@inbook {2058,
	title = {Religious Use of Mobile Phones},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Information Science \& Technology},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {6161-6170},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	organization = {IGI Global},
	edition = {4},
	address = {Hershey, PA},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, mobile phones, religious},
	issn = {9781522522553},
	url = {https://www.igi-global.com/book/encyclopedia-information-science-technology-fourth/173015},
	author = {Bellar, W and Cho, J and Campbell, H}
}
@article {2173,
	title = {Private practice: Using digital diaries and interviews to understand evangelical Christians{\textquoteright} choice and use of religious mobile applications},
	journal = {New Media \& Society },
	volume = {19},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {111-125},
	abstract = {Religious mobile applications (apps) offer a relatively new space for religious practices such as studying sacred texts, prayer, and meditation. To date, most studies in the digital religion literature, and to some extent in general mobile app studies, focus inquiry on app content and/or design only. This study advances these areas of study by extending inquiry to the mobile app audience by exploring how Evangelical Christians actually choose and use religious mobile apps, and how app engagement informs their religious identities. Data from qualitative digital diary reports and in-depth interviews were analyzed within Campbell{\textquoteright}s networked religion framework, specifically through the storied identity and networked community concepts. Findings explicate the combination of online and offline resources used for choosing apps, shifting core religious practices from offline to mobile contexts, and a lack of networked community engagement for sharing private religious app experiences.},
	keywords = {digital diaries, Digital Religion, Evangelical Christians, mobile application, mobile audiences, networked community, networked religion, storied identity},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649922},
	author = {Bellar,W}
}
@article {2067,
	title = {Religious memetics. Institutional authority in digital/lived religion},
	journal = {Journal of Communication Inquiry},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {357-377},
	abstract = {Recently leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS/Mormon) faith have called upon members to {\textquotedblleft}sweep the earth{\textquotedblright} with positive religious messages through social media. This digital moment in Mormonism exemplifies the interrelation and concomitant tension between everyday lived religion, technology, and religious institutions. While studies on digital religion have emphasized the push of participatory culture into everyday lived religion, this research on religious memes contributes to an emergent vein of digital religion scholarship focused on institutional authority. In our analysis of the {\textquotedblleft}doubt your doubts{\textquotedblright} meme and antimemes we theorize religious memetics as a space for the reconnection of the everydayness of religious practice, which boils down meaningful moments of faith into facile, nonthreatening avenues for sharing religion. While this is beneficial for institutions, the reflexive and metonymic function of religious memes ruptures routine, offering participants momentary pauses from the demands of orthodox religious life.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, religious memetics},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0196859915603096},
	author = {Borrough, B and Feller, G}
}
@inbook {1255,
	title = {Lwa Like Me: Gender, Sexuality and Vodou Online},
	booktitle = {Media, Religion and Gender Key Issues and New Challenges},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {7},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, GENDER, New Media, online activities},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415504737/},
	author = {Alexandra Boutros}
}
@article {1932,
	title = {Religious Memetics: Institutional Authority in Digital/Lived Religion},
	journal = {Journal of Communication Inquiry},
	volume = {39},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {Recently leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS/Mormon) faith have called upon members to "sweep the earth" with positive religious messages through social media. This digital moment in Mormonism exemplifies the interrelation and concomitant tension between everyday lived religion, technology, and religious institutions. While studies on digital religion have emphasized the push of participatory culture into everyday lived religion, this research on religious memes contributes to an emergent vein of digital religion scholarship focused on institutional authority. In our analysis of the "doubt your doubts" meme and antimemes we theorize religious memetics as a space for the reconnection of the everydayness of religious practice, which boils down meaningful moments of faith into facile, nonthreatening avenues for sharing religion. While this is beneficial for institutions, the reflexive and metonymic function of religious memes ruptures routine, offering participants momentary pauses from the demands of orthodox religious life.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Lived religion, meme, mormonism, religious memetics},
	doi = {10.1177/0196859915603096},
	url = {http://jci.sagepub.com/content/39/4/357.abstract},
	author = {Burroughs, Benjamin and Feller, Gavin}
}
@article {2038,
	title = {Religious Communication and Technology},
	journal = {The Annals of the ICA},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2017},
