@article {2075,
	title = {Sexual Violence Discourse on Internet: Meme, Hoe and the Case of Eno Fariha},
	journal = {Jurnal Perempuan},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {405-413},
	abstract = {Internet memes are presently gaining momentum as the hip media of the internet, yet it also brought the dated notion of sexism and violence against women. The notion is apparent especially after the recent case of violence and murder of Eno Fariha was transformed
into memes. Using several superficial aspect of media coverage on Eno{\textquoteright}s case, such as the utilization of hoe for the murder, the creator of said memes basically implies that any women who violate practices identifiable with certain religion is subject to similar act of violence which befalls Eno. Moreover, taking into account that internet memes are made {\textquoteleft}just for laughs{\textquoteright}, the humor of the meme becomes more prevalent than the violence discourse. Further inspection is needed on how much has the discourse spread, especially with memes{\textquoteright} quick and easy spread through the internet, and on its discursive relation with religion and domestification of women.},
	keywords = {internet, meme, sexual violence},
	url = {http://www.indonesianfeministjournal.org/index.php/IFJ/article/view/147},
	author = {Agam, R. A}
}
@unpublished {70,
	title = {An Orthodox wide network over the Internet for the lesson of religion},
	year = {2004},
	month = {May 2004},
	address = {Volos, Greece},
	abstract = {Adapting the Orthodox view of education, {\textquotedblleft}taste and see{\textquotedblright} (Schmemann 1974) to the Internet is quite difficult, because there is a lack of dimensions, interactivity and emotional life in its hole range. So, for a theologian it is not such a big a surprise, if ICT in Religious Education does not pay itself as it perhaps does according to the advocates of the business world. This is because the Orthodox view of Christian education differs from the learning and teaching theories. In spite of all these sceptical thoughts presented above there is no absolute reason to abandon or avoid the Internet in the R.E. The Internet connects people and helps them to share something that is common to them. At its best the www-material supports a deeper understanding of the same substance and paves the way for wider and mutual understanding concerning the Religious teaching and Religious life, and the situation of the Church in different kind of societies (minority-majority position of the Orthodoxy).},
	keywords = {internet, network, religion},
	url = {http://www.edu.joensuu.fi/ortoweb/oreconf/aikonenristo.pdf},
	author = {Risto Aikonen}
}
@article {2701,
	title = {Interpreting Islam through the Internet: making sense of hijab},
	journal = {Contemporary Islam},
	year = {2010},
	abstract = {Hijab, the practice of modesty or "covering," is one of the most visible and controversial aspects of Islam in the twenty-first century, partly because the Qur{\textquoteright}an offers so little guidance on proper dress. This forces Muslims to engage in ijtihad (interpretation), which historically has resulted in vast differences in dress around the world. By transcending some of the boundaries of space, time and the body, the Internet has emerged as a place where Muslims from diverse backgrounds can meet to debate ideas and flesh them out through shared experiences. After discussing hijab in the Qur{\textquoteright}an and other traditional sources, this article explores the use of cyberspace as a multi-media platform for learning about and debating what constitutes appropriate Islamic dress. The last section focuses on a case study of the multi-user "hijablog" hosted by thecanadianmuslim.ca, which represents one of the largest in-print discussions on hijab ever recorded in the English language. On this blog and other forums like it, ijtihad has become a critical tool for debate on matters such as hijab, which are important but sparsely discussed in the Qur{\textquoteright}an. },
	keywords = {internet, Islam},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227123676_Interpreting_Islam_through_the_Internet_Making_sense_of_hijab},
	author = {Akou, Heather Marie}
}
@book {324,
	title = {The Internet and the Madonna},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {The University of Chicago Press.},
	organization = {The University of Chicago Press.},
	address = {Chicago},
	keywords = {celebrities, internet, Madonna, media},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=tEuerA4ai0oC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Paulo Apolito}
}
@book {292,
	title = {Religious Internet Communication. Facts, Trends and Experiences in the Catholic Church},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {EDUSC},
	organization = {EDUSC},
	address = {Rome (Italy)},
	keywords = {Catholic, Church, Communication, internet},
	author = {Arasa, Daniel and Cantoni, Lorenzo and Ruiz, Lucio}
}
@article {106,
	title = {Cybernaughts Awake},
	year = {1999},
	institution = {Church House Publishing},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {The Church of England Board for Social Responsibility has the task of helping the Church to engage in critical debate with contemporary society. Developments in Information Technology have changed our lives in numerous ways. As the twentieth century draws to a close there can be little doubt that we have only just begun to appreciate the extent to which our social, economic and cultural life is being transformed. The board{\textquoteright}s Science, Medicine and Technology Committee proposed in 1996 that the board should commission a working party to set out some of the ethical and spiritual implications of these extraordinary developments. We are grateful to Professor Derek Burke and his colleagues for the hard work that they have put into the task of producing this report. Cybernauts Awake! is not the sort of title usually associated with the report of a working party commissioned by the Church. The style of the report is deliberately informal. It does not seek to present an official Church view. Rather, it tries to set out as clearly and fairly as possible some of the issues that we all need to be thinking about. It will have served its purpose if it encourages its readers to think - particularly if they read it on the Internet!},
	keywords = {cyber, internet},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=w4Lupu5wTNwC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Archbishop{\textquoteright}s Council, Church of England}
}
@article {209,
	title = {The Relationship Between Religiosity and Internet Use},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {129-144},
	abstract = {With the solidifying of the Internet as an influential form of mediated communica- tion has come a surge of activity among media scholars looking into what leads indi- viduals to use this emerging technology. This study focuses on religiosity as a poten- tial predictor of Internet activity, and uses a combination of secularization theory and uses and gratifications theory as a foundation from which to posit a negative relation between these 2 variables. Religiosity is found to retain a significant negative relation with Internet use at the zero order, and remains a robust negative predictor of the cri- terion variable even after accounting for a host of demographic, contextual, and situ- ational variables. Ramifications for these findings are discussed and an outline for fu- ture research building on our analyses is provided.},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	url = {http://www.mendeley.com/research/relationship-between-religiosity-internet/},
	author = {Armfield, Greg G. and Holbert, Robert L.}
}
@book {2095,
	title = {The Gospel in Cyberspace. Nurturing Faith in the Internet Age},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {Loyola Press},
	organization = {Loyola Press},
	address = {Chicago },
	abstract = {Global culture has gone from the Age of Print to the Era of the Media. The Gospel in Cyberspace maps these changes and offers guidance in navigating the new frontier as it relates to the Church. Authors Babin and Zukowski draw upon their experience in evangelization, catechesis, and media to lead readers through the new technologies},
	keywords = {cyberspace, Faith, Gospel, internet},
	issn = {9780829417401},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Gospel_in_Cyberspace.html?id=E8OOAAAAMAAJ},
	author = {Babin, P and Zukowski, A}
}
@article {141,
	title = {Japanese New Religions and the Internet: A Case Study},
	journal = {Australian Religious Studies Review},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {255-276},
	keywords = {internet, Japanese, religion},
	url = {http://www.equinoxjournals.com/ARSR/article/view/7863},
	author = {Baffelli, Erica}
}
@book {140,
	title = {Japanese Religions on the Internet: Innovation, Representation, and Authority},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Authority, internet, Japanese, religions},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415886437/},
	author = {Baffelli, Erica and Reader, Ian and Staemmler, Birgit}
}
@book {337,
	title = {Christian Cyberspace Companion : A Guide to the Internet and Christian Online Resources},
	year = {1995},
	publisher = {Baker Books},
	organization = {Baker Books},
	address = {Grand Rapids},
	abstract = {Reference works and guides to on-line services have been appearing throughout the computer world. This is the first specifically designed for Christians who would like to take advantage of online services. Beginners learn how to choose equipment and software, while experienced net surfers are provided with a glossary of cyberspace terms, the news of coming advances, and much more.},
	keywords = {Christianity, cyberspace, internet, resources},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Christian_cyberspace_companion.html?id=28BjHCuLquoC},
	author = {Baker, J. D.}
}
@inbook {110,
	title = {Crossing the Boundary: New Challenges to Religious Authority and Control as a Consequence of Access to the Internet},
	booktitle = {Religion and Cyberspace},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {Authority, Challenges, control, internet, religion},
	url = {http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/9342/},
	author = {Eileen Barker}
}
@book {462,
	title = {Internet Inquiry: Conversations About Method},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Sage Publishing},
	organization = {Sage Publishing},
	address = {London },
	abstract = {Internet Inquiry presents distinctive and divergent viewpoints on how to think about and conduct qualitative Internet research. Organized around methodological questions, this book addresses ethical, practical, and logistical issues, employing an approach that fosters open-ended dialogue. Each question is addressed by three researchers from different disciplines and nations to promote interdisciplinary thinking. Editors Annette N. Markham and Nancy K. Baym facilitate a dynamic understanding of quality in Internet research, emphasizing that while good research choices are varied, they are also deliberate, studied, and internally consistent.},
	keywords = {conversations, internet},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=cd6YjAf5f44C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Nancy Baym and Annette Markhan}
}
@inbook {217,
	title = {Computer-mediated religion: religion on the internet at the turn of the twenty-first century},
	booktitle = {From Sacred Text to the Internet},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {219-263},
	publisher = {Ashgate},
	organization = {Ashgate},
	address = {Aldershot, UK},
	abstract = {This study demonstrates how diaspora religious traditions utilized the Internet to develop significant network connections among each other and also to their place of origins. By examining the early Usenet system, I argue that the religious beliefs and practices of diaspora religious traditions were a motivating factor for developing Usenet groups where geographically dispersed individuals could connect with each other in safe, supportive, and religiously tolerant environments. This article explores the new forms of religious practices that began to occur on these sites, focusing on the manner in which Internet technology and the World Wide Web were utilized for activities such as long-distance ritual practice, cyber pilgrimage, and other religiously-motivated undertakings. Through these new online religious activities, diaspora groups have been able to develop significant connections not only among people, but also between people and the sacred homeland itself.
},
	keywords = {Computer, internet, religion, twenty-first century},
	url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/helland.html},
	author = {Beckerlegge, Gwilym}
}
@article {304,
	title = {From {\textquoteright}Televangelist{\textquoteright} to {\textquoteright}Intervangelist{\textquoteright}: The Emergence of the Streaming Video Preacher},
	journal = {Journal of Religion and Popular Culture},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {101-117},
	abstract = {The present study begins by recovering the origins of the terms "televangelism" and "televangelist." "Televangelism" first appeared in 1958 as the title of a proselytization project of the Southern Baptist Convention that combined dramatic television programs with efforts to engage viewers in person. "Televangelist" was introduced in 1975 to describe an emerging type of American television preacher, the most successful of whom built powerful parachurch organizations. The neologism "intervangelist" is then presented to label contemporary video preachers broadcasting online. A content analysis of video platforms on the site Streaming Faith reveals a group of intervangelists who head established or aspiring megachurches. It is demonstrated that the information and opportunities for interaction surrounding the videos of these intervangelists provide their ministries with tools for gaining the attention and donations of viewers, as well as resources for attracting physical attendees to their churches. },
	keywords = {Christianity, Evangelicalism, internet, Streaming Video, Televangelism},
	url = {http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/10v704n674gjn622/},
	author = {Bekkering, Denis J.}
}
@booklet {54,
	title = {Religion on the Internet: Cyborg Anthropology and Religion 2.0},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Spring 2009},
	publisher = {Millsaps College},
	address = {Jackson, Mississippi},
	abstract = {The central claim of this course is that technology affects understandings of community and identity. As anthropologists, we will investigate online religious communities in order to learn how religious practices and beliefs function in virtual spaces. By the end of the semester, you will be able to analyze and explain online religious practices as well as analyze and explain your own role as an anthropologist of online religion. This course will be driven by your own research. Each of you will investigate a specific online religious community over the course of the semester, asking: how does religion function online? How do people interact without bodies? How can a scholar represent an online community to an outside audience?},
	keywords = {cyborg, internet, religion},
	url = {not found},
	author = {Annie Blakeney-Glazer}
}
@article {1931,
	title = {Media Theology: New Communication Technologies as religious constructs, metaphors, and experiences},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {Recent studies have seen religious observance as inherently related to available communication technologies. This study follows this thrust but complements the focus on religious praxis with a look at media theology{\textemdash}the ideological dimension of the religion and media nexus. It traces three distinct facets of media theology: the way religious sensibilities affect how we create, shape, apply, and establish a relationship with media technologies; how media technologies serve as tools for grasping aspects of theology; and finally, how media use can launch mental and existential religious experiences. The study{\textquoteright}s orientation is historical, charting the development of the relationship between media technologies and the religious mind in the Abrahamic religions from the biblical media of fire and cloud through script and electric communications and all the way to the Internet.
Keywords},
	keywords = {Biblical media, information and communication technology (ICT), internet, media theology, New Media, religion, religious experience, science technology society (STS)},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444816649915},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1461444816649915},
	author = {Blondheim, Manaheim and Rosenberg, Hananel}
}
@article {1920,
	title = {La m{\'e}dialisation du religieux dans la th{\'e}orie du post n{\'e}o-protestantisme},
	journal = {Social Compass},
	volume = {Vol. 63},
	year = {2016},
	month = {July/2016},
	pages = {1-16},
	type = {peer reviewed},
	chapter = {1},
	abstract = {This article proposes a theory of post neo-Protestantism highlighting the key relationships maintained by this new postmodern manner of thinking and living religion with the medialization, that is to say, with the {\textquoteleft}mediatization of everything{\textquoteright} as a model of public communication developed in favor of broadband internet, wireless internet or social media. In this perspective, it is shown that post neo-Protestantism is basically the virtualization of neo-Protestantism still clinging to modernity and the communicative individual pragmatics of this virtualization now inescapably linked to new media.},
	keywords = {internet, medialization, post neo-Protestantism, postmodernism, religion},
	issn = {14617404},
	doi = {10.1177/0037768616652335},
	url = {http://scp.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/07/19/0037768616652335.full.pdf?ijkey=mTGIzHzyxkVZAYF\&keytype=finite},
	author = {Bratosin, Stefan}
}
@book {2172,
	title = {Christians Under Covers: Evangelicals and Sexual Pleasure on the Internet},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {University of California Press},
	organization = {University of California Press},
	address = {Berkeley, CA},
	abstract = {Christians under Covers shifts how scholars and popular media talk about religious conservatives and sex. Moving away from debates over homosexuality, premarital sex, and other perceived sexual sins, Kelsy Burke examines Christian sexuality websites to show how some evangelical Christians use digital media to promote the idea that God wants married, heterosexual couples to have satisfying sex lives. These evangelicals maintain their religious beliefs while incorporating feminist and queer language into their talk of sexuality{\textemdash}encouraging sexual knowledge, emphasizing women{\textquoteright}s pleasure, and justifying marginal sexual practices within Christian marriages. This illuminating ethnography complicates the boundaries between normal and subversive, empowered and oppressed, and sacred and profane.},
	keywords = {Christians, Evangelicals, internet, sexual behavior},
	issn = {9780520286337},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=2aowDwAAQBAJ\&dq=internet+and+Christians\&lr=\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Burke, K}
}
@inbook {509,
	title = {Reading race on-line; discovering racial identity in usenet discussions},
	booktitle = {Communities in Cyberspace},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {60-75},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London \& New York},
	abstract = {This wide-ranging introductory text looks at the virtual community of cyberspace and analyses its relationship to real communities lived out in today{\textquoteright}s societies. Issues such as race, gender, power, economics and ethics in cyberspace are grouped under four main sections and discussed by leading experts: * identity * social order and control * community structure and dynamics * collective action. This topical new book displays how the idea of community is being challenged and rewritten by the increasing power and range of cyberspace. As new societies and relationships are formed in this virtual landscape, we now have to consider the potential consequences this may have on our own community and societies. Clearly and concisely writtenwith a wide range of international examples, this edited volume is an essential introduction to the sociology of the internet. It will appeal to students and professionals, and to those concerned about the changing relationships between information technology and a society which is fast becoming divided between those on-line and those not.
