@inbook {2111,
	title = {Film, television, and new media studies},
	booktitle = {The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Jewish Cultures},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	edition = {1},
	chapter = {8},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Screen sources, such as film, television, and new media, are valuable resources for studying both the Jewish past and the present. This is, in part, because of their reliance on visual stereotypes to communicate information quickly and easily. Stereotypes are regularly repeated, simplistic, easily understood, and (often) inaccurate categorizations of a social group (Abrams et al. 2010: 365). Stereotypes in general, and Jewish ones in particular, fulfill many functions and much has been written about this especially in terms of how they perform cultural work in demonizing minority groups from the outside, and perpetuating group solidarity and continuity from the inside. Since stereotypes do not stay static and because screen media tend to rely on them, they

allow us to map and track wider changes in the society from which those texts originate. They {\textquotedblleft}change because the cultural patterns on which they are based are becoming anachronistic{\textquotedblright} (Antler 1998: 256). Likewise, screen stereotypes of Jews, existing almost as long as the media themselves, have evolved, and a diachronic study of screen media allows us to map the metamorphosis of the Jew/ess and what this tells us about the societies in which they live at any given point in time. For these reasons, then, the study of Jewish film, television, and new media is a highly pro-

ductive field with its own specific histories, identities, agents, productions, production contexts, industries, and festivals.},
	keywords = {film, New Media, Television},
	issn = {978-0415473781},
	url = {https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781135048556},
	author = {Abrams, N}
}
@article {1294,
	title = {Mapping the Landscape of Digital Petitionary Prayer as Spiritual/Social Support in Mobile, Facebook, and E-mail},
	journal = { Journal of Media and Religion},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {1},
	abstract = {Traditional prayers can function to provide spiritual and social support for oneself and others. With social media, this support finds a new expression in digital prayers. We map the landscape of digital petitionary prayers for self and others across three different media. In survey one (n = 218), frequency of digital petitionary prayers, described by topic, relationship, place, and outcome, was highest for the mobile medium (phone and text messaging), midrange for Facebook (posting and e-mail), and lowest for traditional e-mail. A second survey (n = 116) revealed that different types and contexts for petitionary prayers are positively associated with love of self, others, and God. Suggestions for future research include investigating the quality and outcomes of petitionary prayers across private, face-to-face, and digital contexts.},
	keywords = {Digital, digital prayers, God, mobile, New Media, petitionary prayers, Self, Traditional prayers},
	doi = {10.1080/15348423.2013.760385},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15348423.2013.760385$\#$.Ulmi51Csim5},
	author = {E. James Baeslera and Yi-Fan Chena}
}
@article {1931,
	title = {Media Theology: New Communication Technologies as religious constructs, metaphors, and experiences},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {Recent studies have seen religious observance as inherently related to available communication technologies. This study follows this thrust but complements the focus on religious praxis with a look at media theology{\textemdash}the ideological dimension of the religion and media nexus. It traces three distinct facets of media theology: the way religious sensibilities affect how we create, shape, apply, and establish a relationship with media technologies; how media technologies serve as tools for grasping aspects of theology; and finally, how media use can launch mental and existential religious experiences. The study{\textquoteright}s orientation is historical, charting the development of the relationship between media technologies and the religious mind in the Abrahamic religions from the biblical media of fire and cloud through script and electric communications and all the way to the Internet.