	abstract = {This article provides a review of contemporary research on religious communication and technologies through the lens of Digital Religion Studies, which explores how online and offline religious spheres become blended and blurred through digital culture. Summarizing the emergence and growth of studies of religion and the Internet, and offering an overview of scholarship demonstrating how religious actors negotiate their relationships and spiritual activities within their online{\textendash}offline lives, enable us to look critically at the state of Digital Religion Studies. This article also highlights current trends and emerging themes within this area including increasing attention being paid to theoretical developments, approaching digital religion as lived religion, and the influence of postsecular and posthuman discourses within this scholarship.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, religion},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23808985.2017.1374200},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@book {2063,
	title = {Digital Judaism: Jewish negotiations with digital media and culture},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {In this volume, contributors consider the ways that Jewish communities and users of new media negotiate their uses of digital technologies in light of issues related to religious identity, community and authority. Digital Judaism presents a broad analysis of how and why various Jewish groups negotiate with digital culture in particular ways, situating such observations within a wider discourse of how Jewish groups throughout history have utilized communication technologies to maintain their Jewish identities across time and space. Chapters address issues related to the negotiation of authority between online users and offline religious leaders and institutions not only within ultra-Orthodox communities, but also within the broader Jewish religious culture, taking into account how Jewish engagement with media in Israel and the diaspora raises a number of important issues related to Jewish community and identity. Featuring recent scholarship by leading and emerging scholars of Judaism and media, Digital Judaism is an invaluable resource for researchers in new media, religion and digital culture.},
	keywords = {culture, digital judaism, digital media, Digital Religion, Jewish religion},
	issn = {978-0415736244},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=IKYGCAAAQBAJ\&printsec=frontcover\&dq=978-0415736244\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwj88ouMqMTbAhXjt1kKHf-7CykQ6AEILjAB$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@article {2044,
	title = {Accessing Changes in the Study of Religious Communities in Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {Church, Communication \& Culture},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {73-89},
	abstract = {This article provides a focused review of researches undertaken within Digital religion studies in the last three decades, specifically highlighting how religious communities have been studied and approached within this area. It highlights the dominant theoretical and methodological approaches employed by scholars during what is being described as the four stages of research on religious communities emerging over this period of time. Thus, this article presents the findings of key studies emerging during these stages to illuminate how the study of religious communities online has evolved over time. It also offers insights into how this evolution specifically relates to the study of Catholic community online. Finally, a theoretical analysis is given, assessing current research on religious communities within Digital Religion studies, and approaches for future research are proposed.},
	keywords = {Community online, Digital Religion, internet, offline, Online, religious communities},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23753234.2016.1181301},
	author = {Campbell, H and Virtullo, A}
}
@article {2042,
	title = {Surveying Theoretical Approaches within Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {15-24},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of the development of Digital Religion studies and the theoretical approaches frequently employed within this area. Through considering the ways and theories of mediatization, mediation of meaning, and the religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology have been engaged and applied in studies of new media technologies, religion, and digital culture we see how Digital Religion studies has grown into a unique area of inquiry informed by both Internet studies and media, religion, and culture studies. Overall, it offers a concise summary of the current state of research inquiry within Digital Religion studies.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, mediation of meaning, mediatization, New Media, religion, religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology, theory},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649912},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {2052,
	title = {Methodological Challenges, Innovations and Growing Pains in Digital Religion Research},
	booktitle = {Digital Methodologies in the Sociology of Religion},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1-12},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	organization = {Bloomsbury Publishing},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {Digital Religion},
	issn = {9781472571182},
	url = {https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/digital-methodologies-in-the-sociology-of-religion-9781472571182/},
	author = {Campbell, H and Altenhofen, B}
}
@book {792,
	title = {Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {276},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Digital Religion offers a critical and systematic survey of the study of religion and new media. It covers religious engagement with a wide range of new media forms and highlights examples of new media engagement in all five of the major world religions. From cell phones and video games to blogs and Second Life, the book:provides a detailed review of major topics, includes a series of case studies to illustrate and elucidate the thematic explorations
 and considers the theoretical, ethical and theological issues raised.  Drawing together the work of experts from key disciplinary perspectives, Digital Religion is invaluable for students wanting to develop a deeper understanding of the field.
