widely vilified as terrorists, religious zealots, and brutal oppressors of women. The New Arab Man challenges these stereotypes with the stories of ordinary Middle Eastern men as they struggle to overcome infertility and childlessness through assisted reproduction.

Drawing on two decades of ethnographic research across the Middle East with hundreds of men from a variety of social and religious backgrounds, Marcia Inhorn shows how the new Arab man is self-consciously rethinking the patriarchal masculinity of his forefathers and unseating received wisdoms. This is especially true in childless Middle Eastern marriages where, contrary to popular belief, infertility is more common among men than women. Inhorn captures the marital, moral, and material commitments of couples undergoing assisted reproduction, revealing how new technologies are transforming their lives and religious sensibilities. And she looks at the changing manhood of husbands who undertake transnational "egg quests"--set against the backdrop of war and economic uncertainty--out of devotion to the infertile wives they love.

Trenchant and emotionally gripping, The New Arab Man traces the emergence of new masculinities in the Middle East in the era of biotechnology.},
	keywords = {Arab, Islam, male, Masculinities, men, Middle East, Muslim, stereotypes, Technologies},
	url = {http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9758.html},
	author = {Marcia C. Inhorn}
}
@article {52,
	title = {Cyber-Islamophobia? The case of WikiIslam},
	journal = {Contemporary Islam},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {31 March 2007},
	pages = {53-67},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands},
	abstract = {A large amount of academic research has analysed and documented the fact that Muslims are often presented in a negative or stereotypical way in Western media and popular culture. This article focuses on how the Internet can also be used in spreading and publishing anti-Islamic and anti-Muslim opinions. Although the Internet is significant in the development of contemporary society, no studies have focused on the importance of information and communication technologies in spreading Islamophobic opinions. However, the new technologies can also be used for monitoring and combating Islamophobia, and many Muslim organisations are today using the Internet for these purposes. The article is based on an indepth analysis of both anti-Muslim and pro-Muslim homepages that can be related to the debate over Islamophobia.},
	keywords = {internet, Islam, Islamophobia, Reactive identities},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/p02g0g86387j4t62/},
	author = {G{\"o}ran Larsson}
}
@inbook {1220,
	title = {A Voice of Their Own. Young Muslim Women, Blogs and Religion },
	booktitle = {Mediatization and Religion: Nordic Perspectives},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Nordicom, G{\"o}teborgs universitet, G{\"o}teborg},
	organization = {Nordicom, G{\"o}teborgs universitet, G{\"o}teborg},
	chapter = {7},
	keywords = {blogs, Internet Mediatization of Religion, Islam, Media studies, mediatization of religion, Muslim Women and media, New Media and Society, new media research, Nordic perspective, religion and culture},
	issn = {978-91-86523-44-2},
	url = {http://www.nordicom.gu.se/?portal=mr\&main=info_publ2.php\&ex=357},
	author = {L{\"o}vheim, M}
}
@article {2131,
	title = {Religion between Politics and Media: Conflicting Attitudes towards Islam in Scandinavia},
	journal = {Journal of Religion in Europe},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {437-456},
	abstract = {Based on a comparative project on media and religion across Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, this article analyzes relationships between religiosity and political attitudes in Scandinavia and how these connect with attitudes regarding the representation of Islam in various media. Data comes from population-wide surveys conducted in the three countries in April 2015. Most Scandinavians relate {\textquoteleft}religion{\textquoteright} with conflict, and half of the population perceives Islam as a threat to their national culture. Scandinavians thus perceive religion in terms of political tensions and predominantly feel that news media should serve a critical function towards Islam and religious conflicts. Finally, the results of the empirical analysis are discussed in view of the intertwined processes of politicization of Islam and mediatization of religion.},
	keywords = {Islam, media, Politics, religion, Scandinavia},
	url = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/18748929-01004005},
	author = {Lundby, K and Hjarvard, S and L{\"o}vheim, M and Jernsletten, H.H}
}
@article {458,
	title = {New media and Islamism in the Arab Winter: A case study of Huda TV in pre-revolutionary Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of Arab \& Muslim Media Research},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {237-252},
	abstract = {Although Islam promises to play an increasing role in the public life of Muslim societies, scholarly analysis often falls short in comprehending the complex and diverse nature of this revival. As Middle Eastern societies open to wider public participation, the emergence of an active Muslim polity seems irrepressible. Yet onlookers from afar worry that Islam will only find political expression through narrow and intolerant ideologies that subvert democratic principles. This article seeks to understand the complex evolution of Islamism, and explain how its restricted and often superficial expression through media may reflect a stunted beginning rather than a permanent state of regressive fundamentalism. Through a case study of Huda TV in the era immediately preceding the rise of social media, this article shows how the powerfully repressive context of Middle Eastern media ensured the enduring stagnation of a nascent political discourse.},
	keywords = {Arab Winter, Islam, New Media},
	url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/intellect/jammr/2012/00000004/F0020002/art00008},
	author = {Maguire, Thomas E. R.}
}
@inbook {1256,