},
	keywords = {identity, internet, race, Usenet},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=210IkjyN8gEC\&pg=PA10\&lpg=PA10\&dq=Reading+race+on-line;+discovering+racial+identity+in+usenet+discussions\&source=bl\&ots=Xv2QeLJjvv\&sig=K1teJw4Ir9QY9__-Z6D_XYGqEN4\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=C7ffT9qxO4Oa2gXb0KmWCg\&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw$\#$v=onepa},
	author = {Burkhalter, B}
}
@book {1284,
	title = {Invisible Users},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	organization = {The MIT Press},
	abstract = {An account of how young people in Ghana{\textquoteright}s capital city adopt and adapt digital technology in the margins of the global economy. Among other subjects: Religious practice and belief were a frequent point of reference for Ghanaian Internet users when they spoke about their social relationships, aspirations, and their use of technologies including the Internet. The way they talked about this belief was marked by a sense of the presence of spiritual forces (good and evil).},
	keywords = {Africa, digital technologies, Ghana, Ghanaian, internet, network technologies, religious practice, spiritual, users, Youth},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780262301459},
	author = {Jenna Burrell}
}
@inbook {320,
	title = {Internet and Cyber Environments},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Religion, Communication and Media},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {177-182},
	publisher = {Berkshire Publications/Sage Reference},
	organization = {Berkshire Publications/Sage Reference},
	address = {Great Barrington},
	abstract = {Communication is at the heart of all religions. As an essential aspect of religion, communication occurs between believers, between religious leaders and followers, between proponents of different faiths, and even between practitioners and the deities. The desire to communicate with as well as convert others is also an aspect of some of the world{\textquoteright}s major religions. The Encyclopedia of Religion, Communication, and Media explores all forms of religious communication worldwide and historically, with a special emphasis on oral and written forms of communication. This A-Z organized reference work analyzes how and why the world{\textquoteright}s religions have used different means of communications through topics dealing with: * Theory and concepts in religious communication, including rhetoric, persuasion, performance, brainwashing, and more * Forms of verbal communication, such as chanting, speaking in tongues, preaching, or praying * Forms of written communication, such as religious texts,parables, mystical literature, and modern Christian publishing * Other forms of communication, including art, film, and sculpture * Religious communication in public life, from news coverage and political messages to media evangelism and the electronic church * Communication processes and their effects on religious communication, including non-sexist language, communication competence, or interfaith dialogue * Biographies of major religious communicators, including Muhammad, Jesus, Aristotle, Gandhi, and Martin Luther From the presence of religion on the internet to the effects of religious beliefs on popular advertising, communication and media are integral to religion and the expression of religious belief. With its international and multicultural coverage, this Encyclopedia is an essential and unique resource for scholars, students, as well as the general reader interested in religion, media, or communications.
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Editorial Review - Library Journal vol. 132 iss. 11 p (c) 06/15/2007
A plethora of existing encyclopedias covers the independent study of religion, communication, and the media. Few, however, manage to bring these disparate fields together. Stout (journalism \& media studies, Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas; coeditor, Journal of Media and Religion ) has carefully chosen respected international scholars with expertise in a wide range of subjects{\textemdash}e.g., communication, religion, theology, and the media{\textemdash}to create this unprecedented interdisciplinary, cross-cultural encyclopedia concentrating on the various forms of written and oral religious methods used to communicate with divinity around the world. The 124 A-to-Z signed entries explore not only traditional media but also new media (e.g., cyber environments, film, and sculpture). The entries appear in a standardized format, each ranging from one to three pages in length. Major schools of thought, ancient and modern traditions, theories, and gurus are described, and each entry highlights the influence of religion on human history and contemporary society. Key ideas are often supported with excerpts, and articles are supplemented with photos and sidebars. BOTTOM LINE The division of entries into well-defined key sections and the extensive index allow efficient access to the information. These features, together with the further reading section, make this an ideal choice for large public or academic libraries serving university students, journalists, and those seeking a more thorough understanding of religion and communication{\textquoteright}s interconnection.{\textemdash}Hazel Cameron, Western Washington Univ. Libs., Bellingham  
Editorial Review - Library Journal vol. 132 iss. 11 p (c) 06/15/2007
A plethora of existing encyclopedias covers the independent study of religion, communication, and the media. Few, however, manage to bring these disparate fields together. Stout (journalism \& media studies, Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas; coeditor, Journal of Media and Religion ) has carefully chosen respected international scholars with expertise in a wide range of subjects{\textemdash}e.g., communication, religion, theology, and the media{\textemdash}to create this unprecedented interdisciplinary, cross-cultural encyclopedia concentrating on the various forms of written and oral religious methods used to communicate with divinity around the world. The 124 A-to-Z signed entries explore not only traditional media but also new media (e.g., cyber environments, film, and sculpture). The entries appear in a standardized format, each ranging from one to three pages in length. Major schools of thought, ancient and modern traditions, theories, and gurus are described, and each entry highlights the influence of religion on human history and contemporary society. Key ideas are often supported with excerpts, and articles are supplemented with photos and sidebars. BOTTOM LINE The division of entries into well-defined key sections and the extensive index allow efficient access to the information. These features, together with the further reading section, make this an ideal choice for large public or academic libraries serving university students, journalists, and those seeking a more thorough understanding of religion and communication{\textquoteright}s interconnection.{\textemdash}Hazel Cameron, Western Washington Univ. Libs., Bellingham  
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Selected pages


Title Page
Table of Contents
Index
Common terms and phrases

advertising American Anabaptists audience Baha{\textquoteright}i beliefs Bible broadcast Buddenbaum Buddhist Catholic century Christ Christian Church conflict Confucius congregation contemporary contemporary Christian music context create dance Daoist defined definition developed difficult divine early Evangelical example faith field figures film find first five Further Reading gious God{\textquoteright}s Greek groups Haredi Hindu Hinduism holy human images individual influence Internet interpretive community Islam Jesus Jewish Jews Judaism leaders ligious literacy mass media means Mennonites ment modern moral mosque movement Muslim Native American official one{\textquoteright}s oral organizations Orthodox political popular culture pornography practice prayer priests programs prophets Protestant Protestantism published Qur{\textquoteright}an radio reflect reli religion religious communities ritual Roman sacred sacrifice scholars secular sermon sexual shaman significant social society specific spiritual stories symbols televangelism televangelists television temple texts theology tion tradition University Press videos Western word worship York
Bibliographic information


Title	Encyclopedia of religion, communication, and media
Volume 8 of Religion and Society
Routledge encyclopedias of religion and society
Author	Daniel A. Stout
Editor	Daniel A. Stout
Edition	illustrated
Publisher	CRC Press, 2006
ISBN	0415969468, 9780415969468
Length	467 pages
Subjects	Language Arts \& Disciplines {\guilsinglright} Communication Studies

Communication
Communication - Religious aspects
Communication/ Religious aspects
Language Arts \& Disciplines / Communication Studies
Reference / Encyclopedias
Religion / General
Religion / Religion, Politics \& State
 	 
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{\textcopyright}2011 Google},
	keywords = {cyber, environment, internet},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=TN-qpt7kAK4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {44,
	title = {The Question of Christian Community Online: The Case of the Artist World Network},
	journal = {Studies in World Christianity},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {261-267},
	publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
	address = {Edinburgh, Scotland},
	abstract = {The past decade has seen a steady growth of technologies and practices that can be described as religion online. In many respects Christian groups and users have led the way in using the web for spiritual practices. From church websites becoming a common form of congregational advertising and communication to the rise of cyber churches and online prayer meetings, numerous forms of Christian practice have been transposed online. The Christian community has also been at the forefront of debates over the potential impact of {\textquoteleft}doing religion{\textquoteright} online. Concerns voiced by theologians, pastors and Christian scholars have included the potential that technology might become a substitute for God, the Internet could draw people away for organised religion towards individualised spiritualities, and that the Internet might reshape notions of traditional ritual and community. In light of these questions a new area of research has developed which involves exploring how Christian religious practice is being transformed in the age of Internet technology. Within such studies, the question of Christian or religious community online continues to surface as a central area of concern. As more and more Christian Internet users become involved in various chat, email and blogging groups, they are increasingly seeing and referring to these online social networks as religious communities. For many believers their Christian community involves both online and offline friendships and affiliations, a concept still problematic and contentious to many religious leaders. Thus, the purpose of this article is to investigate what constitutes a Christian community online and the possibilities and challenges that exist when Christians who gather for religious purpose online begin to conceive of their group as a Christian community. This is done by exploring a particular Christian online bulletin board, the {\textquoteleft}Artist World Network{\textquoteright}, in order to understand how this group sees itself and functions as community. This investigation provides a way to address the question of what constitutes an online Christian community. It also opens up discussion on the possibilities and challenges online religious communities pose for offline Christian community.},
	keywords = {Christianity, community, internet, religion online},
	url = {http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/swc.2007.13.3.261?journalCode=swc},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Patricia Caulderon}
}
@article {86,
	title = {Religious engagement with the internet within Israeli Orthodox groups},
	journal = {Israel Affairs},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {364-383},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of research on religion and the Internet within the Israeli context, highlighting how Orthodox Jewish groups have appropriated and responded to the Internet. By surveying Orthodox use of the Internet, and giving special attention to the ultra Orthodox negotiations, a number of key challenges that the Internet poses to the Israeli religious sector are highlighted. Exploring these debates and negotiations demonstrates that while the Internet is readily utilized by many Orthodox groups, it is still viewed by some with suspicion. Fears expressed, primarily by ultra Orthodox groups, shows religious leaders often attempt to constrain Internet use to minimize its potential threat to religious social norms and the structure of authority. This article also highlights the need for research that addresses the concerns and strategies of different Orthodox groups in order to offer a broader understanding of Orthodox engagement with the Internet in Israel.},
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, Israel, Judaism, Orthodox, religion, ultra Orthodox},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537121.2011.584664$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@book {2051,
	title = {Religion and the Internet },
	series = {Mapping the Rise of the Study of Religious Practice Online},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion and the Internet will present a range of scholarly articles that offer a critical overview of the interdisciplinary study of new media, religion and digital culture. Scholars have documented individuals using computer networks for religious discussions and enagagment since the early 1980s. In the mid 1990s, when the Internet became publicly accessible, scholars began to study how users were translating and transporting their religious practices onto this new digital platform. This collection will cover the development of the study of Religion and the Internet over the past three decades, highlighting the core research topics, approaches and questions that have been explored by key international scholars at the intersection of new media and religion. The collection seeks to present how new forms of religious practices have emerged and been interrogated by scholars. It will also present how religious communities have negotiated their engagement with digital techologies and the online and offline implications this has had for religious practioners and individuals.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, religion},
	issn = {9781138093669},
	url = {https://www.crcpress.com/Religion-and-the-Internet/Campbell/p/book/9781138093669},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@article {2038,
	title = {Religious Communication and Technology},
	journal = {The Annals of the ICA},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {This article provides a review of contemporary research on religious communication and technologies through the lens of Digital Religion Studies, which explores how online and offline religious spheres become blended and blurred through digital culture. Summarizing the emergence and growth of studies of religion and the Internet, and offering an overview of scholarship demonstrating how religious actors negotiate their relationships and spiritual activities within their online{\textendash}offline lives, enable us to look critically at the state of Digital Religion Studies. This article also highlights current trends and emerging themes within this area including increasing attention being paid to theoretical developments, approaching digital religion as lived religion, and the influence of postsecular and posthuman discourses within this scholarship.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, religion},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23808985.2017.1374200},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@book {2062,
	title = {Religion and the Internet},
	series = {Research Methods and Theories in Digital Religion Studies},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	issn = {9781138093690},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=lp5gswEACAAJ\&dq=religion+and+the+internet+volume+3+Research+Methods+and+Theories+in+Digital+Religion+Studies\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwib-s3ipsTbAhVHrVkKHdBOD1IQ6AEIJzAA},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {317,
	title = {This is my church: Seeing the internet and club culture as spiritual space},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {107-121},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space.},
	keywords = {Christianity, Church, club culture, internet},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {1191,
	title = {Religion and the Internet: A microcosm for studying Internet trends and implications},
	journal = {new media \& society},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2012},
	chapter = {680},
	abstract = {This article argues that paying close attention to key findings within the study of religion 
and the Internet, a subfield of Internet Studies, can enhance our understanding and 
discussion of the larger social and cultural shifts at work within networked society. 