},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Religion \& New Media, Sociology of religion, Technoculture},
	issn = {978-0-415-67611-3},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=ox4q7T59KikC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi A Campbell}
}
@book {2051,
	title = {Religion and the Internet },
	series = {Mapping the Rise of the Study of Religious Practice Online},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Religion and the Internet will present a range of scholarly articles that offer a critical overview of the interdisciplinary study of new media, religion and digital culture. Scholars have documented individuals using computer networks for religious discussions and enagagment since the early 1980s. In the mid 1990s, when the Internet became publicly accessible, scholars began to study how users were translating and transporting their religious practices onto this new digital platform. This collection will cover the development of the study of Religion and the Internet over the past three decades, highlighting the core research topics, approaches and questions that have been explored by key international scholars at the intersection of new media and religion. The collection seeks to present how new forms of religious practices have emerged and been interrogated by scholars. It will also present how religious communities have negotiated their engagement with digital techologies and the online and offline implications this has had for religious practioners and individuals.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, religion},
	issn = {9781138093669},
	url = {https://www.crcpress.com/Religion-and-the-Internet/Campbell/p/book/9781138093669},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {2057,
	title = {Religious Use of Mobile Phones},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Mobile Phone Behavior},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {308-321},
	publisher = {IGI Global},
	organization = {IGI Global},
	address = {Hershey, PA},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, mobile phones, religious},
	issn = {978-1466682399},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=bIkfCgAAQBAJ\&pg=PA318\&lpg=PA318\&dq=Religious+Use+of+Mobile+Phones+campbell\&source=bl\&ots=TbHQw5CLCS\&sig=gAA9VmqoTfuXPv2bxCI-Ga0B1dc\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=0ahUKEwjSh8bsmMTbAhVC-6wKHZI0CXcQ6AEINTAD$\#$v=snippet\&q=308\&f=false},
	author = {Cho, J and Campbell, H}
}
@mastersthesis {1196,
	title = {Give Me That Online Religion: Religious Authority and Resistance Through Blogging},
	volume = {Master of Arts},
	year = {2013},
	school = {Georgia State University},
	abstract = {This study of forty-nine Christian blogs explores how groups of bloggers in two case studies resist and/or perpetuate hegemonic gender ideologies online and where these bloggers draw authority from for these views. The findings reveal that bloggers are most likely to cite texts as sources of authority and are more likely to affirm authority (78.1\%) than to challenge it (25.7\%). The bloggers in my sample, who were majority male, use an array of strategies in their efforts to resist hegemonic gender norms. These included, but are not limited to, debating God{\textquoteright}s gender, emphasizing women{\textquoteright}s roles in the Bible, privileging equality in theological interpretations, redefining masculinity and employing satire and images to delegitimize hegemonic power},
	keywords = {Authority, bloggers, Contemporary Religious Community, Digital Religion, New Media and Society, new media engagement, online identity, religious media research, Resistance},
	url = {http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_theses/39/},
	author = {Erin V. Echols}
}
@article {2149,
	title = {The Call to Jihad: Charismatic Preachers and the Internet},
	journal = {Studies in Conflict \& Terrorism },
	volume = {40},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {44-61},
	abstract = {A range of psychological, social, and environmental factors render some individuals more susceptible to militant Islam than others. Research also suggests that there are certain {\textquotedblleft}triggers,{\textquotedblright} which help to explain why it is that only some individuals exposed to the same societal structural influences turn to violence. This article seeks to contribute to future empirical research in this area by studying the significance of certain {\textquotedblleft}charismatic{\textquotedblright} preachers in this process and examining the role the Internet plays in strengthening the charismatic bond. Difficulties in defining and measuring {\textquotedblleft}charisma{\textquotedblright} may help in part to explain the paucity of research on this aspect of radicalization but since charismatic authority derives from the bond between preacher and follower, an examination of the activities, strategies, and techniques used to build relationships and win adherents to Salafi-jihadism may provide valuable insights for countering radicalization.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, jihad, Preachers},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1157406},
	author = {Gendron, A}
}
@article {2155,
	title = {Building the sacred community online: the dual use of the Internet by Chabad},
	journal = {Media, Culture \& Society },
	volume = {38},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {71-88},