	title = {Claiming Religious Authority: Muslim Women and New Media },
	booktitle = {Media, Religion and Gender Key Issues and New Challenges},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {9},
	keywords = {Authority, Digital Religion, GENDER, Islam, Muslim, New Media},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415504737/},
	author = {Anna Piela}
}
@article {393,
	title = {Listening Communities? Some Remarks on the Construction of Religious Authority in Islamic Podcasts},
	journal = {Die Welt des Islams},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {457-509},
	abstract = {n the context of the vivid activity of Muslim individuals and groups on the Internet and the recent technological developments in the field of computer mediated communication, podcasts offering a wide range of religious information and/or advice to Muslim (and non-Muslim) listeners play an increasingly important role. Being an integral part of the Web 2.0{\textquoteright}s online landscape and presenting, at the same time, many characteristics of more {\textquotedblleft}traditional{\textquotedblright} audio media such as cassette recordings, podcasts cannot only be located at the intersection between virtual space and {\textquotedblleft}real world{\textquotedblright}, but represent, as a medium, also a direct continuation of older forms of Muslim media usage for da{\textquoteright}wa-purposes and propagandistic aims. This article attempts to analyze in how far the use of podcasts (and to a smaller extent of videocasts) by Muslim groups and individuals contributes to the emergence of a Muslim online {\textquotedblleft}counter public{\textquotedblright} sometimes challenging, sometimes reinforcing existing authority structures. Special attention is paid to the question which means and features specific to this new medium Muslim podcasters use to legitimize their religious authority, and to the question in how far established symbol systems commonly relied upon in the Muslim community are used as instruments for the construction of religious online authority and the redistribution of Definitionsmacht. Furthermore, it discusses to what extent questions of {\textquotedblleft}right belief{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}correct religious practice{\textquotedblright} play a role in these processes. For this purpose, style and content of four selected podcasts (Zaytuna Institute Knowledge Resource Podcast, MeccaOne Media Podcast, Ahmadiyya Podcast, Alt.muslim Review) are analyzed in order to illustrate different ways in which this new medium is used by Muslim groups today. It is shown that podcasts{\textemdash}as part of the overall media spectrum{\textemdash}are used by Muslim groups for internal and external da{\textquoteright}wa-purposes, as well as for the reinforcement of existing power and authority structures (e.g. by projecting the presence of the group{\textquoteright}s leader both into time and into space) and as a means to cope with institutional and communal crisis. They might also become an important instrument not for the (re-)construction, but for the deconstruction of religious authority.},
	keywords = {community, Islam, Podcast},
	url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/dwi/2008/00000048/F0020003/art00007?token=00561dd544be1455875dd67232d45232b4624736a4d3b2046287a743568293c6c567e504f58762f460c793},
	author = {Scholz, J. and Selge, T. and Stille, M. and Zimmerman, J.}
}
@article {456,
	title = {The influence of religion on Islamic mobile phone banking services adoption},
	journal = {Journal of Islamic Marketing},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {81 {\textendash} 98},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects religious affiliation and commitment have on Southeast Asian young adults{\textquoteright} intention to adopt Islamic mobile phone banking. An online self-administered survey was distributed to Southeast Asian young adults through convenience and snowball sampling and a total of 135 responses obtained. The study found Islamic mobile phone banking to be a novelty service, with little consumer awareness and experience, especially among non-Muslims. Religious affiliation and commitment were both effective segmentation strategies, as differences in adoption intention were found between Muslims and non-Muslims, as well as devout and casually religious Muslims. Overall, devout Muslims were socially-oriented with their adoption criteria whereas casually religious and non-Muslims relied upon the utilitarian attributes. The paper contributes to the existing mobile banking adoption literature by providing evidence of consumers{\textquoteright} adoption intentions toward Islamic mobile phone banking. It also uses religious commitment in addition to affiliation as segmentation tools, an approach which has not been used in previous Islamic mobile banking research.},
	keywords = {banks, Islam, Mobile phone},
	url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=17017285\&show=abstract},
	author = {Susan Sun and Tiong Goh and Kim-Shyan Fam and Yang Xue}
}
@article {1200,
	title = {Women responding to the anti-Islam film Fitna: voices and acts of citizenship on YouTube},
	journal = {Feminist Review},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {110-129},
	abstract = {How feminists view the alternative videos uploaded to YouTube in response to the anti-Islam film {\textquoteright}Fitna{\textquoteright} is discussed. The gender portrayal and narratives in {\textquoteright}Fitna{\textquoteright} are contrasted with those in the alternative video. The videos were considered as acts of citizenship through which women constitutes themselves as global citizen by engaging in deliberation or by taking a voice.},
	keywords = {anti-Islam, citizenship, Digital Religion, Feminists, Fitna, gender studies, Islam, Religious Internet Communities, Research Political participation, YouTube},
	url = {http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/159420348?q\&versionId=173776629},
	author = {Vis, F and van Zoonen, L and Mihelj, S}
}
@article {1300,
	title = {Investigating religious information searching through analysis of a search engine log},