Through a critical overview of research on religion online, five central research areas 
emerge related to social practices, online{\textendash}offline connections, community, identity, and 
authority online. It is also argued that observations about these themes not only point 
to specific trends within religious practice online, but also mirror concerns and findings 
within other areas of Internet Studies. Thus, studying religion on the Internet provides 
an important microcosm for investigating Internet Studies{\textquoteright} contribution in a wide range 
of contexts in our contemporary social world.},
	keywords = {Authority, community, Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, identity, internet, Mass media, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, offline, Online, online communication, Online community, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, Ritual, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Internet Studies{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media and religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}networked society{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}online identity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious congregations{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious practice online{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/15/5/680.abstract},
	author = {Heidi A Campbell}
}
@book {95,
	title = {Exploring Religious Community Online: We are one in the Network},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {213},
	publisher = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	organization = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	type = {Monograph},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Exploring Religious Community Online is a first comprehensive study of the development and implications of online communities for religious groups. This book investigates religious community online by examining how Christian communities have adopted internet technologies, and looks at how these online practices pose new challenges to offline religious community and culture. },
	keywords = {Christianity, community, email, internet, religion, religious identity},
	isbn = {978-0820471051},
	issn = {978-0820471051},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=nkEHmdr-7ZUC\&pg=PA153\&lpg=PA153\&dq=exploring+religious+community+online+heidi+campbell\&source=bl\&ots=3cedZPB9S1\&sig=Aw3jXmsZmvnlHK7agc6uIzQUSoI\&hl=en\&ei=tNOZTprkGqbKsQLRwqW3BA\&sa=X\&oi=book_result\&ct=result\&resnum=4\&sqi=2\&v},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {1008,
	title = {Al Jazeera{\textquoteright}s Framing of Social Media During the Arab Spring. },
	journal = {CyberOrient},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {This study investigates how Al Jazeera framed social media in relation to the revolutions and protests of the {\textquotedblleft}Arab Spring{\textquotedblright} within its broadcast media coverage. A content analysis of Arabic language broadcasts appearing from January 25th through February 18th 2011, covering the protests in Tahrir Square, was conducted using the Broadcast Monitoring System (BMS) and Arab Spring Archive. Through this analysis we see a number of common narratives being used by Al Jazeera to frame social media and make claims about the influence they had on the protests and related social movements. By noting the frequency of social communications technologies referenced, ways in which these technologies were characterized and interpreting supporting themes with which they were identified helps illuminate the assumptions promoted by Al Jazeera regarding the role and impact of social communications technology on these events.},
	keywords = {activism, Arab Spring, democracy, Egypt, information and communication technology, internet, public sphere, satellite TV, social media},
	url = {http://www.cyberorient.net/article.do?articleId=7758},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Diana Hawk}
}
@article {85,
	title = {Creating digital enclaves: Negotiation of the internet amongst bounded religious communities},
	journal = {Media, Culture and Society},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {709-724},
	publisher = {Sage},
	chapter = {709},
	abstract = {This article examines the motivation behind bounded groups{\textquoteright} creation of digital enclaves online. Through in-depth interviews with 19 webmasters and staff of selected Israeli Orthodox websites three critical areas of negotiation are explored: (1) social control; (2) sources of authority; and (3) community boundaries. Examining these tensions illuminates a detailed process of self-evaluation which leads religious stakeholders and internet entrepreneurs to form these digital enclaves in order to negotiate the core beliefs and constraints of their offline communities online. These offer spaces of safety for members within the risk-laden tracts of the internet. Examining the tensions accompanying the emergence of these religious websites elucidates community affordances as well as the challenges to the authority that integration of new media poses to closed groups and societies. },
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, Israel, Judaism},
	url = {http://mcs.sagepub.com/content/33/5/709.abstract},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Oren Golan}
}
@book {2061,
	title = {Religion and the Internet},
	series = {Key Themes in the Study of Digital Religion},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion and the Internet will present a range of scholarly articles that offer a critical overview of the interdisciplinary study of new media, religion and digital culture. Scholars have documented individuals using computer networks for religious discussions and enagagment since the early 1980s. In the mid 1990s, when the Internet became publicly accessible, scholars began to study how users were translating and transporting their religious practices onto this new digital platform. This collection will cover the development of the study of Religion and the Internet over the past three decades, highlighting the core research topics, approaches and questions that have been explored by key international scholars at the intersection of new media and religion. The collection seeks to present how new forms of religious practices have emerged and been interrogated by scholars. It will also present how religious communities have negotiated their engagement with digital techologies and the online and offline implications this has had for religious practioners and individuals.},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	issn = {9781138093683},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=QrGhswEACAAJ\&dq=religion+and+the+internet+volume+2\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjhiYyrocTbAhWjo1kKHUlfCicQ6AEIJzAA},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {316,
	title = {The Internet as Social-Spiritual Space},
	booktitle = {Netting citizens: Exploring citizenship in the Internet age},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {208-231},
	publisher = {St. Andrew{\textquoteright}s Press},
	organization = {St. Andrew{\textquoteright}s Press},
	address = {Edinburgh},
	keywords = {internet, Social, spiritual},
	url = {http://clydeserver.com/bairdtrust/pdfs/2004/chapter09opt.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {94,
	title = {Challenges created by online religious networks},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {81-99},
	abstract = {This article considers the challenges that online religious communities raise for religious culture. A survey of cultural changes in media, community, and religion uncovers similar structural shifts, from hierarchical structures to more open, dynamic relationship patterns in society. Examining this shift helps explain why cyber-religion and online religious communities have become emergent phenomenon. Emphasis is placed on the argument that the Internet has thrived because it has surfaced in a cultural landscape that promotes fluid yet controlled relationships over tightly bound hierarchies. Religious online communities are expressions of these changes and challenge traditional religious definitions of community. Especially problematic is the image of community as a network of relations. This article also addresses common concerns and fears of religious critics related to online communities through an analysis of current literature on these issues, along with a synthesis of research studies relating to the social use and consequences of the Internet.},
	keywords = {community, internet, religion},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15328415jmr0302_1$\#$preview},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {2044,
	title = {Accessing Changes in the Study of Religious Communities in Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {Church, Communication \& Culture},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {73-89},
	abstract = {This article provides a focused review of researches undertaken within Digital religion studies in the last three decades, specifically highlighting how religious communities have been studied and approached within this area. It highlights the dominant theoretical and methodological approaches employed by scholars during what is being described as the four stages of research on religious communities emerging over this period of time. Thus, this article presents the findings of key studies emerging during these stages to illuminate how the study of religious communities online has evolved over time. It also offers insights into how this evolution specifically relates to the study of Catholic community online. Finally, a theoretical analysis is given, assessing current research on religious communities within Digital Religion studies, and approaches for future research are proposed.},
	keywords = {Community online, Digital Religion, internet, offline, Online, religious communities},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23753234.2016.1181301},
	author = {Campbell, H and Virtullo, A}
}
@article {323,
	title = {Religion and the Internet},
	journal = {Communication Research Trends},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {3-24},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	url = {http://cscc.scu.edu/trends/v25/v25_1.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@article {93,
	title = {Spiritualising the internet: Uncovering discourse and narrative of religious internet usage},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {Heidi Campbell deals with an important aspect of {\textquotedblright}lived religion{\textquotedblright} and the Internet. In her contribution Spiritualising the Internet: Uncovering Discourses and Narratives of Religious Internet Usage, she focuses on how spiritual or religious worldviews shape the use and study of the Internet. Individuals and groups typically employ one of a range of conceptual models (such as the Internet as an information tool, identity workshop, common mental geography, social network or spiritual space) to frame their understanding of Internet technology and how it should be used. Narratives about the nature of this technology are often embedded within these discourses. Of particular interest to Campbell is the identification of narratives used to shape religious or spiritual Internet usage. Some of these can be described as offering a religious identity, support network, spiritual network or worship space. According to Campbell, religious narratives describe the religious group{\textquoteright}s motivations and beliefs about acceptable use of technology in spiritual pursuits. They also highlight a process of negotiation and framing that is often undertaken in order to justify religious Internet usage. Campbell introduces Katz and Aakhus{\textquoteright}s Apparageist theory of the social use of mobile technology, which provides one way to discuss this religious apologetic process related to the Internet. She is convinced that it also helps to uncover how technological selection can be linked to the spiritual worldviews to which individuals and/or groups ascribe.},
	keywords = {internet, religion, technology, theory of religion online},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5824/pdf/Campbell4a.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {2055,
	title = {Internet and social media},
	booktitle = {Routledge{\textquoteright}s Companion to Religion and Popular Culture},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {154-168},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion and popular culture is a fast-growing field that spans a variety of disciplines. This volume offers the first real survey of the field to date and provides a guide for the work of future scholars. It explores key issues of definition and of methodology, religious encounters with popular culture across media, material culture and space, ranging from videogames and social networks to cooking and kitsch, architecture and national monuments representations of religious traditions in the media and popular culture, including important non-Western spheres such as Bollywood.},
	keywords = {internet, social media},
	issn = {9781138322738},
	author = {Campbell, H and Teusner, P. E}
}
@article {2042,
	title = {Surveying Theoretical Approaches within Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {15-24},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of the development of Digital Religion studies and the theoretical approaches frequently employed within this area. Through considering the ways and theories of mediatization, mediation of meaning, and the religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology have been engaged and applied in studies of new media technologies, religion, and digital culture we see how Digital Religion studies has grown into a unique area of inquiry informed by both Internet studies and media, religion, and culture studies. Overall, it offers a concise summary of the current state of research inquiry within Digital Religion studies.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, mediation of meaning, mediatization, New Media, religion, religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology, theory},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649912},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {322,
	title = {Religious Authority in the Age of the Internet},
	booktitle = {Virtual Lives: Christian Reflection },
	year = {2011},
	pages = {59-68},
	publisher = {Baylor University Press},
	organization = {Baylor University Press},
	abstract = {As the internet changes how we interact with one another, it transforms our understanding of authority by creating new positions of power, flattening traditional hierarchies, and providing new platforms that give voice to the voice- less. How is it reshaping Christian leadership and institu- tions of authority?},
	keywords = {Authority, internet, religion},
	doi = {http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/130947.pdf},
	url = {http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/130950.pdf},
	author = {Heidi Campbell and Paul Teusner}
}
@article {90,
	title = {Who{\textquoteright}s got the power? The question of religious authority and the internet},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2007},
	chapter = {14},
	abstract = {While many themes have been explored in relation to religion online{\textemdash}ritual, identity construction, community{\textemdash}what happens to religious authority and power relationships within online environments is an area in need of more detailed investigation. In order to move discussions of authority from the broad or vague to the specific, this article argues for a more refined identification of the attributes of authority at play in the online context. This involves distinguishing between different layers of authority in terms of hierarchy, structure, ideology, and text. The article also explores how different religious traditions approach questions of authority in relation to the Internet. Through a qualitative analysis of three sets of interviews with Christians, Jews, and Muslims about the Internet, we see how authority is discussed and contextualized differently in each religious tradition in terms of these four layers of authority.},
	keywords = {Authority, Christianity, internet, Islam, Judaism},
	url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/campbell.html},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {2054,
	title = {Sanctifying the Internet: Aish{\textquoteright}s Use of the Internet for Digital Outreach},
	booktitle = {Digital Judaism: Jewish Negotiations with Digital Media and Technology},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {74-90},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {The internet is increasingly used by different Jewish groups as a tool of outreach, especially for religious organizations committed to calling secular Jews back into a religious lifestyle. One example of using the internet to connect, educate and encourage Jews is the work of Aish.com, the digital presence of Aish HaTorah. Due to its Orthodox outlook, it functions under a set of self-imposed rules in its web work to monitor and make sure the content and images that appear on the site support its conservative values and beliefs. While it seeks to be innovative in the types of information and forums it provides (from video podcasts and blogs to online seminars and courses), it insists its work is not a whole-scale endorsement of the internet for all religious Jews. Rather, the internet is presented as a necessary tool to be used in outreach to secular Jews. Aish.com allows Aish HaTorah the means to meet and influence secular Jews wherever they are. By using the internet within a bounded approach and by carefully monitoring web content, those working for the site avoid problematic images and topics as it seeks to sanctify the internet through bringing Torah and a Torah-based lifestyle into the digital realm},
	keywords = {digital outreach, internet},
	issn = { 978-0415736244},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781317817345/chapters/10.4324\%2F9781315818597-9},
	author = {Campbell, H and Bellar, W}
}
@article {1188,
	title = {The Use of Internet Communication by Catholic Congregations: A Quantitative Study},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {291-309},
	abstract = {This article presents a first attempt to measure the use of the internet by all 5,812 Catholic religious congregations and autonomous institutes worldwide (with 858,988 members). The research was conducted through a questionnaire sent by e-mail, hence first selecting those institutions which at least have an access to internet communication through an e-mail account (2,285: 39.3\% of the total), receiving 437 responses (19.1\% of the e-mail owners). The study shows great differences between centralized institutes and autonomous ones: the former ones make a higher use of the Internet than the latter ones; moreover, differences are also found among centralized institutes, namely between male and female ones. Two explanatory elements have been found, both depending on the own mission (charisma) of institutes: (1) first, the different approach to the external world: the institutes more devoted to contemplation and less active in the outside world make limited and basic use of the Internet, if any; (2) second, institutes whose aim is to assist poor and sick persons tend to use the internet less than the others, due to their different prioritization of resources.},
	keywords = {Catholic, Catholic religious congregations, Computer, congregations, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, email, internet, internet communication through an e-mail account, Mass media, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15348420701626797$\#$.Uinxtsasim5},
	author = {Cantoni, L and Zyga, S}
}
@book {125,
	title = {E-vangelism: Sharing the Gospel in Cyberspace},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {Huntington House Publishers},
	organization = {Huntington House Publishers},
	address = {Lafayette, LA},
	abstract = {"E-vangelism: Sharing the Gospel in Cyberspace" by Andrew Careaga (Vital Issues Press) discusses saving souls in cyberspace. Chapter one, "E-vangelism: Fishing the Net," is online. Other chapters include "Getting Started," "The Wide, Wide World of the World Wide Web," "Chatting for Christians" and "Piercing the Darkness." "A lot of churches, parachurch ministries and devout believers see cyberspace as a new mission field," Careaga says. "They{\textquoteright}re using the Internet as a tool to get their message out, and it seems to be working." "E-vangelism" focuses on how churches, parachurch organizations and individuals are using the Internet to communicate their theology to the online world. Order this inspirational book online.},
	keywords = {cyberspace, evangelism, Gospel, internet},
	url = {www.e-vangelsim.com},
	author = {Careaga, Andrew}
}
@article {40,
	title = {The Basilica of Guadalupe on the Internet: The Diffusion of Religious Practices in the Era of Information Technologies},
	journal = {Renglones, Revista Arbitrada en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September 2009},
	pages = {27-36},
	publisher = {Instituto Tecnol{\'o}gico y de Estudios Superiores de Occidente, A.C.},
	address = {Tlaquepaque, Mexico},
	abstract = {This article discusses the use of new information technologies for the purpose of disseminating religious beliefs. It deals in particular with the web awareness strategy used by the Basilica of Guadalupe, a pioneering institution in the use of an Internet site for religious purposes in Mexico. The author examines the relationship between media and people, rituals and spaces involved in religious practices; he also gives an overview of the different communication models favored by the Catholic Church at different moments in the history of media. With a qualitative research method, using in{\textendash}depth interviews as data collection tool, a semantic content analysis is performed, allowing identification of the main courses for the Basilica{\textquoteright}s online awareness strategy. One conclusion is that the main use for the web site is broadcasting information and providing services to the faithful, which subordinates the religious message to the advantages and conditions imposed by the medium, as well as its specific hazards, from the emitter{\textquoteright}s point of view. Given its relevance in Mexico, the communication strategy applied by the Basilica can shed light on the steps that other entities linked to the Catholic Church in this country could take in the future.},
	keywords = {Basilica of Guadalupe, Catholic Church, communication {\textendash} group and community, information technologies, internet, media, religion, religious practices {\textendash} diffusion},
	url = {http://renglones.iteso.mx/upload/archivos/pablo_aburto.pdf},
	author = {Pablo Ignacio Aburto Carvajal}
}
@article {1245,
	title = {Virtual Ritual, Real Faith : the Revirtualization of Religious Ritual in Cyberspace},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {73},
	abstract = {Cheryl Anne Casey deals with Practicing Faith in Cyberspace: Conceptions and Functions of Religious Rituals on the Internet. She examines the emerging phenomenon of online religious rituals and their functions for participants in order to illuminate the relationship between changing technologies of communication and our changing conceptions of religion. Her case study considers an online Episcopalian church service within the framework of ritual theory.
Keys to the analysis are the particular design chosen for the service (given the multifarious forms which rituals can take in cyberspace) and the relationship between choice of design and the tenets of the particular faith group. The objective of this study is to shed light on the relationship between conceptions of religion, religious experience, and changing media environments by examining online rituals and the meanings and functions these rituals hold for those who access them},
	keywords = {Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, Episcopalian church, internet, media environments, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, religious experience, RELIGIOUS RITUAL},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/377/353},
	author = {Cheryl Anne Casey}
}
@book {574,
	title = {The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Manuel Castells is one of the world{\textquoteright}s leading thinkers on the new information age, hailed by The Economist as "the first significant philosopher of cyberspace," and by Christian Science Monitor as "a pioneer who has hacked out a logical, well-documented, and coherent picture of early 21st century civilization, even as it rockets forward largely in a blur." Now, in The Internet Galaxy, this brilliantly insightful writer speculates on how the Internet will change our lives.
Castells believes that we are "entering, full speed, the Internet Galaxy, in the midst of informed bewilderment." His aim in this exciting and profound work is to help us to understand how the Internet came into being, and how it is affecting every area of human life--from work, politics, planning and development, media, and privacy, to our social interaction and life in the home. We are at ground zero of the new network society. In this book, its major commentator reveals the Internet{\textquoteright}s huge capacity to liberate, but also its ability to marginalize and exclude those who do not have access to it. Castells provides no glib solutions, but asks us all to take responsibility for the future of this new information age.