	abstract = {Religious communities have ongoing concerns about Internet use, as it intensifies the clash between tradition and modernity, a clash often found in traditionally inclined societies. Nevertheless, as websites become more useful and widely accessible, religious and communal stakeholders have continuously worked at building and promoting them. This study focuses on Chabad, a Jewish ultra-Orthodox movement, and follows webmasters of three key websites to uncover how they distribute religious knowledge over the Internet. Through an ethnographic approach that included interviews with over 30 webmasters, discussions with key informants, and observations of the websites themselves, the study uncovered webmaster{\textquoteright}s strategies to foster solidarity within their community, on one hand, while also proselytizing their outlook on Judaism, on the other. Hence, the study sheds light on how a fundamentalist society has strengthened its association with new media, thus facilitating negotiation between modernity and religious piety.},
	keywords = {Chabad, community, Digital Religion, fundamentalism, religion, religious communities},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0163443715615415},
	author = {Golan, O and Stadler, N}
}
@book {1247,
	title = {Religion, Media, and Social Change},
	series = {Routledge Research in Religion, Media and Culture},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Routledge },
	organization = {Routledge },
	abstract = {In an era of heightened globalization, macro-level transformations in the general socioeconomic and cultural makeup of modern societies have been studied in great depth. Yet little attention has been paid to the growing influence of media and mass-mediated popular culture on contemporary religious sensibilities, life, and practice. Religion, Media, and Social Change explores the correlation between the study of religion, media, and popular culture and broader sociological theorizing on religious change. Contributions devote serious attention to broadly-defined media including technologies, institutions, and social and cultural environments, as well as mass-mediated popular culture such as film, music, television, and computer games. This interdisciplinary collection addresses important theoretical and methodological questions by connecting the study of media and popular culture to current perspectives, approaches, and discussions in the broader sociological study of religion.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Globalization, institutions, Online community, religious change, social change, socioeconomic modern societies, sociological study of religion, Technologies},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415742825/},
	author = {Kennet Granholm and Marcus Moberg and Sofia Sj{\"o}}
}
@article {1194,
	title = {Finding Religion in the Media: Work in Progress on the Third Spaces of Digital Religion},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Internet Studies, media and religion, networked society, online identity, religion online, Third Spaces, users{\textquoteright} participation, virtual community, virtual public sphere},
	url = {http://cmrc.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Hoover-Echchaibi-paper.pdf},
	author = {Stewart M. Hoover and Nabil Echchaibi}
}
@inbook {2090,
	title = {Forward: practice, autonomy and authority in the digitally religious and digitally spiritual},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices and Rituals},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {6{\textendash}12},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {This anthology - the first of its kind in eight years - collects some of the best and most current research and reflection on the complex interactions between religion and computer-mediated communication (CMC). The contributions cohere around the central question: how will core religious understandings of identity, community and authority shape and be (re)shaped by the communicative possibilities of Web 2.0? The authors gathered here address these questions in three distinct ways: through contemporary empirical research on how diverse traditions across the globe seek to take up the technologies and affordances of contemporary CMC; through investigations that place these contemporary developments in larger historical and theological contexts; and through careful reflection on the theoretical dimensions of research on religion and CMC. In their introductory and concluding essays, the editors uncover and articulate the larger intersections and patterns suggested by individual chapters, including trajectories for future research.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, spiritual},
	issn = {9781433114748},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Digital_Religion_Social_Media_and_Cultur.html?id=I7GqtgAACAAJ},
	author = {Hoover, S}
}
@article {1298,
	title = {The "Third Spaces" of Digital Religion},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Center for Media, Religion and Culture},
	address = {University of Colorado},
	abstract = {The emergence of new modes of digital communicative practice has had both lay and 
scholarly discourses struggling to adapt. The descriptive challenge is, indeed, a formidable one 
as the range and depth of emergent implications in technology, society, culture, and practice 
continues to develop. The trajectories that flow out of "the digital" into individual, social, and 
cultural space seem nearly limitless in extent and scope, at the same time that many voices are 
urging caution in expecting or claiming too much for these practices},