	journal = {Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology},
	year = {2013},
	abstract = {In this paper we present results from an investigation of religious information searching based on analyzing log files from a large general-purpose search engine. From approximately 15 million queries, we identified 124,422 that were part of 60,759 user sessions. We present a method for categorizing queries based on related terms and show differences in search patterns between religious searches and web searching more generally. We also investigate the search patterns found in queries related to 5 religions: Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism. Different search patterns are found to emerge. Results from this study complement existing studies of religious information searching and provide a level of detailed analysis not reported to date. We show, for example, that sessions involving religion-related queries tend to last longer, that the lengths of religion-related queries are greater, and that the number of unique URLs clicked is higher when compared to all queries. The results of the study can serve to provide information on what this large population of users is actually searching for.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, Christianity, Digital, Hinduism, information, Islam, Judaism, queries, religion, search behavior, search engine},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.22945/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=\&userIsAuthenticated=false},
	author = {Rita Wan-Chik and Paul Clough and Mark Sanderson}
}
@book {1279,
	title = {Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach },
	series = {Indiana Series in Middle East Studies},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	abstract = {This volume represents the first comprehensive attempt to incorporate the study of Islamic activism into social movement theory. It argues that the dynamics, processes, and organization of Islamic activism can be understood as important elements of contention that transcend the specificity of "Islam" as a system of meaning and identity and a basis for collective action. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, the contributors show how social movement theory can be utilized to address a wide range of questions about the mobilization of contention in support of Muslim causes. The book covers myriad examples of Islamic activism (Sunni and Shi{\textquoteleft}a) in eight countries (Arab and non-Arab), including case studies of violence and contention, networks and alliances, and culture and framing.},
	keywords = {activism, Egypt, Iran, Islam, Islamic, Muslims, Shi{\textquoteleft}a, social movement, Sunni, Yeman},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Islamic_Activism.html?id=UoONJqsjYjcC},
	author = {Quintan Wiktorowicz}
}
@book {1782,
	title = {The Bishop, the Mullah, and the Smartphone},
	pages = {312},
	publisher = {Wipf \& Stock},
	organization = {Wipf \& Stock},
	address = {Eugene, Oregon},
	abstract = {Not so long ago the world resisted change, often using religious-reasoning. Small wonder--the printing press, a sixteenth century disruptive device, split Christianity. Now the globe welcomes digital disruption, even praising it as a solution for faltering economies. Religions don{\textquoteright}t have much choice but to follow, because information is a prime asset of faith. Believers treasure and reframe their past, and present. However, both old and current data is now available in huge quantities, visually and instantly. Movies provide more spiritual guidance than holy texts, and terror merchants use the uncontrollable Internet to gain hearts and minds. Nevertheless a turbulent re-mythologization of adherents towards peaceful versions of their belief can be tracked. There are positive things we can all do to help, which is just as well in a world that suggests only political acts count.},
	keywords = {bishop, Christianity, Digital, history, Islam, mullah, smartphone},
	isbn = {1498217923},
	issn = {978-1498217927},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Bishop-Mullah-Smartphone-Journey-Religions/dp/1498217923},
	author = {Bryan Winters}
}
@article {1225,
	title = {Connecting the Actual with the Virtual: The Internet and Social Movement Theory in the Muslim World{\textemdash}The Cases of Iran and Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2010},
	chapter = {555},
	abstract = {The rapid expansion of Internet use in the Muslim world has called into question
what role{\textemdash}if any{\textemdash}this medium can play in political action in these countries.
This paper seeks to analyze the extent to which the Internet offers space for an
expansion of social movement theory in the Muslim world. It relies on a number
of case studies from two Muslim countries, the One Million Signatures Campaign
and {\textquotedblleft}Weblogistan{\textquotedblright} in Iran, and the Kefaya Movement and Muslim Brotherhood
blogging in Egypt. When placing Internet use in the context of political scientist and
historian Charles Tilly{\textquoteright}s {\textquotedblleft}repertoire{\textquotedblright} of social movement characteristics (worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment) and political scientist Robert Putnam{\textquoteright}s theory that the Internet can isolate individual users, it appears that the key to
the successful collaboration of the web and social movements is an adaptive
dynamic, through which groups function in both the cyber-world and the real
world. This paper presents a potential vision for the future of the Internet and
Islamic activism based on the assumption that an online element will help generate
some of the elements of Tilly{\textquoteright}s social movement repertoire, particularly if the Internet
is used to inspire sympathetic individuals to real world political action.},
	keywords = {Blogging, Egypt, Internet use, Iran, Islam, Kefaya Movement, Muslim Brotherhood, Muslim minorities, New Media, Weblogistan},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13602004.2010.533453},
	author = {Lernerת Melissa Y}
}