The Internet is becoming the essential communication and information medium in our society, and stands alongside electricity and the printing press as one of the greatest innovations of all time. The Internet Galaxy offers an illuminating look at how this new technology will influence business, the economy, and our daily lives.},
	keywords = {Business, Economy, internet, society},
	isbn = {0199255776},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Internet-Galaxy-Reflections-Business-Clarendon/dp/0199241538/ref=sr_1_1?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1347470288\&sr=1-1\&keywords=0199241538},
	author = {Castells, Manuel}
}
@article {127,
	title = {Finding God on the Web},
	volume = {149},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {52-59},
	keywords = {God, internet},
	url = {http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985700,00.html},
	author = {Chama, Joshua. R. C.}
}
@inbook {284,
	title = {Religion 2.0? Relational and hybridizing pathways in religion, social media and culture},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1-24},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	chapter = {Religion 2.0? Relational and hybridizing pathways in religion, social media and culture.},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Authority, community, identity, internet, religion, social media},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Ess, Charles}
}
@article {279,
	title = {Cultivating online and offline pathways to enlightenment: Religious authority in wired Buddhist organizations},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1160-1180},
	abstract = {In light of expanding epistemic resources online, the mediatization of religion poses questions about the possible changes, decline and reconstruction of clergy authority. Distinct from virtual Buddhism or cybersangha research which relies primarily on online observational data, this paper examines Buddhist clergy communication within the context of established religious organizations with an integrationist perspective on interpersonal communication and new and old media connections. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Buddhist leaders in Singapore, this paper illustrates ways in which priests are expanding their communicative competency, which we label {\textquotedblleft}strategic arbitration{\textquotedblright} to maintain their authority by restructuring multimodal representations and communicative influence. This study expands upon previous research by Cheong, Huang \& Poon (in press) and finds that constituting Buddhist religious epistemic authority in wired organizational contexts rests on coordinating online-offline communicative acts. Such concatenative coordination involves normalizing the aforementioned modality of authority through interpersonal acts that positively influences epistemic dependence. Communicative acts that privilege face-to-face mentoring and corporeal rituals are optimized in the presence of monks within perceived sacred spaces in temple grounds, thereby enabling clergy to perform ultimate arbitration. However, Buddhist leaders also increase bargaining power when heightened web presence and branding practices are enacted. The paper concludes with limitations and recommendations for future research in religious authority. },
	keywords = {Authority, community, internet, religion, theory of religion online},
	doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2011.579139},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Huang, Shirlena and Poon, Jessie}
}
@article {283,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}WWW.Faith.Org{\textquoteright}: (Re)structuring communication and social capital building among religious organizations.},
	journal = {Information, Communication and Society},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {89-110},
	abstract = {This paper examines the relationships between Internet and social capital building within religious organizations, a relatively understudied foci. Building upon theoretical insights provided by new institutionalism and recent research on the Internet, social capital and religion, this article explores the ways in which religious organizations, have (re)structured their norms, values, and practices of religious community in light of the incorporation of the Internet into their congregational life. Drawing from interviews conducted with Christian and Buddhist religious leaders in Toronto, this article discusses three major relationships in which the effects of the Internet on social capital may be understood, that is, complementary, transformative, and perverse relationships. Religious organizations are traditionally associated with relatively high stocks of social capital, yet findings here suggest that their communicative norms, values, and practices are changing to varying extent. The results also indicate that the relationship between the Internet and social capital building is largely complementary; however the Internet is perceived by some to be a {\textquoteleft}mixed blessing{\textquoteright}, facilitating the potential transformation of organizational practices that affect community norms while leading to the dispersion of religious ties that could undermine community solidarity. Thus, contrary to earlier studies that have documented no evidence of innovations involving the reconfiguration of organizational practices and the adjustment of mission or services, findings here illustrate how some religious organizations have expanded the scope of their calling and restructured their communicative practices to spur administrative and operational effectiveness. Like other organizations, religious organizations are not insulated from technological changes including those associated with the Internet{\textquoteright}s. This study clarifies and identifies key ways in which the distinct spirituality, cultural values, and institutional practices and norms of religious organizations influence communication processes that constitute bridging and bonding forms of social capital in this dot.org. era of faith. },
	keywords = {community, internet, social capital, theory of religion online},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Poon, Jessie}
}
@article {282,
	title = {The Internet Highway and Religious Communities: Mapping and Contesting Spaces in Religion-Online},
	journal = {The Information Society},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {291-302},
	abstract = {We examine {\textquoteleft}religion-online{\textquoteright}, an underrepresented area of research in new media, communication, and geography, with a multi-level study of the online representation and (re)-presentation of Protestant Christian organizations in Singapore, which has one of the highest Internet penetration rates in the world and also believers affiliated with all the major world religions. We first critically discuss and empirically examine how online technologies are employed for religious community building in novel and diverse ways. Then we investigate the role religious leaders play through their mental representations of the spatial practices and scales through which their religious communities are imagined and practiced online. We show how churches use the multimodality of the Internet to assemble multiple forms of visible data and maps to extend geographic sensibilities of sacred space and create new social practices of communication.},
	keywords = {Authority, community, geography, internet, theory of religion online},
	doi = {10.1080/01972240903212466},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Huang, Shirlena and Poon, Jessie and Casas, Irene}
}
@article {177,
	title = {The Chronicles of Me: Understanding Blogging as a Religious Practice},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {101-131},
	abstract = {Blogs represent an especially interesting site of online religious commu- nication. Analysis of the content of 200 blogs with mentions of topics related to Christianity, as well as interviews of a subset of these bloggers, suggests that blogs provide an integrative experience for the faithful, not a third place, but a melding of the personal and the communal, the sacred and the profane. Religious bloggers operate outside the realm of the conventional nuclear church as they connect and link to mainstream news sites, other nonreligious blogs, and online collaborative knowledge networks such as Wikipedia. By chronicling how they experience faith in their everyday lives, these bloggers aim to communicate not only to their communities and to a wider public but also to themselves. This view of blogging as a contemplative religious experience differs from the popular characterization of blogging as a trivial activity.
},
	keywords = {blogs, hyperlinks, internet, religion},
	url = {http://drexel.academia.edu/KyoungheeKwon/Papers/78691/The_chronicles_of_me_Understanding_blogging_as_a_religious_practice},
	author = {Cheong, Pauline and Halavais, Alex and Kwon, Kyounghee}
}
@book {286,
	title = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Authority, avatars, community, history, identity, internet, online church, social media, theology, theory of religion online},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Fischer-Nielsen, Peter and Gelfgren, Stefan and Ess, Charles}
}
@article {281,
	title = {Religious Communication and Epistemic Authority of Leaders in Wired Faith Organizations.},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Communication Research},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {452-454},
	abstract = {The mediation of communication has raised questions of authority shifts in key social institutions. This article examines how traditional sources of epistemic power that govern social relations in religious authority are being amplified or delegitimized by Internet use, drawing from in-depth interviews with protestant pastors in Singapore. Competition from Internet access is found to delocalize epistemic authority to some extent; however, it also reembeds authority by allowing pastors to acquire new competencies as strategic arbiters of religious expertise and knowledge. Our study indicates that although religious leaders are confronted with proletarianization, deprofessionalization, and potential delegitimization as epistemic threats, there is also an enhancement of epistemic warrant as they adopt mediated communication practices that include the social networks of their congregation.},
	keywords = {Authority, internet},
	doi = {10.1080/00909882.2011.577085},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01579.x/abstract},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@inbook {285,
	title = {Twitter of Faith: Understanding social media networking and microblogging rituals as religious practices},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {191-206},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {blogs, internet, microblogging, social media},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@article {280,
	title = {Religious Communication and Epistemic Authority of Leaders in Wired Faith Organizations},
	journal = {Journal of Communication},
	volume = {61},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {938-958},
	abstract = {The mediation of communication has raised questions of authority shifts in key social institutions. This paper examines how traditional sources of epistemic power that govern social relations in religious authority are being amplified or delegitimized by Internet use, drawing from in-depth interviews with protestant pastors in Singapore. Competition from Internet access is found to delocalize epistemic authority to some extent; however, it also re-embeds authority by allowing pastors to acquire new competencies as strategic arbiters of religious expertise and knowledge. Our study indicates that while religious leaders are confronted with proletarianization, deprofessionalization and potential de-legitimization as epistemic threats, there is also an enhancement of epistemic warrant as they adopt mediated communication practices that include the social networks of their congregation. },
	keywords = {Authority, internet, theory of religion online},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01579.x},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Pauline Hope Cheong and Huang, Shirlena and Poon, Jessie}
}
@article {356,
	title = {The Message of the Medium: The Challenge of the Internet to the Church and Other Communities},
	journal = {Studies in Christian Ethics},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {91-100},
	abstract = {Imagine, if you can, a small room, hexagonal in shape, like the cell of a bee. It is lighted neither by window nor by lamp, yet it is filled with a soft radiance. There are no apertures for ventilation, yet the air is fresh. There are no musical instruments, and yet, at the moment that my meditation opens, this room is throbbing with melodious sounds. An armchair is in the centre, by its side a reading-desk {\textemdash} that is all the furniture. And in the armchair there sits a swaddled lump of flesh {\textemdash} a woman, about five feet high, with a face as white as a fungus. It is to her that the little room belongs.},
	keywords = {Chrisitan, ethics, internet},
	url = {http://sce.sagepub.com/content/13/2/91.abstract},
	author = {Clough, D.}
}
@article {657,
	title = {Ethics in Internet },
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Catholic, Christianity, Communication, ethics, internet, media, Pontifical},
	url = {www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pccs_doc_20020228_ethics-internet_en.html},
	author = {Pontifical Council For Social Communications}
}
@article {368,
	title = {Ethics in Internet},
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {ethics, internet},
	url = {http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_20020228_church-internet_en.html},
	author = {Pontifical Council for Social Communications}
}
@book {179,
	title = {Cyberhenge: Modern Pagans on the Internet},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {InCyberhenge, Douglas E. Cowan brings together two fascinating and virtually unavoidable phenomena of contemporary life--the Internet and the new religious movement of Neopaganism. For growing numbers of Neopagans-Wiccans, Druids, Goddess-worshippers, and others--the Internet provides an environment alive with possibilities for invention, innovation, and imagination. From angel channeling, biorhythms, and numerology to e-covens and cybergroves where neophytes can learn everything from the Wiccan Rede to spellworking, Cowan illuminates how and why Neopaganism is using Internet technology in fascinating new ways as a platform for invention of new religious traditions and the imaginative performance of ritual. This book is essential reading for students and scholars of new religious movements, and for anyone interested in the intersections of technology and faith.},
	keywords = {comparative religion, cults, cyberspace, internet, neopaganism, religious aspects},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=dE8vh7i80-IC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Cowan, Douglas}
}
@book {1287,
	title = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	keywords = {Australia, cyberspace, identity, internet, Islam, religion, Spirituality, USA, virtual community, Youth},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=wv7yBEkNy90C\&oi=fnd\&pg=PP2\&dq=religion+and+internet\&ots=CA4s_YcVP2\&sig=xdDIUwtCtkJoZbGLjswTPVLMeg4$\#$v=onepage\&q=religion\%20and\%20internet\&f=false},
	author = {Lorne L. Dawson and Douglas E. Cowan}
}
@article {1195,
	title = {Seeking the Sacred Online: Internet and the Individualization of Religious Life in Quebec},
	journal = {Anthropologica},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2012},
	chapter = {19},
	keywords = {Access to resources, Canada, Contemporary Religious Community, digital cultures, internet, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society},
	url = {http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN\&cpsidt=26049890},
	author = {M Deirdre}
}
@article {2175,
	title = {From Jesus to the Internet: A History of Christianity and Media},
	journal = {Christian Scholar{\textquoteright}s Review},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {102-105},
	abstract = {The title, From Jesus to the Internet, summarizes the range of his study, while the subtitle, History of Christianity and Media, describes the substance. Horsfield connects key turning points in ecclesial history with the major communication shifts of each era, from oral to written, from print through digital. While church histories may focus on the dogma being debated, Horsfield suggests that those who marshaled media most effectively usually won the ideological war. This highly readable text has implications and applications to classes in religion, theology, history, and communication. Horsfield offers a clear and succinct overview of his methodology in the introduction. He adopts a broad definition of both religion and media, approaching Christianity as "a complex and expanding mediated phenomenon, a constant creative reproduction and rhetorical reworking of Jesus to match the conditions of an ever-expanding set of constantly changing circumstances"},
	keywords = {Christianity, internet, Jesus, media},
	url = {http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE\%7CA485538340\&sid=googleScholar\&v=2.1\&it=r\&linkaccess=abs\&issn=00172251\&p=AONE\&sw=w},
	author = {Detweiler, C}
}
@article {1264,
	title = {The Forbidden Fork, the Cell Phone Holocaust, and Other Haredi Encounters with Technology},
	journal = {Contemporary Jewry},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2009},
	chapter = {3},
	abstract = {Haredi Jews valorize tradition and explicitly reject the idea of progress
on ideological grounds. Concomitantly, they are opposed to many innovations and
are highly critical of the destructive potential of modern communication technologies
such as cell phones with Internet capability that serve as pocket-sized portals
between their insular communities and the wider world. In response to this perceived
threat, Haredi authorities have issued bans on the use of certain technologies
and have endorsed the development of acceptable alternatives, such as the so-called
kosher cell phone. And yet, many Haredim, both in the United States and Israel, are
highly sophisticated users and purveyors of these same technologies. This tension
indicates that Haredim have a much more complicated relationship to technology
and to modernity, itself, than their {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}official{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} stance would suggest.},
	keywords = {cell phone, Haredim, Hasidim, Holocaust, internet, Israel, Modernity, technology, Ultra-Orthodox Jews},
	url = {http://www.nabilechchaibi.com/resources/Deutsch.pdf},
	author = {Nathaniel Deutsch}
}
@book {133,
	title = {Cyberchurch, Christianity and the Internet},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {Kingsway Publications},
	organization = {Kingsway Publications},
	address = {Eastborne},
	keywords = {Christianity, Church, cyberspace, internet},
	author = {Dixon, Patrik}
}
@book {1272,
	title = {The Handbook of Internet Studies},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing},
	organization = {Blackwell Publishing},
	abstract = {The Handbook of Internet Studies brings together scholars from a variety of fields to explore the profound shift that has occurred in how we communicate and experience our world as we have moved from the industrial era into the age of digital media. 

Presents a wide range of original essays by established scholars in everything from online ethics to ways in which indigenous peoples now use the Internet
Looks at the role of the internet in modern societies, and the continuing development of internet studies as an academic field
Explores Internet studies through history, society, culture, and the future of online media
Provides introductory frameworks to ground and orientate the student, while also providing more experienced scholars with a convenient and comprehensive overview of the latest trends and critical directions in the many areas of Internet researc},
	keywords = {digital media, frameworks, internet, Research},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781444314861},
	author = {Mia Consalvo (Ed.) and Charles Ess (Ed.)}
}
@article {2828,
	title = {Hybrid Muslim identities in digital space: The Italian blog Yalla},
	journal = {Social Compass},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {Islam is often regarded as being incompatible with European values. In Italy, for example, anti-Islamic points of view reiterate the religion{\textquoteright}s alleged inconsistency with Catholicism and secularism. This article argues that narrative practices can challenge this idea by articulating Muslim hybrid identities that are compatible with Italian culture and society. The second-generation blog Yalla Italia represents a {\textquoteleft}third space{\textquoteright} where young Italian Muslims contrast dominant media stereotypes, thereby creating {\textquoteleft}disruptive flows of dissent{\textquoteright}. A textual analysis of the blog and interviews with some of the bloggers reveal that three main topics are employed to overcome marginalization: (1) critiques of mainstream media (2) narratives about family lives and the practice of Islam, and (3) advocacy of a quicker procedure for gaining Italian citizenship. The bloggers adopt a storytelling style to press for social and institutional change and explain how they succeed in adapting Islam to Italian society. Their religious diversity is thus perceived as providing a potential for Italy, rather than being a mark of marginalization.