	keywords = {Digital, Digital Religion, Negotiation, New Media, power, Research, Third Spaces},
	url = {http://cmrc.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Hoover-Echchaibi-paper.pdf},
	author = {S. Hoover and N. Echchaibi}
}
@article {1224,
	title = {Authority in the Virtual Sangat : Sikhism, Ritual and Identity in the Twenty-First Century},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {24},
	abstract = {In her paper Authority in the Virtual Sangat. Sikhism, Ritual and Identity in the Twenty-First Century, Doris Jakobsh analyses the change of authority based on her research on Sikhs on the Internet. She stresses the Web as a {\textquoteleft}third place{\textquoteright} of communication among the Sikhs as well as the phenomenon of new authorities online. However, this does not imply the replacement of the traditional seats of authority, the Akal Takht, SGPC, or gurdwara managements, but one can recognize a significant shift away from these traditional sites of authority toward the {\textquoteleft}new authorities{\textquoteright}, the intermediaries of cyberspace. Her analysis shows that this aspect of the Sikh experience brings with it the most profound challenges and, most importantly, a need to bridge the post-modern individual, i.e. {\textquoteleft}Sikh tradition{\textquoteright} intertwined and legitimated by the metanarrative, and the proliferation of new authorities who have become intermediaries of Sikhism online by virtue of their expertise within the digital domain.},
	keywords = {Akal Takht, Authority, Digital Religion, identity, online communication, Ritual, Sangat, Sikhism, Sociology of religion, third place},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/374},
	author = {Jakobsh, Doris R}
}
@article {2041,
	title = {Considering Critical Methods and Theoretical Lenses in Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {5-14},
	abstract = {This article introduces a special issue on critical methods and theoretical lenses in Digital Religion studies, through contextualising them within research trajectories found in this emerging field. By starting from the assertion that current {\textquotedblleft}fourth-wave of research on religion and the Internet,{\textquotedblright} is focused on how religious actors negotiate the relationships between multiple spheres of their online and offline lives, article authors spotlight key theoretical discussions and methodological approaches occurring within this interdisciplinary area of inquiry. It concludes with notable methodological and theoretical challenges in need of further exploration. Together it demonstrates how religion is practiced and reimagined within digital media spaces, and how such analysis can contribute to broader understanding of the social and cultural changes new media technologies are facilitating within society.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, media technologies, methodology, religion, theory},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649911},
	author = {L{\"o}vheim, M and Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {2117,
	title = {Digital Catholicism: The Internet and the Vatican},
	booktitle = { Global Catholicism in the Twenty-first Century},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {31-46},
	publisher = {Springer Singapore },
	organization = {Springer Singapore },
	abstract = {This chapter argues that the Catholic Church{\textquoteright}s presence on the Internet contributes to the formation of {\textquotedblleft}digital Catholicism{\textquotedblright}, an engagement by the Church with the users of the digital domain through online technologies in a post-secular world. The Vatican{\textquoteright}s website includes a wide range of information, from papal encyclicals to the latest feed from the Pope{\textquoteright}s Twitter account. The website poses a number of questions relevant to the study of religion in a digital age: How is the website{\textquoteright}s construction modelled on the corporate structure of the real-world Church? How does the website{\textquoteright}s design reflect the Church{\textquoteright}s geographic relationship to its members? And to what degree does the website encourage interaction with its users? The chapter critically assesses these questions, and how the Vatican website contributes to the Catholic Church{\textquoteright}s concern, especially since the aggiornamento of Vatican II, to keep the Church relevant in the context of secularisation. Furthermore, how the website reflects the Church{\textquoteright}s awareness of the importance of new communication technologies in a post-secular landscape, as expressed in the Vatican II documents Inter Mirifica and Communio et Progressio, and more recently {\textquotedblleft}The Church and Internet{\textquotedblright}, is assessed. Finally, unofficial Catholic websites, those run by laypeople seeking to raise awareness about issues important to them, will be analysed as examples of Internet use for religious purposes that lies outside of the control of religious organisations such as the Catholic Church. },
	keywords = {Catholicism, Digital Religion, internet, Vatican},
	issn = {9789811078026},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books/about/Global_Catholicism_in_the_Twenty_first_C.html?id=sHNLDwAAQBAJ},
	author = {Lynch, A.P.}
}
@article {1246,
	title = {Techno-Ritualization : the Gohozon Controversy on the Internet},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {91},
	abstract = {In Techno-Ritualization {\textendash} The Gohozon Controversy on the Internet, Mark MacWilliams describes the case of the {\textquotedblleft}Gohonzon{\textquotedblright}, Nichiren{\textquoteright}s sacred mandala consisting of the title of the Lotus Sutra that is used for worship in the various Nichiren Buddhist sects. Whereas this mandala is generally considered as extremely sacred and it is demanded that it should be housed in the home altar and only displayed privately for devotional chanting, it can nowadays be found on the Internet as a {\textquotedblleft}prayer Gohonzon{\textquotedblright} from the American Independent Movement, a Buddhist group unaffiliated with the official authority S{\^o}ka Gakkai International (SGI). The Internet site offers a virtual altar with a fully displayed Gohonzon, twinkling lighted candles before it, and the chant, {\textquotedblleft}Namu Myoho Renge Kyo,{\textquotedblright} flashing syllable by syllable on the screen. MacWilliam underlines the power of the Internet to transform religious practice with the example of the virtual prayer and to challenge real life ecclesiastical organizations: the way the Internet is being used is transforming the way people {\textquotedblleft}do{\textquotedblright} religion.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Gohonzon, Lotus Sutra, Nichiren, Nichiren Buddhist sects, religion, Ritual, sacred mandala, S{\^o}ka Gakkai, worship},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/371},
	author = {Marc MacWilliams}
}
@inbook {1253,
	title = {Cybersociality: Connecting Digital Fun to the Play of God},
	booktitle = {Halos and Avatars: Playing Video Games With God},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Westminster John Knox Press},
	organization = {Westminster John Knox Press},
	chapter = {12},
	keywords = {cyber, cybersociality, Digital Religion, digital technologies, Digital Worlds, Immersion, popular culture, theology, transcendentalize secularity, video games},
	url = {http://www.academia.edu/366940/_Cybersociality_Connecting_Digital_Cultures_to_the_Play_of_God},
	author = {John W. Morehead}
}
@inbook {1256,
	title = {Claiming Religious Authority: Muslim Women and New Media },
	booktitle = {Media, Religion and Gender Key Issues and New Challenges},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {9},
	keywords = {Authority, Digital Religion, GENDER, Islam, Muslim, New Media},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415504737/},
	author = {Anna Piela}
}
@article {1244,
	title = {Rituals Online : Transferring and Designing Rituals},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {54},
	abstract = {
Kerstin Radde-Antweiler stresses the aspect of ritual construction by the individual believers in her paper Rituals Online. Transferring and Designing Rituals. In addition to the potential of the Internet to offer interaction and new processes of communication in the context of rituals {\textendash} the so called "Online-Rituals" {\textendash}, this medium also offers much information about rituals and instructions how to perform a ritual, in and outside the Internet. This varies from the publication of {\textendash} at first glance - fixed ritual prescripts to texts on how to design a ritual by him- or herself. These fixed texts are often identified as old traditional scripts, whereas critical analyses show explicit or implicit transfers and receptions of various religious traditions. In the paper, different ritual prescripts presented on Wicca- and Solitaire Homepages, which are often seen as continuation of pre-Christian, matriarchal, Celtic and Germanic cults and mythologies, are analysed and their transfer processes are exemplified. Instances that show the processes of ritual transfer are the choice of the owner-names, the mixture of deities of different religions, the integration of different feasts and festivals etc. The assertion of perpetual continuity from the insider perspective seems contradict those texts which encourage the believers to develop their own individual ritual. Therefore, the elements of newness and invention as well as the phenomenon of Ritual Design in their processes of gaining legitimacy and authority has to be examined},
	keywords = {Authority, Digital Religion, Hexe, Hexenglaube, internet, Online-Rituals, Patchwork, religion, Ritual, Wiccakult},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/376/352},
	author = {Kerstin Radde-Antweiler}
}
@conference {1299,
	title = {Clothed With Strength And Dignity: How Evangelical Women are Re-Claiming and  Re-Constructing the Evangelical Church in the Blogosphere},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {The World Social Science Forum},
	organization = {The World Social Science Forum},
	address = {Montreal, Canada},
	abstract = {Much has been written on the significance of the religious web log or {\textquotedblleft}blog{\textquotedblright} in the past decade, 
especially as its growing popularity among authors and readers alike has coincided with the continued 
decline in institutional church attendance in the West (see Cheong et al, Corrigon et al, Campbell, and 
West). However, much less has been written on the significance of religious blogs authored by women, 
and particularly those that are written from a standpoint of cultivated ambivalencei 
toward the doctrines and practices of their religious traditions; a phenomenon that is especially poignant for feminist 
scholars to consider given the historical tendency for patriarchal religious institutions to marginalize 
and delegitimize women{\textquoteright}s voices (Bammert 155; Gallagher 215; Steiner-Aeschliman and Mauss 248). 