},
	keywords = {internet, Islam, Italy},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0037768617697911},
	author = {Evolvi, Giulia}
}
@article {1189,
	title = {The Divine Online: Civic Organizing, Identity Building, and Internet Fluency Among Different Religious Groups},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {73},
	abstract = {The number of religious congregations with Web sites nearly tripled from 1998{\textendash}2006, and each year another 10,000 congregations launch a Web site (Chaves \& Anderson, 2008). Couple this with the fact that 79\% of attendees are now in a congregation with a Web site. Scholars of media and religion know very little, however, about the content of these Web sites or what they tell us about the culture of different religious groups. The aim of this article, therefore, is to examine how congregations are constructing Web sites to advertise their identity, organize their followers to get involved in civic and political issues, and provide an interactive space for online participation in actual ministries. Extensive qualitative data were gathered from 600 individual congregation Web sites from nine denominations in 53 different cities across the United States. The results of the descriptive analysis of these data suggest that there is a strong correlation between the {\textquotedblleft}off-line{\textquotedblright} characteristics of a particular congregation and the {\textquotedblleft}on-line{\textquotedblright} characteristics of the same congregation. Evangelical congregations tend to have more complex, attractive, and interactive Web sites and fall into the {\textquotedblleft}online religion{\textquotedblright} camp. Liberal-Protestant and Catholic congregations tend to create static {\textquotedblleft}brochure{\textquotedblright} style Web sites that emphasize their denominational identity and thus fall into Hadden and Cowan{\textquoteright}s (2000) {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright} camp. This study expands our theoretical knowledge about the proliferation of media into, and out of, religious congregations, and offers a broader understanding about how institutions negotiate their online identity in the digital age.
[Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher{\textquoteright}s online edition of the Journal of Media and Religion for the following free supplemental resource: Appendix II: Web Site Screen Shots.]},
	keywords = {Catholic, Catholic congregations, Catholics, Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, internet, Mass media, media and religion, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, religious media research, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}online identity, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious congregations{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15348423.2011.572438$\#$.Uin0bMasim4},
	author = {Justin Farrell}
}
@article {1307,
	title = {Religious Online Developments in a Secular Context},
	journal = {Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2012},
	chapter = {49},
	abstract = {Religious groups have conceived the internet as both a promising way of increasing 
interest in religious issues and a threat to the core religious values. This article 
deals with religious developments on the internet based on theoretical perspectives 
on secularization. Four relevant themes are listed, namely secularization as loss of 
religious institutional power and authority, secularization as adaption, secularization as decrease in individual religious engagement, These themes are investigated through an empirical analysis of results from two large surveys with 1,015 Danes and 1,040 Danish pastors and secularization as changed conditions for religious communication. The article concludes that the internet does not seem to have dramatically changed people{\textquoteright}s religious orientation. As in offline contexts, religious institutions are under pressure on the internet. Though the internet has been viewed 
as a new direct channel to people, evidence suggests that people are difficult to 
reach and that other players than the religious institutions dominate the transmission of religious messages. Secularization does take place online, but the development is counteracted by deliberate attempts to use the internet in religious activities, for instance by pastors who engage in critical negotiation of the possibilities online.},
	keywords = {adaption, Authority, cyber church., dialogue, discussion groups, individualization, internet, media sites, Negotiation, religion, search engines, secularization, Social Networking},
	url = {https://mujlt.law.muni.cz/storage/1373984017_sb_03-fischer-nielsen.pdf},
	author = {P. Fischer-Nielsen}
}
@article {388,
	title = {Internet use among religious followers: Religious postmodernism in Japanese Buddhism},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {Strong sect organizations are a feature of traditional Buddhist denominations in Japan. Having long benefited from the protection of Japan{\textquoteright}s feudal society, these once strong organizations have been buttressed by factors of social change in the modern and post-modern eras, including modernization and the evolution of the media. The Internet is a rich source of information about innovations of religions adapting to social change. To examine these changes, I undertook a survey from 2002 to 2004 of 2,007 followers and religious specialists. The results highlight a critical attitude among followers: Sending and receiving messages in the interaction between a religious group and its followers results in followers expanding the scope of allowable subjects of criticism, and they have begun to entertain doubts regarding their faith systems. We may infer that in postmodern faith, horizontal interaction among religious followers will take on an increasingly important role in comparison with the vertical (top-down) structure of traditional doctrines.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, internet, Japanese, religion},
	url = {http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/fukamizu.html},
	author = {Fukamizu, K.}
}
@article {2149,
	title = {The Call to Jihad: Charismatic Preachers and the Internet},
	journal = {Studies in Conflict \& Terrorism },
	volume = {40},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {44-61},
	abstract = {A range of psychological, social, and environmental factors render some individuals more susceptible to militant Islam than others. Research also suggests that there are certain {\textquotedblleft}triggers,{\textquotedblright} which help to explain why it is that only some individuals exposed to the same societal structural influences turn to violence. This article seeks to contribute to future empirical research in this area by studying the significance of certain {\textquotedblleft}charismatic{\textquotedblright} preachers in this process and examining the role the Internet plays in strengthening the charismatic bond. Difficulties in defining and measuring {\textquotedblleft}charisma{\textquotedblright} may help in part to explain the paucity of research on this aspect of radicalization but since charismatic authority derives from the bond between preacher and follower, an examination of the activities, strategies, and techniques used to build relationships and win adherents to Salafi-jihadism may provide valuable insights for countering radicalization.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, jihad, Preachers},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157406},
	author = {Gendron, A}
}
@article {2047,
	title = {Strategic Management of Religious Websites: The Case of Israel{\textquoteright}s Orthodox Communities},
	journal = {Journal of Computer-mediated Communication },
	volume = {20},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {467-486},
	abstract = {This study investigates how webmasters of sites affiliated with bounded communities manage tensions created by the open social affordances of the internet. We examine how webmasters strategically manage their respective websites to accommodate their assumed target audiences. Through in-depth interviews with Orthodox webmasters in Israel, we uncover how they cultivate 3 unique strategies -- control, layering, and guiding -- to contain information flows. We thereby elucidate how web strategies reflect the relationships between community, religion and CMC.},
	keywords = {fundamentalism, internet, Orthodox Judaism, religious communities online, websites},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcc4.12118},
	author = {Golan, O and Campbell, H}
}
@book {428,
	title = {Japanese Cybercultures},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London \& New York},
	abstract = {Japan is rightly regarded as one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world, yet the development and deployment of Internet technology in Japan has taken a different trajectory compared with Western nations. This is the first book to look at the specific dynamics of Japanese Internet use. It examines the crucial questions: 
* how the Japanese are using the Internet: from the prevalence of access via portable devices, to the fashion culture of mobile phones
* how Japan{\textquoteright}s "cute culture" has colonized cyberspace
* the role of the Internet in different musical subcultures
* how different men{\textquoteright}s and women{\textquoteright}s groups have embraced technology to highlight problems of harassment and bullying
* the social, cultural and political impacts of the Internet on Japanese society
* how marginalized groups in Japanese society - gay men, those living with AIDS, members of new religious groups and Japan{\textquoteright}s hereditary sub-caste, the Burakumin - are challenging the mainstream by using the Internet. 
Examined from a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives, using a broad range of case-studies, this is an exciting and genuinely cutting-edge book which breaks new ground in Japanese studies and will be of value to anyone interested in Japanese culture, the Internet and cyberculture.},
	keywords = {culture, cyber, internet, Japan},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Japanese_cybercultures.html?id=2McTNWGncZ0C},
	author = {Nanette Gottlieb and Mark McLelland}
}
@book {223,
	title = {Judaism on the Web},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {MIS Press},
	organization = {MIS Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Surfing the Web for information on a particular subject can be both fun and daunting. It{\textquoteright}s easy to get overwhelmed when a simple Web search lists hundreds or even thousands of sites. Often times you{\textquoteright}re left with a case of information overload -- a feeling of helplessness that results from having too much data and too little idea where to start looking. Judaism is one such topic with a myriad of Web sites devoted to it. You can spend countless hours browsing the vast online resources on this religious and cultural community. Wouldn{\textquoteright}t it be great if there was a guide to the very best of these Web sites?
Judaism on the Web is a highly focused collection of 500 first-class sites related to Judaica. Author Irving Green has done the bulk of the Web searching for you, assembling the cream of the crop and placing them into one of five categories: the Jewish world, the Jewish year, culture, intellectual life, and current issues. You find references to sites that offer 3D virtual synagogues, genealogy resources, Kosher recipes, Jewish comics, Yiddish culture, holiday calendars, Israeli Web sites, coverage of Jewish denominations, and much more.
So don{\textquoteright}t get bogged down by information overload. Let Judaism on the Web make online learning a fun and enlightening experience.},
	keywords = {internet, Israel, Jewish, religion},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Judaism-Web-Irving-Green/dp/1558285156},
	author = {Green, Irving}
}
@book {2158,
	title = {Buddhism, the Internet, and Digital Media: The Pixel in the Lotus},
	series = {Routledge Studies in Religion and Digital Culture},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Routledge },
	organization = {Routledge },
	abstract = {Buddhism, the Internet and Digital Media: The Pixel in the Lotus explores Buddhist practice and teachings in an increasingly networked and digital era. Contributors consider the ways Buddhism plays a role and is present in digital media through a variety of methods including concrete case studies, ethnographic research, and content analysis, as well as interviews with practitioners and cyber-communities. In addition to considering Buddhism in the context of technologies such as virtual worlds, social media, and mobile devices, authors ask how the Internet affects identity, authority and community, and what effect this might have on the development, proliferation, and perception of Buddhism in an online environment. Together, these essays make the case that studying contemporary online Buddhist practice can provide valuable insights into the shifting role religion plays in our constantly changing, mediated, hurried, and uncertain culture.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, digital media, internet},
	issn = {9781317950349},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=-6uQBAAAQBAJ\&dq=Internet+and+Buddhism/+Internet+and+Buddhists\&lr=\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Grieve, G.P and Veidlinger, D}
}
@article {302,
	title = {Imagining a Virtual Religious Community: Neo-pagans on The Internet},
	journal = {Chicago Anthropology Exchange },
	volume = {7},
	year = {1995},
	edition = {98-132},
	keywords = {community, internet, neo-pagan, religion, Virtual},
	author = {Grieve, Gregory}
}
@inbook {222,
	title = {The Goddess Net. In Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {189-204},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as SacredSpace.},
	keywords = {Faith, internet, Online, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&dq=The+Goddess+Net.+In+Religion+Online:+Finding+Faith+on+the+Internet\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Griffin, Wendy}
}
@article {215,
	title = {The Cyberchurch is Coming. National Survey of Teenagers shows Expectation of Substituting Internet for Corner Church},
	year = {1998},
	keywords = {Church, Cyberchurch, internet, teenagers},
	author = {Barna Research Group}
}
@article {214,
	title = {More Americans Are Seeking Net-Based Faith Experiences},
	year = {2001},
	abstract = {You can buy books on the Internet, strike up relationships on the Internet and a growing proportion of the population are experiencing God in cyberspace, as well. A new study released by the Barna Research Group, of Ventura, California, indicates that among the growing number of Americans who use the Internet, millions are turning to the digital dimension to get them in touch with God and others who pursue faith matters. The report projects that within this decade as many as 50 million individuals may rely solely upon the Internet to provide all of their faith-based experiences. Among the findings of the studies described in the report is that born again and evangelical Christians are every bit as likely as non-Christians to use the digital superhighway. Catholics and mainline Protestants are slightly more likely to use the Internet than are Baptists and Protestants who attend non-mainline churches. Adults who are affiliated with a faith group other than Christianity have one of the highest concentrations of Net usage (85\%). Adults use the Internet for a wide variety of activities, regardless of their faith commitments. The most universal value of the Internet is to find information, but other common uses include maintaining existing relationships, buying products, and previewing new media.},
	keywords = {Americans, Faith, internet},
	author = {Barna Research Group}
}
@article {74,
	title = {Religion and the Internet},
	journal = {Diogenes},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {67-76},
	abstract = {Emergent scholarship on the most radical technological invention of our time confirms what most of us know from first-hand experience {\textendash} that the internet has fundamentally altered our perceptions and our knowledge, as well as our sense of subjectivity, community and agency (see for example Vries, 2002: 19). The American scholar of religion and communications, Stephen O{\textquoteright}Leary, one of the first scholars to analyze the role of the new media for religious communities, claims that the advent of the internet has been as revolutionary for religious growth and dissemination as was the invention of the printing press (O{\textquoteright}Leary, 1996). In the present essay, I consider the transformations of both religion, and by extension scholarship on religion, occasioned by computer-mediated communication (CMC) and information. I lay out a basic framework for analyzing the multifunctionality of the internet with regard to religion. I also briefly address the multidisciplinarity required to comprehend this multi-dimensional technological revolution. My primary focus is religious uses (Lawrence, 2000), but some reference is also made to religious perceptions of this new medium. In my broader research, I am particularly interested in some of the latest forms of internet applications by religious individuals and organizations, and their consequence for inter-religious conflict or harmony in what sociologist Manuel Castells calls our {\textquoteleft}global network society{\textquoteright} (Castells, 1997; Hackett, 2003, 2005). The information technology revolution and the restructuring of late capitalist economies have generated this new form of society. But as to whether the internet is predominantly utopian or dystopian is hard to discern, conclusions may be determined by one{\textquoteright}s own interests and vantage-point.},
	keywords = {internet, religion},
	url = {http://dio.sagepub.com/content/53/3/67.citation},
	author = {Rosalind I. J. Hackett}
}
@book {182,
	title = {Religion on the Internet: Research Prospects and Promises},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {JAI Press/Elsevier Science},
	organization = {JAI Press/Elsevier Science},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion on the Internet is the first systematic inquiry into the nature, scope and content of religion in cyberspace. Contributors to this volume include leading social scientists engaged in systematic studies of how organizations and individuals are presenting religion on the Internet. Their combined efforts provide a conceptual mapping of religion in cyberspace at this moment. The individual papers and collective insights found in this volume add up to a valuable agenda of research that will enrich understanding of this new phenomenon. Among the contributors are the founders of three of the most important scholarly religion web sites on the Internet: American Religion Data Archive, Religious Tolerance, and Religious Movements Homepage.