To that end, it is further pertinent to consider the growing popularity of religious blogs authored by 
women in North America who identify as evangelical Protestant{\textemdash}a Christian tradition that remains 
largely (albeit not exclusively) committed to the value of patriarchal authority within and outside the 
institutional church, even (and especially) while some mainline Protestant denominations have been 
adopting the value of gender equality both at the institutional and doctrinal levels (Steiner-Aeschliman 
and Mauss 248; Keller and Ruether xxxviii-xxxix). This exploratory study accordingly employs 
feminist Critical Discourse Analysis to investigate a purposive selection of religious blogs that are 
authored by evangelical women and written from a standpoint of cultivated ambivalence.},
	keywords = {Blogosphere, Christianity, Digital Religion, Evangelical Church, female, GENDER, Women},
	url = {http://www.wssf2013.org/sites/wssf2013.org/files/full_papers/extended_abstract_pdf.pdf},
	author = {Vanessa Reimer}
}
@article {1243,
	title = {Ethnic Revival, and the Reappearance of Indigenous Religions in the ROC : the Use of the Internet in the Construction of Taiwanese Identities},
	journal = {Online {\textendash} Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet},
	volume = {02.1},
	year = {2006},
	chapter = {41},
	abstract = {Michael Rudolph{\textquoteright}s article Nativism, Ethnic Revival, and the Reappearance of Indigenous Religions in the ROC: The Use of the Internet in the Construction of Taiwanese Identities deals with rituals presented on Taiwanese Websites in the context of identity construction. Since the mid-nineties, long abandoned and very un-Chinese ritual practices suddenly seemed to become popular again in China{\textquoteright}s runaway-province Taiwan: in spite of the fact that most of the island{\textquoteright}s 2\% of indigenous population had been Christianized for half a century, intellectual elites of different aboriginal groups now referred to ancestor-gods, tattooing and even headhunting again as essential parts of their own traditional repertoire, often making abundant use of the Internet in order to propagate these convictions to a broader Chinese speaking public. This contribution not only scrutinises the political context that made such a development possible, but also assesses this practice in terms of the identity construction of the specific ethnic groups.},
	keywords = {aboriginal groups, Digital Religion, Ethnic, identity, Indigenous Religions, internet, online communication, religion online, Ritual, Taiwan},
	url = {http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/religions/article/view/375/351},
	author = {Michael Rudolph}
}
@inbook {2121,
	title = {The Significance of Non-Participatory Digital Religion},
	booktitle = {Digital Hinduism: Dharma and Discourse in the Age of New Media},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Lexington Books},
	organization = {Lexington Books},
	chapter = {1},
	abstract = {This edited volume seeks to build a scholarly discourse about how Hinduism is being defined, reformed, and rearticulated in the digital era and how these changes are impacting the way Hindus view their own religious identities. It seeks to interrogate how digital Hinduism has been shaped in response to the dominant framing of the religion, which has often relied on postcolonial narratives devoid of context and an overemphasis on the geopolitics of the Indian subcontinent post-partition. From this perspective, this volume challenges previous frameworks of how Hinduism has been studied, particularly in the West, where Marxist and Orientalist approaches are often ill-fitting paradigms to understanding Hinduism. This volume engages with and critiques some of these approaches while also enriching existing models of research within media studies, ethnography, cultural studies, and religion.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, Hinduism, non-participatory},
	issn = {978-1498559171},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en\&lr=\&id=irNFDwAAQBAJ\&oi=fnd\&pg=PA3\&ots=dYssx4peYU\&sig=sbJlVpGgZujcmVRVHwctsemfhWk$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Scheifinger, H}
}
@article {2039,
	title = {Approaches to Digital Methods in Studies of Digital Religion},
	journal = {The Communication Review},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {73-97},
	abstract = {This article reviews digital methodologies in the context of digital religion. We offer a tripod model for approaching digital methods: (a) defining research within digital environments, (b) the utilization of digital tools, and (c) applying unique digital frames. Through a critical review of multiple research projects, we explore three dominant research methods employed within the study of digital religion, namely, the use of textual analysis, interviews, and ethnography. Thus, we highlight the opportunities and challenges of using digital methods.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10714421.2017.1304137},
	author = {Tsuria, R and Yadlin-Segal, A and Virtillo, A and Campbell, H}
}
@mastersthesis {1199,
	title = {Manifestation of Religious Authority on the Internet: Presentation of Twelver Shiite Authority in the Persian Blogosphere},
	volume = {Master of Arts},
	year = {2012},
	month = {23-May-2012},
	school = {University of Waterloo},
	type = {Master Thesis},