Religion and the Internet is essential reading for all who seek to understand how religion is being presented on the Internet and how this topic is likely to unfold in the years ahead.},
	keywords = {internet, religion, Research},
	url = {http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cipr/image/304.pdf},
	author = {Hadden, Jeffery and Cowan, Douglas}
}
@book {2179,
	title = {The Dot On the I In History: Of Gentiles and Jews{\textemdash}a Hebrew Odyssey Scrolling the Internet},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Lulu Press},
	organization = {Lulu Press},
	abstract = {The inspiration author Michael B. Hammer received when speaking with others about the Israeli-Palestinian problem led to The Dot on the I in History: On Gentiles and Jews{\textemdash}Scrolling the Internet with the goal of helping others better understand the problem. When the issues involve intertribal, interracial, interreligious, and international human relationships lasting over several generations, they often become so complex one does not see the forest for trees, unless one knows where and when the seeds were planted. That is what history is all about. This book aspires to explain what Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have in common, how they differ, and how they have evolved. You{\textquoteright}ll also learn how the Internet has affected and changed those involved in the Middle East conflict. With this information, you will have a better understanding of the real reasons for such world-changing events as what took place on 9/11.},
	keywords = {Hebrew, internet, Jews},
	issn = {9781483427003},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=63JGDwAAQBAJ\&dq=Internet+and+Jews\&lr=\&source=gbs_navlinks_s},
	author = {Hammer, M.B}
}
@article {489,
	title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet},
	journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.},
	keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@article {487,
	title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet},
	journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.},
	keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@article {491,
	title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet},
	journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.},
	keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@article {490,
	title = {Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet},
	journal = {Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	abstract = {In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world.},
	keywords = {internet, Online, Participation, religion},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/},
	author = {Helland, Christopher}
}
@article {448,
	title = {EXPERIMENTS IN DEVOTION ONLINE: THE YOUTUBE KHUṬBA},
	journal = {International Journal of Middle East Studies},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {5-21},
	abstract = {This paper explores what I call {\textquotedblleft}online experiments in ethical affect{\textquotedblright} through an analysis of one popular Islamic genre: the short video segments of Friday sermons (khuṭub, s. khuṭba) placed on the video-sharing website YouTube. In my discussion of this media form, I give particular attention to the kind of devotional discourse and ethical socius that is enacted online around these taped performances: notably, the practices of appending written comments to specific videos, offering responses to comments left by others or criticisms directed at either the preacher or other commentators, and the act of creating links between khuṭba pages and other web-based content. In examining these practices, I want to look at the way some of the norms of ethical and devotional comportment associated with the khuṭba in the mosque carry over to the Internet context of khuṭba listening/viewing while also engendering novel forms of pious interaction, argument, and listening.},
	keywords = {ethics, internet, Islam, Sermons, YouTube},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online\&aid=8480771\&fulltextType=RA\&fileId=S002074381100122X},
	author = {Charles Hirschkind}
}
@inbook {1270,
	title = {The Immanent Internet Redux},
	booktitle = {Digital religion, social media and culture: Perspectives, Practices and Futures},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	organization = {Peter Lang Publishing},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {cyber, distopia, fantasy, internet, Networked individualism, transcendence, utopia, Virtual},
	url = {http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten\&seitentyp=produkt\&pk=60410\&concordeid=311474},
	author = {Bernie Hogan and Barry Wellman}
}
@article {1187,
	title = {The Relationship Between Religiosity and Internet Use},
	journal = {Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2003},
	chapter = {129},
	abstract = {With the solidifying of the Internet as an influential form of mediated communication has come a surge of activity among media scholars looking into what leads individuals to use this emerging technology. This study focuses on religiosity as a potential predictor of Internet activity, and uses a combination of secularization theory and uses and gratifications theory as a foundation from which to posit a negative relation between these 2 variables. Religiosity is found to retain a significant negative relation with Internet use at the zero order, and remains a robust negative predictor of the criterion variable even after accounting for a host of demographic, contextual, and situational variables. Ramifications for these findings are discussed and an outline for future research building on our analyses is provided.},
	keywords = {Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, internet, Mass media, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, secularization theory, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, uses and gratifications, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15328415JMR0203_01$\#$.UikaxDasim5},
	author = {Greg G. Armfield \& R. Lance Holbert}
}
@article {1259,
	title = {Personal Religion Online},
	year = {2004},
	abstract = {Paper presented at Internet Research 5.0, University of Sussex, England.},
	keywords = {American Life Project, internet, Pew Internet, religion, spiritual religious, survey},
	url = {http://gsb.haifa.ac.il/~sheizaf/AOIR5/131.html},
	author = {Stewart Hoover and Lynn Schofield Clark}
}
@book {1948,
	title = {From Jesus to the Internet: A History of Christianity and Media},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Wiley Blackwell},
	organization = {Wiley Blackwell},
	address = {Hoboken, New Jersey},
	keywords = {Christianity, Digital, internet, intersection, media, religion},
	issn = {978-1-118-44738-3},
	author = {Peter Horsfield}
}
@article {2656,
	title = {Le je{\^u}ne d{\textquoteright}Internet. R{\'e}duction et abstinence des m{\'e}dias num{\'e}riques au service de l{\textquoteright}exp{\'e}rience spirituelle / Internet fast. Reduction and abstinence from digital media and spiritual experience},
	journal = {RESET - Revue en Sciences Sociales sur Internet},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {The use of digital media for the religious practice is no longer the exception, but seems to have become a common practice. Parallel to this, we observe more and more forms of total or partial renouncement of use of the Internet during a particular period of reintensification of the religious or spiritual life. Taking the examples of asceticism of religious virtuosi with Catholic monks and nuns, Christian Lent and fasting and hiking weeks that are part of a holistic spirituality approach, this article shows with the help of empiric data how actors consciously reduce their use of the Internet for religious purposes. Some even speak of an Internet fast which would be an indispensable counterpart to the food fast. However, in many cases, disconnection appears to be more difficult than food fasting and is then seen as a new type of virtuosity. Re-examining the classical categories of the sociology of religions that are fasting and asceticism, this article shows how they are redefined today with new objects of application. For the institutional Church, it is also an opportunity to restore plausibility to practices - especially the Lenten fast - which had gradually fallen into disuse.},
	keywords = {abstinence, fast, internet, religious practice},
	url = {https://journals.openedition.org/reset/2357},
	author = {Isabelle Jonveaux}
}
@book {530,
	title = {Internet Use in Wired Religious Community: Communication Behavior Among Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary (APNTS) Residential Students},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {VDM Verlag Publishing},
	organization = {VDM Verlag Publishing},
	address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken-Germany},
	keywords = {Communication Behavior, internet, Wired Religious Community},
	issn = {978-3-639-24006-1},
	url = {http://www.amazon.com/Internet-Wired-Religious-Community-Communication/dp/3639240065/ref=sr_1_4?s=books\&ie=UTF8\&qid=1340205723\&sr=1-4\&keywords=Religious+communities},
	author = {Emil R. Kaburuan}
}
@article {2174,
	title = {The relationship between problematic Internet use, God attachment, and psychological functioning among adults at a Christian university},
	journal = {Mental Health, Religion and Culture},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {239-251},
	abstract = {In the present study, we utilised structural equation modelling (SEM) to investigate the relationship between God attachment and problematic Internet use, mediated by emotional distress. Findings supported the proposed hypothesis that anxious God attachment (i.e., anxiety about God{\textquoteright}s abandonment) predicts both problematic Internet use (i.e., obsessing about the Internet, neglecting tasks and relationships due to the Internet, struggling to control Internet use) and psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress, worry). In addition, weak-to-moderate correlations emerged between depression, anxiety, stress, and worry and problematic Internet use. Further research is needed to generalise and replicate these preliminary results.},
	keywords = {addiction, attachment, distress, God, internet, problematic Internet use},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13674676.2013.787977},
	author = {Knabb, J.J and Pelletier, J}
}
@article {1689,
	title = {RELIGION ON CATHOLIC INTERNET FORUMS IN POLAND. A MEMORY MEDIATED},
	journal = {Nordic Journal of Religion and Society},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {15},
	chapter = {151},
	abstract = {The following article aims to show that on Catholic Internet forums in Poland, religion{\textemdash}in this
case Roman Catholicism{\textemdash}serves as a mediated chain of memory fulfilling two main functions
simultaneously: an integrating function and a differentiating function. The analysis will be based
on Hervieu-L{\'e}ger{\textquoteright}s concept of religion as a chain of memory (2000, 2006) and Davie{\textquoteright}s modified
concept of religion as memory that mutates (2000, 2006).A thread from 2011 on one of the most
popular Catholic forums in Poland{\textemdash}forum.wiara.pl{\textemdash}will be used as a case study. It will be
shown that through voicing various notions of the meaning of religion, faith, the institutional
Church, and the connection between science and religion, users both distinguish themselves
from and integrate themselves with other users, as well as with their representation of {\textquoteleft}average{\textquoteright}
Catholics in Poland.},
	keywords = {Catholicism, forums, internet, memory, religion},
	url = {http://www.akademikaforlag.no/content/nordic-journal-religion-and-society-272},
	author = {Kolodziejska, Marta}
}
@article {610,
	title = {Wired Churches, Wired Temples: Taking Congregations and Missions into Cyberspace},
	journal = {Pew Internet and American Life Project },
	year = {2000},
	month = {12/2000},
	keywords = {churches, congregations, internet, Missions, temples, wired},
	url = {http://www.umcom.org/atf/cf/\%7B60c02017-4f6a-4f3b-883a-4afaece1182f\%7D/PEWWIREDCHURCHES.PDF},
	author = {Larsen, E.}
}
@article {52,
	title = {Cyber-Islamophobia? The case of WikiIslam},
	journal = {Contemporary Islam},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {31 March 2007},
	pages = {53-67},
	publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
	address = {Dordrecht, Netherlands},
	abstract = {A large amount of academic research has analysed and documented the fact that Muslims are often presented in a negative or stereotypical way in Western media and popular culture. This article focuses on how the Internet can also be used in spreading and publishing anti-Islamic and anti-Muslim opinions. Although the Internet is significant in the development of contemporary society, no studies have focused on the importance of information and communication technologies in spreading Islamophobic opinions. However, the new technologies can also be used for monitoring and combating Islamophobia, and many Muslim organisations are today using the Internet for these purposes. The article is based on an indepth analysis of both anti-Muslim and pro-Muslim homepages that can be related to the debate over Islamophobia.},
	keywords = {internet, Islam, Islamophobia, Reactive identities},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/p02g0g86387j4t62/},
	author = {G{\"o}ran Larsson}
}
@article {1258,
	title = {Web of meanings: Dilemmatic aspects of ultra-orthodox Jewish women{\textquoteright}s discourse concerning the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	abstract = {Paper presented at Internet Research 5.0, University of Sussex, England.},
	keywords = {GENDER, internet, Israeli society, Jews, Modernity, Ultra-Orthodox Jewish},
	url = {http://gsb.haifa.ac.il/~sheizaf/AOIR5/92.html},
	author = {Oren Livio and Keren Tenenboim}
}
@article {2041,
	title = {Considering Critical Methods and Theoretical Lenses in Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {5-14},
	abstract = {This article introduces a special issue on critical methods and theoretical lenses in Digital Religion studies, through contextualising them within research trajectories found in this emerging field. By starting from the assertion that current {\textquotedblleft}fourth-wave of research on religion and the Internet,{\textquotedblright} is focused on how religious actors negotiate the relationships between multiple spheres of their online and offline lives, article authors spotlight key theoretical discussions and methodological approaches occurring within this interdisciplinary area of inquiry. It concludes with notable methodological and theoretical challenges in need of further exploration. Together it demonstrates how religion is practiced and reimagined within digital media spaces, and how such analysis can contribute to broader understanding of the social and cultural changes new media technologies are facilitating within society.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, media technologies, methodology, religion, theory},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649911},
	author = {L{\"o}vheim, M and Campbell, H}
}
@article {235,
	title = {Young People and the Use of the Internet as Transitional Space},
	journal = {Online: Heidelberg Journal of Religion on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {internet, Transition, Young},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5826/pdf/Loevheim3.pdf},
	author = {Mia Lovheim}
}
@article {80,
	title = {Rethinking cyberreligion? Teens, religion and the Internet in Sweden},
	journal = {Nordicom Review},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {205-217},
	abstract = {Since the coming of the Internet scholars have been discussing its implications for the future of religion. With its high levels of Internet use and low levels of religious practice Sweden represents an interesting case for studying these issues. This article presents findings from the first online survey of Swedish teenager{\textquoteright}s use of the Internet for religious purposes, conducted at one of the largest social networking sites LunarStorm. The results show that more young people seem to come into contact with religion via the Internet than through local religious communities. However, the findings also challenge several early expectations about the Internet as a new arena for religion in contemporary society. Thus the article initiates a critical discussion of what conclusions may be drawn from these results, and where future research on young people, religion and the Internet should be directed.},
	keywords = {internet, religious change, social networking sites, Sweden, teenagers},
	url = {http://www.nordicom.gu.se/common/publ_pdf/269_lovheim.pdf},
	author = {Mia Lovheim}
}
@inbook {2117,
	title = {Digital Catholicism: The Internet and the Vatican},
	booktitle = { Global Catholicism in the Twenty-first Century},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {31-46},
	publisher = {Springer Singapore },
	organization = {Springer Singapore },
	abstract = {This chapter argues that the Catholic Church{\textquoteright}s presence on the Internet contributes to the formation of {\textquotedblleft}digital Catholicism{\textquotedblright}, an engagement by the Church with the users of the digital domain through online technologies in a post-secular world. The Vatican{\textquoteright}s website includes a wide range of information, from papal encyclicals to the latest feed from the Pope{\textquoteright}s Twitter account. The website poses a number of questions relevant to the study of religion in a digital age: How is the website{\textquoteright}s construction modelled on the corporate structure of the real-world Church? How does the website{\textquoteright}s design reflect the Church{\textquoteright}s geographic relationship to its members? And to what degree does the website encourage interaction with its users? The chapter critically assesses these questions, and how the Vatican website contributes to the Catholic Church{\textquoteright}s concern, especially since the aggiornamento of Vatican II, to keep the Church relevant in the context of secularisation. Furthermore, how the website reflects the Church{\textquoteright}s awareness of the importance of new communication technologies in a post-secular landscape, as expressed in the Vatican II documents Inter Mirifica and Communio et Progressio, and more recently {\textquotedblleft}The Church and Internet{\textquotedblright}, is assessed. Finally, unofficial Catholic websites, those run by laypeople seeking to raise awareness about issues important to them, will be analysed as examples of Internet use for religious purposes that lies outside of the control of religious organisations such as the Catholic Church. },
	keywords = {Catholicism, Digital Religion, internet, Vatican},
	issn = {9789811078026},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Global_Catholicism_in_the_Twenty_first_C.html?id=sHNLDwAAQBAJ},
	author = {Lynch, A.P.}
}
@article {2029,
	title = {The Irish Catholic Church and the Internet},
	journal = {New Hibernia Review},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {20-38},
	type = {academic},
	abstract = {Nevertheless, in spite of resistances and initial smiles, the internet has become more than a key communication channel for the Catholic church; it has, in the minds of many, become a potential transformational force. Numerous commentators have suggested that the impact of the digital age on religion is likely to be as revolutionary as the invention of the printing press.6 The medium is in a position to influence the language of the church, the nature of its interactions with the faithful, and its very understanding of time and space. The official discourse remains that regardless of the medium in which the church delivers its message, the fundamental message does not change. But this question, too, is up for discussion, especially as the church is unable to control the matrix of online culture. For now, it appears that the Catholic church is merely seeking to seize the opportunities provided by the new digital age and respond to its challenges, while continuing to carry out out its traditional mission and trying to restore confidence in itself as an institition.},
	keywords = {Catholic Church, internet},
	doi = {10.1353/nhr.2017.0047},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/689122/summary},
	author = {Catherine Maignant}
}
@article {2109,
	title = {The Irish Catholic Church and the Internet},
	journal = {New Hibernia Review},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {20-38},
	abstract = {In an article about the current state of the Catholic church in Ireland published in an Italian Jesuit magazine in 2017, the former Irish provincial Gerry O{\textquoteright}Hanlon wrote that the challenge for the Irish church today was "to re-awaken the need for salvation and the Good News of the Gospels within a culture which experiences no such need."1 Back in 2004, another Jesuit, writing in the Review of Ignatian Spirituality, had already warned that "effective advertising and marketing" were crucial" to "develop a fresh image" of the Catholic church, one that would be more likely to "capture the imagination of [its] customers."2 The emergence and growth of the church{\textquoteright}s digital strategy in Ireland must be understood against this background, as one of many attempts to avoid becoming what Archbishop Diarmuid Martin once called "an irrelevant minority culture.},
	keywords = {Catholic Church, internet, Irish},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/689122/summary},
	author = {Maignant, C}
}
@article {239,
	title = {Researching Individuals Religious in the Context of the Internet},
	journal = {Online: Heidelberg Journal of Religion on the Internet},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Individuals, internet, Research},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5827/pdf/Meier3.pdf},
	author = {Meier, Gernot}
}
@article {794,
	title = {Faith in the Age of Facebook: Exploring the Links Between Religion and Social Network Site Membership and Use},
	journal = {Sociology of Religion},
	year = {2013},
	month = {9 January 2013},
	abstract = {This study examines how religiousness influences social network site (SNS) membership and frequency of use for emerging adults between 18 and 23 years old utilizing Wave 3 survey data from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR). Independent of religion promoting a prosocial orientation, organizational involvement, and civic engagement, Catholics and Evangelical Protestants are more likely than the {\textquotedblleft}not religious{\textquotedblright} to be SNS members, and more Bible reading is associated with lower levels of SNS membership and use. We argue there are both sacred and secular influences on SNS involvement, and social behaviors, such as being in school and participating in more non-religious organizations, generally positively influence becoming a SNS member, yet certain more private behaviors, such as Bible reading, donating money, and helping the needy, lessen SNS participation. We also suggest four areas for future research to help untangle the influence of religiousness on SNS use and vice versa. },
	keywords = {adolescents/youth, civic participation, internet, personal religiousity, social networks, technology},
	doi = {10.1093/socrel/srs073 },
	url = {http://socrel.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/01/09/socrel.srs073.short?rss=1},
	author = {Brian J. Miller},
	editor = {Peter Mundey and Jonathan P. Hill}
}
@article {1292,
	title = {Faith in the Age of Facebook: Exploring the Links Between Religion and Social Network Site Membership and Use},
	journal = {Sociology of Religion},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {227},
	abstract = {This study examines how religiousness influences social network site (SNS) membership and frequency of use for emerging adults between 18 and 23 years old utilizing Wave 3 survey data from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR). Independent of religion promoting a prosocial orientation, organizational involvement, and civic engagement, Catholics and Evangelical Protestants are more likely than the {\textquotedblleft}not religious{\textquotedblright} to be SNS members, and more Bible reading is associated with lower levels of SNS membership and use. We argue there are both sacred and secular influences on SNS involvement, and social behaviors, such as being in school and participating in more non-religious organizations, generally positively influence becoming a SNS member, yet certain more private behaviors, such as Bible reading, donating money, and helping the needy, lessen SNS participation. We also suggest four areas for future research to help untangle the influence of religiousness on SNS use and vice versa.},
	keywords = {adolescents, civic participation, emerging adulthood, internet, personal religiosity, social networks, technology, Youth},
	url = {http://socrel.oxfordjournals.org/content/74/2/227.short},
	author = {Brian J. Miller and Peter Mundey and Jonathan P. Hill}
}
@article {1268,
	title = {The Language of Islamophobia in Internet Articles},
	journal = {INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2008},
	chapter = {73},
	abstract = {Islamophobia, the hatred for and fear of Islam and Muslims, manifests
itself in physical, political, cultural, linguistic and other forms. From the
linguistic perspective, many words have been coined to perpetuate prejudices
against Muslims and their religion. Expressions are freely used to associate
Islam, which means {\textquotedblleft}peace{\textquotedblright} in Arabic, with concepts and actions which the
religion and practising Muslims do not approve of, much less condone.