	abstract = {Cyberspace has diversified and pluralized people{\textquoteright}s daily experiences of religion in unprecedented ways. By studying several websites and weblogs that have a religious orientation, different layers of religious authority including {\textquotedblleft}religious hierarchy, structures, ideology, and sources{\textquotedblright} (Campbell, 2009) can be identified. Also, using Weber{\textquoteright}s definition of the three types of authority, {\textquotedblleft}rational-legal, traditional, and charismatic{\textquotedblright} (1968), the specific type of authority that is being presented on blogosphere can be recognized. The Internet presents a level of liberty for the discussion of sensitive topics in any kind of religious cyberspace, specifically the Islamic one. In this way, the Internet is expanding the number and range of Muslim voices, which may pose problems for traditional forms of religious authority or may suggest new forms of authority in the Islamic world. The interaction between the Internet and religion is often perceived as contradictory, especially when it is religion at its most conservative practice. While the international and national applications of the Internet have increased vastly, local religious communities, especially fundamentalists, perceived this new technology as a threat to their local cultures and practices. If we look at the Internet as a central phenomenon of contemporary modernity that interacts with practiced fundamentalist religious traditions, we can ask how broad the interactions are between religious fundamentalism and the Internet and whether these relations can be reconciled. More specifically, this thesis presents a study of the junction of the Internet and religious fundamentalism reviewing the presentation of Shiite religious authority on the Persian blogosphere. As a case study, Persian weblogs are studied for content analysis for this thesis. Weblogs{\textquoteright} texts are analyzed to find evidences for Shiite beliefs and shared identity, usages and interpretations of the main Shiite religious texts, references to the role of recognized Shiite leaders, and descriptions of Shiite structural patterns of practices and organizations. This research will demonstrate how the Internet has been culturally constructed, modified, and adapted to the Iranian community{\textquoteright}s needs and how the Shiite fundamentalist community of Iran has been affected by it. Based on one of the most structured research in this area, the study by Baezilai-Nahon and Barzilai (2005), in this article I identify four principal dimensions of religious fundamentalism as they interact with the Internet: hierarchy, patriarchy, discipline, and seclusion.},
	keywords = {Authority, Biosphere, Digital Religion, Iran, media and religion, new media engagement, New media praticipation, Persian, Religious Internet Communities, Shiite Muslim, sociability unbound},
	url = { http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6774},
	author = {Valibeigi, Narges}
}
@inbook {1254,
	title = {When {\textquoteright}Friend{\textquoteright} Becomes a Verb: Religion on the Social Web},
	booktitle = {God in the Details: American Religion in Popular Culture},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {11},
	address = {God in the Details: American Religion in Popular Culture},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, integration, Interaction, interpretation, social media, social networks},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415485364/},
	author = {Daniel Veidlinger}
}
@article {1200,
	title = {Women responding to the anti-Islam film Fitna: voices and acts of citizenship on YouTube},
	journal = {Feminist Review},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {110-129},
	abstract = {How feminists view the alternative videos uploaded to YouTube in response to the anti-Islam film {\textquoteright}Fitna{\textquoteright} is discussed. The gender portrayal and narratives in {\textquoteright}Fitna{\textquoteright} are contrasted with those in the alternative video. The videos were considered as acts of citizenship through which women constitutes themselves as global citizen by engaging in deliberation or by taking a voice.},
	keywords = {anti-Islam, citizenship, Digital Religion, Feminists, Fitna, gender studies, Islam, Religious Internet Communities, Research Political participation, YouTube},
	url = {http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/159420348?q\&versionId=173776629},
	author = {Vis, F and van Zoonen, L and Mihelj, S}
}
@article {2141,
	title = {Digital Religion in China: A Comparative Perspective on Buddhism and Christianity{\textquoteright}s Online Publics in Sina Weibo},
	journal = {Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {44-67},
	abstract = {The proliferation of social media in China has provided traditional religious authorities with multifarious digital features to revitalise and reinforce their practices and beliefs. However, under the authoritative political system different religions pick up the new media to varying degrees, thereby showing different characteristic and style in their social media use. This paper examines the public discourse about Buddhism and Christianity (two of the great official religions in China) on China{\textquoteright}s largest microblogging platform-Sina Weibo, and seeks to reveal a distinct landscape of religious online public in China. Through a close look at the social media posts aided by a text analytics software, Leximancer, this paper comparatively investigates several issues related to the Buddhism and Christianity online publics, such as religious networks, interactions between involved actors, the economics and politics of religion, and the role of religious charitable organizations. The result supports Campbell{\textquoteright}s proposition on digital religion that religious groups typically do not reject new technologies, but rather undergo a sophisticated negotiation process in accord with their communal norms and beliefs. It also reveals that in China a secular Buddhism directly contributes to a prosperous {\textquoteleft}temple economy{\textquoteright} while tension still exists between Christianity and the Chinese state due to ideological discrepancy. The paper further points out the possible direction for this nascent research field.},
	keywords = {Buddhism, China, Christianity, Digital Religion, Online},
	url = {http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/21659214-90000095},
	author = {Zhang, Y}
}