Expressions such as Islamic terrorism, Islamic fanaticism, Muslim extremists,
Islamist and political Islam have been used pejoratively. To strike fear and
misgivings in the minds of many Europeans, the British capital has even been
mischievously called {\textquotedblleft}Londonistan{\textquotedblright} by anti-Muslim elements. Known
Islamophobic items taken from Internet articles need to be analysed to respond
objectively to linguistic Islamophobia},
	keywords = {internet, Islamophobia, language, Muslims, political Islam, religion},
	url = {http://www.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/view/31},
	author = {Haja Mohideen and Shamimah Mohideen}
}
@article {2087,
	title = {Catholic, protestant and holistic spiritual appropriations of the internet},
	journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1097{\textendash}1117},
	abstract = {This article relies on in-depth qualitative interviews with 21 web designers, active in the fields of Catholicism, Protestantism and holistic spirituality in the Netherlands, to study religious appropriations of the Internet. The authors found that these different religious groups embraced the medium of the Internet motivated by a common desire to make oneself heard in the cacophony of voices that has resulted from processes of secularization and religious change. In doing so, Catholic web designers struggle with the dilemma of either following Roman orthodoxy or creating room for dialogue and diversity, whereas their Protestant counterparts feel forced to either let a thousand flowers bloom or surrender to a highly compromised image of their faith. Holistic spirituality, finally, struggles with neither of these problems and appropriates the Internet as its virtually natural habitat for sharing and connecting. The authors conclude that, consistent with theories about cultured technology and spiritualizing of the Internet, offline religious heritages matter a lot when religions seek to appropriate the Internet through web design. These appropriations tend not to be smooth transpositions of coherent and conflict-free offline religious heritages to online environments, however, but conflict-ridden processes stirring long-standing struggles over authority and identity.},
	keywords = {Catholic, internet, Protestant, religion, spiritual},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2011.597415},
	author = {Noomen, I and Aupers, S and Houtman, D}
}
@mastersthesis {61,
	title = {Believing in the Net: Implicit Religion and the Internet Hype, 1994-2001},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	school = {Leiden University Press},
	address = {Leiden, the Netherlands},
	abstract = {Starting with Weber{\textquoteright}s disenchantment thesis, a sociological tradition has developed that associates modernity with a crisis of meaning. The de-mystification of our worldview and the decreasing influence of religious traditions in specific are seen as obstacles for making sense of human existence. But in fact, modern societies are full of meaning and they continue to be religious. This study shows that, in an implicit form, religion can be found everywhere in our culture. The Internet hype of the 1990s was a particularly effervescent example of implicit religiosity. The hopeful discourse about the Internet that typified this hype drew on religious ideas and language, and it inspired strong belief. This dissertation explores the appeal of the Internet as an object of faith and it looks at how it could serve as a source of meaning.},
	keywords = {Anomie, Disenchantment, Giving meaning, Hypes, ICT, Implicit religion, internet, Modernity, Sociology of religion, Technophilia},
	url = {http://netage.org/2011/03/26/believing-in-the-net/},
	author = {Karen P{\"a}rna}
}
@article {1192,
	title = {Media, religion and the marketplace in the information  economy: evidence from Singapore},
	journal = {Environment and Planning},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2012},
	chapter = {1969},
	abstract = {In this paper we suggest that the exchange of communication in a mediatized 
environment is transforming the nature of transactions in the religious marketplace. 
In~this economy of religious informational exchanges, digitalization facilitates a process of 
mediatization that converts religious performance into forms suitable for commodifi cation 
and commoditization. The intersection of digital media, religion, and the marketplace is 
demonstrated in the context of mega Protestant and Buddhist organizations in Singapore. 
We show how these large organizations embed media relations in their sacred spaces 
through a process of hybridization. In turn, hybrid spaces are converted into material 
outputs that may be readily transacted in real and virtual spaces. Hybridization attends to 
a postmodern audience and consumers who value experience and sensorial stimulations. 
It integrates retail, entertainment, and the aesthetics into a space of ascetic performance 
that is digitally transportable. Digital transactional spaces thrive on the abundance of 
information, and information multiplies when communication is unfettered by the absence 
of proprietary safeguards. The religious marketplace may therefore be understood as a 
medially driven performance space where points of interaction are digitally},
	keywords = {Buddhism, Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, digital media, hybridization, information economy, internet, Mass media, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online communication, Online community, Protestantism, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, Singapore, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Internet Studies{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media and religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}networked society{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}online identity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious congregations{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious practice online{\textquotedblright}},
	doi = {10.1068/a44272},
	url = {http://paulinehopecheong.com/media/8eb82a57db78bb75ffff839dffffe41e.pdf},
	author = {Jessie Poon and Shirlena Huang and Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@inbook {612,
	title = {The Cybersangha: Buddhism on the Internet},
	booktitle = {Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet },
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {10 (pg. 135-147)},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O{\textquoteright}Leary{\textquoteright}s field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, Cybersangha, cyberspace, internet, Online, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C\&pg=PA123\&lpg=PA123\&dq=The+Cyber+Sangha:+Buddhism+on+the+Internet+by+Prebish\&source=bl\&ots=ahTmLWH6rM\&sig=X9S_FlncZAcHkpdQKYBhigIdegU\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ei=lmVvUOnmOeGg2AXF24GYBw\&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Prebish, C.D.},
	editor = {Dawson, L. and Cowan, D.}
}
@article {1244,
	title = {Rituals Online : Transferring and Designing Rituals},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {54},
	abstract = {
Kerstin Radde-Antweiler stresses the aspect of ritual construction by the individual believers in her paper Rituals Online. Transferring and Designing Rituals. In addition to the potential of the Internet to offer interaction and new processes of communication in the context of rituals {\textendash} the so called "Online-Rituals" {\textendash}, this medium also offers much information about rituals and instructions how to perform a ritual, in and outside the Internet. This varies from the publication of {\textendash} at first glance - fixed ritual prescripts to texts on how to design a ritual by him- or herself. These fixed texts are often identified as old traditional scripts, whereas critical analyses show explicit or implicit transfers and receptions of various religious traditions. In the paper, different ritual prescripts presented on Wicca- and Solitaire Homepages, which are often seen as continuation of pre-Christian, matriarchal, Celtic and Germanic cults and mythologies, are analysed and their transfer processes are exemplified. Instances that show the processes of ritual transfer are the choice of the owner-names, the mixture of deities of different religions, the integration of different feasts and festivals etc. The assertion of perpetual continuity from the insider perspective seems contradict those texts which encourage the believers to develop their own individual ritual. Therefore, the elements of newness and invention as well as the phenomenon of Ritual Design in their processes of gaining legitimacy and authority has to be examined},
	keywords = {Authority, Digital Religion, Hexe, Hexenglaube, internet, Online-Rituals, Patchwork, religion, Ritual, Wiccakult},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/376/352},
	author = {Kerstin Radde-Antweiler}
}
@book {658,
	title = {The Virtual Community},
	year = {1993},
	publisher = {Harper Perennial},
	organization = {Harper Perennial},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {"When you think of a title for a book, you are forced to think of something short and evocative, like, well, {\textquoteright}The Virtual Community,{\textquoteright} even though a more accurate title might be: {\textquoteright}People who use computers to communicate, form friendships that sometimes form the basis of communities, but you have to be careful to not mistake the tool for the task and think that just writing words on a screen is the same thing as real community.{\textquoteright}" - HLR },
	keywords = {community, Computer, culture, internet, media, Virtual},
	issn = {0262681218},
	url = {http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/intro.html},
	author = {Rheingold, H.}
}
@article {2150,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Electronic Jihad{\textquotedblright}: The Internet as Al Qaeda{\textquoteright}s Catalyst for Global Terror},
	journal = {Studies in Conflict \& Terrorism },
	volume = {40},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {10-23},
	abstract = {The Internet has emerged as a key technology for Al Qaeda and other jihadist movements waging their so-called electronic jihad across the Middle East and globally, with digital multiplier effects. This study will examine the evolving doctrine of {\textquotedblleft}electronic jihad{\textquotedblright} and its impact on the radicalization of Muslims in Western diaspora communities The study describes Internet-based websites that served as online libraries and repositories for jihadist literature, as platforms for extremist preachers and as forums for radical discourse. Furthermore, the study will then detail how Internet connectivity has come to play a more direct operational role for jihadi terrorist-related purposes, most notably for inciting prospective cadres to action; for recruiting jihadist operatives and fighters; for providing virtual training in tactical methods and manufacture of explosives; for terrorism financing; and for actual planning and preparations for specific terror attacks. Whereas contemporary jihadist militants may be shifting from the World Wide Web to social media, such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter for messaging and communications, nevertheless the Internet-based electronic jihad remains a significant catalyst for promoting jihadist activism and for facilitating terrorist operations.},
	keywords = {Al Qaeda, electronic, internet, jihad},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157403},
	author = {Rudner, M}
}
@article {1243,
	title = {Ethnic Revival, and the Reappearance of Indigenous Religions in the ROC : the Use of the Internet in the Construction of Taiwanese Identities},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {41},
	abstract = {Michael Rudolph{\textquoteright}s article Nativism, Ethnic Revival, and the Reappearance of Indigenous Religions in the ROC: The Use of the Internet in the Construction of Taiwanese Identities deals with rituals presented on Taiwanese Websites in the context of identity construction. Since the mid-nineties, long abandoned and very un-Chinese ritual practices suddenly seemed to become popular again in China{\textquoteright}s runaway-province Taiwan: in spite of the fact that most of the island{\textquoteright}s 2\% of indigenous population had been Christianized for half a century, intellectual elites of different aboriginal groups now referred to ancestor-gods, tattooing and even headhunting again as essential parts of their own traditional repertoire, often making abundant use of the Internet in order to propagate these convictions to a broader Chinese speaking public. This contribution not only scrutinises the political context that made such a development possible, but also assesses this practice in terms of the identity construction of the specific ethnic groups.},
	keywords = {aboriginal groups, Digital Religion, Ethnic, identity, Indigenous Religions, internet, online communication, religion online, Ritual, Taiwan},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/375/351},
	author = {Michael Rudolph}
}
@article {287,
	title = {Tweeting Prayers and Communicating Grief over Michael Jackson Online},
	journal = { Bulletin of Science, Technology, \& Society},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {328-340},
	abstract = {Death and bereavement are human experiences that new media helps facilitate alongside creating new social grief practices that occur online. This study investigated how people{\textquoteright}s postings and tweets facilitated the communication of grief after pop music icon Michael Jackson died. Drawing upon past grief research, religion and new media studies, a thematic analysis of 1,046 messages was conducted on three mediated sites (Twitter, TMZ.com, and Facebook). Results suggested that social media served as grieving spaces for people to accept Jackson{\textquoteright}s death rather than denying it or expressing anger over his passing. The findings also illustrate how interactive exchanges online helped recycle news and {\textquotedblleft}resurrected{\textquotedblright} the life of Jackson. Additionally, as fans of deceased celebrities create and disseminate web-based memorials, new social media practices like {\textquotedblleft}Michael Mondays{\textquotedblright} synchronize tweets within everyday life rhythms and foster practices to hasten the grieving process. },
	keywords = {blogs, celebrity, internet, microblogging, popular culture, religion, social media},
	doi = {10.1177/0270467610380010},
	url = {http://www.paulinehopecheong.com},
	author = {Sanderson, James and Pauline Hope Cheong}
}
@article {1593,
	title = {The Sacred in Bits and Pixels: An Analysis of the Interactional Interface in Brazilian Catholic Online Rituals},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture (JRMDC)},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2014},
	chapter = {82},
	abstract = {Through digital technologies, a new form of communicational interaction between the user and the sacred occurs in an online religious experience. This phenomenon is illustrated in practice by numerous religious services present in the online Catholic environment, which manifest new modes of discourse and religious practices, beyond the scope of the traditional church {\textendash} what I term here {\textquotedblleft}online rituals{\textquotedblright} {\textendash} marked by a process of mediatization of religion. In this paper, from a corpus of four Brazilian websites, I analyze key concepts for the understanding of this phenomenon, including digital mediatization and interface. I examine, in these Brazilian Catholic websites, the communicational configurations of the religious experience from five areas of the interactional interface: the screen; peripherals; the organizational structure of content on websites; the graphic composition of the webpages; and possible interface failures. Finally, I examine a shift in the communicational dynamics of religion today, marked by new materialities present in online religious rituals.},
	keywords = {Brazil, Catholic Church, Catholicism, Interaction, interface, internet, mediatization, mediatization of religion, online rituals, religion, technology},
	issn = {2165-9214},
	url = {http://jrmdc.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Sbardelotto-Catholic-Sacred.pdf},
	author = {Mois{\'e}s Sbardelotto}
}
@article {468,
	title = {{\textquoteright}E o Verbo se fez bit{\textquoteright}: Uma an{\'a}lise da experi{\^e}ncia religiosa na internet},
	year = {2011},
	abstract = {Com a manifesta{\c c}{\~a}o de um fen{\^o}meno de apropria{\c c}{\~a}o da Internet por parte das institui{\c c}{\~o}es religiosas cat{\'o}licas, este texto busca analisar o funcionamento das intera{\c c}{\~o}es entre fiel-Igreja-Deus para a viv{\^e}ncia, a pr{\'a}tica e a experi{\^e}ncia da f{\'e} nos rituais online do ambiente digital cat{\'o}lico brasileiro. 

Examina-se particularmente, por meio de uma metodologia anal{\'\i}tica qualitativa, fundamentada nas contribui{\c c}{\~o}es do pensamento sist{\^e}mico e complexo, um corpus de pesquisa de quatro sites cat{\'o}licos: CatolicaNet, Irm{\~a}s Ap{\'o}stolas do Sagrado Cora{\c c}{\~a}o de Jesus {\textendash} Prov{\'\i}ncia do Paran{\'a}, A12 e Pe. Reginaldo Manzotti. 

Perscruta-se, assim, que religi{\~a}o resulta dessa manifesta{\c c}{\~a}o de pr{\'a}ticas religiosas a partir do emprego e da atividade dos meios digitais, com o objetivo de colaborar com a an{\'a}lise das primeiras consequ{\^e}ncias diretas que esse fen{\^o}meno est{\'a} trazendo para a religi{\~a}o e, particularmente, para a Igreja Cat{\'o}lica como a conhecemos hoje. 

A partir de uma leitura de alguns estudos que abordam a interface entre comunica{\c c}{\~a}o e fen{\^o}meno religioso na Internet, reflete-se sobre alguns conceitos e perspectivas de an{\'a}lise para a investiga{\c c}{\~a}o dos sites cat{\'o}licos institucionais brasileiros, como a midiatiza{\c c}{\~a}o digital do sistema religioso; a quest{\~a}o da t{\'e}cnica transformada em meio; novas modalidades de experiencia{\c c}{\~a}o; e novas configura{\c c}{\~o}es de tempo-espa{\c c}o-materialidades na experi{\^e}ncia religiosa do fiel-internauta. 

Em seguida, descrevem-se tr{\^e}s modalidades de estrat{\'e}gias de oferta de sagrado por parte do sistema e de apropria{\c c}{\~a}o por parte do fiel nos sites cat{\'o}licos brasileiros, a partir de infer{\^e}ncias obtidas em nosso corpus de pesquisa: os n{\'\i}veis tecnol{\'o}gico e simb{\'o}lico da interface interacional; quatro fluxos de intera{\c c}{\~o}es discursivas; e dois fluxos, com dois subfluxos cada, de intera{\c c}{\~o}es rituais. 

Como pistas de conclus{\~a}o, aponta-se que, por meio dessas estrat{\'e}gias interacionais, a religi{\~a}o que nasce no ambiente online {\'e} vivenciada, praticada e experienciada por meio de novas temporalidades, novas espacialidades, novas materialidades, novas discursividades e novas ritualidades marcadas pelos protocolos e processualidades da Internet.},
	keywords = {Interaction, internet, mediatization, religion, system},
	isbn = {1806-003X},
	url = {http://www.ihu.unisinos.br/images/stories/cadernos/ihu/035cadernosihu.pdf},
	author = {Mois{\'e}s Sbardelotto}
}
@article {65,
	title = {Internet Threats to Hindu Authority: Puja Ordering Websites and the Kalighat Temple},
	journal = {Asian Journal of Social Science},
	year = {2009},
	abstract = {This article investigates threats to authority within Hinduism as a result of the Internet. It focuses upon websites which allow for pujas (devotional rituals) to be ordered to be carried out at the important Kalighat Temple in Kolkata. The two groups which currently exercise authority at the temple are identified, along with the specific forms of authority which they exercise. The processes which are occurring as a result of the puja ordering websites and the activities of those responsible for them are then demonstrated. The argument put forward is that, in addition to the puja ordering services being a threat to both the authority of the temple administration and the priests working there, they also have the potential to affect the relationship between these two groups. Findings from the Kalighat Temple case study further suggest that the effects at temples of online puja ordering services are dependent upon the current situation at respective temples.},
	keywords = {Authority, Hinduism, internet, Kalighat Temple, Puja ordering websites, Pujas},
	url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/saj/2010/00000038/00000004/art00007},
	author = {Heinz Scheifinger}
}
@article {2088,
	title = {Gender, religion and new media: attitudes and behaviors related to the internet among Ultra-Orthodox women employed in computerized environments},
	journal = {International Journal of Communication System~},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {875{\textendash}895},
	abstract = {This article focuses on the interface between gender, religion, and new technology, and examines the attitudes and behaviors pertaining to the Internet among ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) women working in designated {\textquotedblleft}technological hothouses.{\textquotedblright}
 },
	keywords = {GENDER, internet, New Media, religion, ultra Orthodox, Women},
	url = {https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:18004/datastreams/CONTENT/content},
	author = {Shahar, RNB and Lev-On, A}
}
@article {629,
	title = {The Technology of Religion: Mapping Religious Cyberscapes},
	journal = {The Professional Geographer },
	volume = {64},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {602-617},
	abstract = {This article combines geographical studies of both the Internet and religion in an analysis of where and how a variety of religious practices are represented in geotagged Web content. This method provides needed insight into the geography of virtual expressions of religion and highlights the mutually constitutive, and at times contradictory, relationship between the virtual and material dimensions of religious expression. By using the spatialities of religious practice and contestation as an example, this article argues that mappings of virtual representations of material practices are important tools for understanding how online activities simultaneously represent and reproduce the material world.},
	keywords = {cyberscapes, geography, internet, religion},
	doi = {10.1080/00330124.2011.614571},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00330124.2011.614571},
	author = {Shelton, Taylor},
	editor = {Zook, Matthew}
}
@inbook {2156,
	title = {The People of the Nook: Jewish Use of the Internet},
	booktitle = {The Changing World Religion Map},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3831-3856},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {Considered both an ethnic group and a religious group, there are about 13{\textendash}14 million Jews worldwide (0.2 \% of the population). The 6.7 million Jews in the U.S. constitute about 2 \% of the American population. Internet usage by the American Jewish community is significant as an educational resource and a communication tool. As early as 2000, the National Jewish Population Survey found that 40 \% of Jewish adults used the internet for Jewish-related information in 1999, a remarkable figure given that the internet only really entered the public domain in a significant way in the mid-1990s. Thus, the {\textquotedblleft}People of the Book{\textquotedblright} have embraced technology to become the {\textquotedblleft}People of the Nook.{\textquotedblright} First, we examine those using the internet both for general information about Jewish-related items and their local Jewish communities. The extent to which various demographic and religious subgroups of American Jews use the internet is also explored. Second, internet uses are examined, including educational purposes, ritual obligations (z{\textquoteright}manim, counting the Omer, eruvim, electronic Yahrtzeit boards), convening a minyan, and conducting research. From the proliferation of mobile applications and web-based communication tools to the ever-growing storehouse of information, modern technology has made a significant imprint upon Jewish religious practice. The internet continues to play an important and positive role in Jewish religious life, as both an educational medium and a tool for performing religious tasks. Judaism, like other faiths, puts significant emphasis on community and physical proximity. The use of the internet to form a community by overcoming geographic space at almost no cost is an exciting opportunity allowing people to participate who might otherwise be unable because of time and cost constraints or physical limitations. But does this community downplay the physical proximity that allows one to comfort a mourner by a hug or a pat on the back?},
	keywords = {internet, Jewish},
	issn = {978-94-017-9375-9},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_202$\#$citeas},
	author = {Sheskin, I and Liben, M}
}
@book {2100,
	title = {Cybertheology. Thinking Christianity in the Era of the Internet},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Fordham Press},
	organization = {Fordham Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {we think Christianity and its theology. Cybertheology is the first book to explore this process from a Catholic point of view. Drawing on the theoretical work of authors such as Marshall McLuhan, Peter Levy, and Teilhard de Chardin, it questions how technologies redefine not only the ways in which we do things but also our being and therefore the way we perceive reality, the world, others, and God. "Does the digital revolution affect faith in any sense?" Spadaro asks. His answer is an emphatic Yes. But how, then, are we to live well in the age of the Internet?},
	keywords = {Christianity, Cybertheology, internet},
	issn = {9780823256990},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Cybertheology.html?id=mUhGCgAAQBAJ},
	author = {Spadaro, A and Maria Way}
}
@article {1190,
	title = {A Study of Church/Ministry Internet Usage},
	journal = {Journal of Ministry Marketing \& Management},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2002},
	chapter = {23},
	abstract = {This manuscript reports the results of a national survey of Internet use by churches and ministries. The mail survey to a random sample of 500 churches and ministries sought to determine the proportion of churches/ministries with Internet access, how the Internet was being used by their organization, and organizational characteristics. A total of 448 questionnaires were delivered and 113 were returned resulting in a response rate of 25.2\%.

About 93 percent of the respondents surveyed reported using a computer. Of that 93 percent, about 70 percent reported they had Internet access. When asked about how the Internet has helped their church, respondents reported communications with others as the most important benefit, followed by staying better informed on products and services, and as a research tool for sermons and Bible studies.

Among respondent churches who had Internet access, about 37 percent had a webpage. Of those who did not have a webpage, 58 percent plan on having one within a year. The most common ways churches use their website were found to be (1) describing features of the church such as service times or scheduled events, (2) creating a way to communicate with others about the church, (3) providing a way for people to contact the church by e-mail, and (4) image creation.

Respondents cited several benefits of having a website: (1) improved communication, (2) increased member knowledge about church programs and (3) increased attendance at church services or activities.},
	keywords = {Church, Computer, Contemporary Religious Community, cyberspace, internet, Internet access, Internet use by churches and ministries, Mass media, national survey, network, New Media and Society, new media engagement, New Technology and Society, online activities, online communication, Online community, religion, religion and internet, Religion and the Internet, religiosity, religious engagement, religious identity, Religious Internet Communication, Religious Internet Communities, religious organizations, sociability unbound, Sociology of religion, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere, {\textquotedblleft}digital religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media and religion{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}media research{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}online identity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religion online{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious congregations{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}religious media research{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J093v07n01_03$\#$.Uin3-Masim5},
	author = {Robert E. Stevens and Paul Dunn and David L. Loudon and Henry S. Cole}
}
@inbook {2170,
	title = {The {\textquotedblleft}Almost{\textquotedblright} Territories of the Charismatic Christian Internet},
	booktitle = {The Changing World Religion Map},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {3899-3912},
	publisher = {Springer },
	organization = {Springer },
	address = {Dordrecht},
	abstract = {The constantly emerging technologies of the internet are frequently described in terms that evoke space. As online technologies continue to grow in their global ubiquity, it is appropriate to consider how the virtual geographies that are conjured in online engagement extend beyond the web browser. This chapter builds upon anthropological approaches studying religious communication to consider how internet engagement with some religious Believers creates and provides a sense of presence in an inspirited world. I first discuss how anthropologists approached the relationship between religious communication and space before considering Charismatic Christians in the UK. Following 12 months of fieldwork in their churches in the South of England, I describe a range of everyday internet practices and the spiritual implications held by my informants. The key finding is that the technologies of the internet provide for Believers contexts in which they are able to perceive and directly experience the dimensions of their spiritual battles. While British Christianity continues to suffer steady decline, web-based resources allow Christians opportunities to experience connections with others as part of an unstoppable, global, wave of revival. This sense of sanctified online community is tempered by knowledge that words transmitted in some online contexts may be witnessed by non-Believers. While this knowledge is mostly welcomed by members, shared spaces such as Facebook or Youtube can become sites for spiritually hazardous confrontations. In their engagement with online media these Christians experience online comments lists, blog entries, and social networking platforms as sites in which struggles for global, national, and personal salvation are staged and restaged. For these Christians, the spaces of the internet come to be experienced as territories in constant transition.},
	keywords = {Christianity, Communication, internet, social media},
	issn = {978-94-017-9375-9},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_206$\#$citeas},
	author = {Stewart, A}
}
@inbook {2071,
	title = {Israel },
	booktitle = {Online around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Apps},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {144-148},
	publisher = {ABC-CLIO},
	organization = {ABC-CLIO},
	address = {Santa Barbara, CA},
	keywords = {internet, Israel, mobile apps, social media},
	issn = {9781610697750},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Online_Around_the_World.html?id=sof6MAAACAAJ},
	author = {Tsuria, R and Yadlin-Segal, A}
}
@inbook {2101,
	title = {Religioni e Internet: Evangelizzazione o Reincantamento del Mondo?},
	booktitle = {Rapporto sull{\textquoteright}Analfabetismo Religioso in Italia},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {355{\textendash}367},
	publisher = {Il Mulino},
	organization = {Il Mulino},
	address = {Bologna},
	abstract = {Il rapporto sull{\textquoteright}analfabetismo religioso in Italia intende porre domande, tracciare percorsi e contestualizzare il tema dell{\textquoteright}assenza del religioso nei processi educativi su scala internazionale. Il volume offre una riflessione organica su ci{\`o} che viene ignorato dal sistema scolastico e sui perch{\'e} storico-teologici, oltrech{\'e} storico-politici, di queste omissioni e lacune. A un{\textquoteright}ampia analisi delle premesse teorico-critiche e dello scenario storico italiano da cui il fenomeno trae la propria natura si affiancano rassegne di studi, analisi delle esperienze riuscite e fallite e alcuni primi strumenti di cura che ambiscono a generare un dibattito pubblico sul tema e a costruire una riflessione capace di coinvolgere tutti gli attori sociali impegnati nel settore educativo e della formazione. Correda il volume una sezione info-grafica e di mappe che rende la lettura pi{\`u} intuitiva, trasferendo su immagini e simboli la complessit{\`a} delle informazioni e dei dati raccolti.},
	keywords = {evangelism, internet, religion},
	issn = {9788815251299},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=V1bYngEACAAJ\&dq=Rapporto+sull\%E2\%80\%99Analfabetismo+Religioso+in+Italia\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjNs_2y1uDbAhVmxlQKHeAXDaQQ6AEIJzAA},
	author = {Vitullo, A}
}
@book {1273,
	title = {The Internet in Everyday Life},
	series = {Information Age Series},
	publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	organization = {Wiley-Blackwell},
	abstract = {The Internet in Everyday Life is the first book to systematically investigate how being online fits into people{\textquoteright}s everyday lives.
Opens up a new line of inquiry into the social effects of the Internet.
Focuses on how the Internet fits into everyday lives, rather than considering it as an alternate world.
Chapters are contributed by leading researchers in the area.
Studies are based on empirical data.
Talks about the reality of being online now, not hopes or fears about the future effects of the Internet.},
	keywords = {internet, Internet Studies, methodologies, social effects},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9780470774298},
	author = {Barry Wellman and Caroline Haythornthwaite}
}
@article {39,
	title = {Authentic Identities: Straightedge Subculture, Music, and the Internet},
	journal = {Journal of Contemporary Ethnography},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2006},
	month = {April 2006},
	pages = {173-200},
	abstract = {In this article, the author examines the relative roles of music and the internet for self-identifying members of the straightedge youth subculture. For nearly 30 years, subcultures have been conceptualized primarily in terms of music and style. Participation has therefore typically been characterized by the consumption of specific types of music and clothing and participation in local, face-to-face music scenes. However, with the recent growth of information and communication technologies like the internet, opportunities have emerged that enable individuals to participate in subcultures in which they otherwise might not participate. The author shows that a new type of subculturalist is emerging{\textemdash}one whose subcultural participation is limited to the internet.Using the concepts of authenticity and scene, the author explores how participants in a straightedge internet forum negotiate their affiliations with the subculture and how some members attempt to halt others{\textquoteright} claims to a straightedge identity. The study suggests that the internet is emerging as a new, but highly contested, subcultural scene.},
	keywords = {authenticity, identity, internet, scene, straightedge, subculture},
	url = {http://jce.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/2/173},
	author = {Williams, Patrick J.}
}
@article {630,
	title = {Younger Americans{\textquoteright} Reading and Library Habits},
	year = {2012},
	month = {10/2012},
	pages = {1-54},
	institution = {Pew Research Center},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	abstract = {More than eight in ten Americans ages 16-29 read a book in the past year, and six in ten used their local public library. Many say they are reading more in the era of digital content, especially on their mobile phones and on computers.},
	keywords = {e-books, internet, Mobile phone, Reading habits},
	url = {http://libraries.pewinternet.org/2012/10/23/younger-americans-reading-and-library-habits/},
	author = {Zickuhr, Katheryn and Rainie, Lee and Purcell, Kristen and Mary Madden and Brenner, Joanna}
}