Keywords},
	keywords = {Biblical media, information and communication technology (ICT), internet, media theology, New Media, religion, religious experience, science technology society (STS)},
	doi = {10.1177/1461444816649915},
	url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1461444816649915},
	author = {Blondheim, Manaheim and Rosenberg, Hananel}
}
@article {1309,
	title = {Baring Their Souls in Online Profiles or Not? Religious Self-Disclosure in Social Media},
	journal = {Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2011},
	chapter = {744},
	abstract = {This study measured the prevalence of religious self-disclosure in public MySpace profiles that belonged to a subsample of National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) wave 3 respondents (N = 560). Personal attributes associated with religious identification as well as the overall quantity of religious self-disclosures are examined. A majority (62 percent) of profile owners identified their religious affiliations online, although relatively few profile owners (30 percent) said anything about religion outside the religion-designated field. Most affiliation reports (80 percent) were consistent with the profile owner{\textquoteright}s reported affiliation on the survey. Religious profile owners disclosed more about religion when they also believed that religion is a public matter or if they evaluated organized religion positively. Evangelical Protestants said more about religion than other respondents. Religiosity, believing that religion is a public matter, and the religiosity of profile owners{\textquoteright} friendship group were all positively associated with religious identification and self-disclosure.},
	keywords = {emerging adults, New Media, religious identity, self-disclosure, social media},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01597.x/abstract;jsessionid=9B8826AC18C2E87FC1ED90C4479B63D2.f01t04},
	author = {Piotr S. Bobkowski and Lisa D. Pearce}
}
@inbook {1255,
	title = {Lwa Like Me: Gender, Sexuality and Vodou Online},
	booktitle = {Media, Religion and Gender Key Issues and New Challenges},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {7},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, GENDER, New Media, online activities},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415504737/},
	author = {Alexandra Boutros}
}
@inbook {374,
	title = {How Religious Communities Negotiate New Media Religiously},
	booktitle = {Digital Religion, Social Media and culture: Perspectives, Practices, Futures},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {81-96},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {This lively book focuses on how different Jewish, Muslim, and Christian communities engage with new media. Rather than simply reject or accept new media, religious communities negotiate complex relationships with these technologies in light of their history and beliefs. Heidi Campbell suggests a method for studying these processes she calls the "religious-social shaping of technology" and students are asked to consider four key areas: religious tradition and history; contemporary community values and priorities; negotiation and innovating technology in light of the community; communal discourses applied to justify use. A wealth of examples such as the Christian e-vangelism movement, Modern Islamic discourses about computers and the rise of the Jewish kosher cell phone, demonstrate the dominant strategies which emerge for religious media users, as well as the unique motivations that guide specific groups.},
	keywords = {communities, New Media, religion},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=UykFd5cBsrYC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Campbell, H.}
}
@book {83,
	title = {When Religion Meets New Media},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {This book focuses on how different Jewish, Muslim, and Christian communities engage with new media. Rather than simply reject or accept new media, religious communities negotiate complex relationships with these technologies in light of their history and beliefs. I suggest a method for studying these processes called the "religious-social shaping of technology" and students are asked to consider four key areas: religious tradition and history; contemporary community values and priorities; negotiation and innovating technology in light of the community; communal discourses applied to justify use.  A variety of examples such as the Christian e-vangelism movement, Modern Islamic discourses about computers and the rise of the Jewish kosher cell phone, demonstrate the dominant strategies which emerge for religious media users, as well as the unique motivations that guide specific groups. },
	keywords = {Christianity, Islam, Judaism, New Media},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=UykFd5cBsrYC\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Heidi Campbell}
}
@inbook {2059,
	title = {Religion and New Media},
	booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the Social \& Behavioral Sciences},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {273{\textendash}278},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	organization = {Elsevier},
	edition = {2},
	address = {Oxford},
	keywords = {New Media, religion},
	issn = {9780080970868},
	url = {https://www.elsevier.com/books/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-andampamp-behavioral-sciences/wright/978-0-08-097086-8},
	author = {Campbell, H and Connelly, L}
}
@article {2042,
	title = {Surveying Theoretical Approaches within Digital Religion Studies},
	journal = {New Media and Society},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {15-24},
	abstract = {This article provides an overview of the development of Digital Religion studies and the theoretical approaches frequently employed within this area. Through considering the ways and theories of mediatization, mediation of meaning, and the religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology have been engaged and applied in studies of new media technologies, religion, and digital culture we see how Digital Religion studies has grown into a unique area of inquiry informed by both Internet studies and media, religion, and culture studies. Overall, it offers a concise summary of the current state of research inquiry within Digital Religion studies.},
	keywords = {Digital Religion, internet, mediation of meaning, mediatization, New Media, religion, religious{\textendash}social shaping of technology, theory},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444816649912},
	author = {Campbell, H}
}
@inbook {376,
	title = {Mediated Intercultural Communication Matters: Understanding new media, change and dialectics},
	booktitle = {New Media and Intercultural Communication: Identity, Community and Politics},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1-20},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {community, New Media, Politics},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17513057.2011.598047$\#$preview},
	author = {Cheong, P.H and Macfadyen L. and Martin, J.}
}
@article {327,
	title = {New Media and Religion: Observations of Research},
	journal = {Communication Research Trends},
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {New Media, Online, religion},
	url = {http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7081/is_1_30/ai_n57221190/?tag=content;col1},
	author = {Cho, Kyong}
}
@book {314,
	title = {New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere},
	series = {Indiana Series in Middle East Studies},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {xv + 213},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	edition = {2},
	address = {Bloomington},
	keywords = {Islam, Muslim, New Media},
	author = {Dale Eickelman and Anderson, Jon}
}
@book {221,
	title = {Critical Thinking and the Bible in the Age of New Media},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {University Press of America},
	organization = {University Press of America},
	address = {Landham, Maryland},
	abstract = {In Critical Thinking and the Bible in the Age of New Media, Charles Ess collects contemporary scholarship to address the question: What does critical thinking about the Bible mean as the Bible is _transmediated_ from print to electronic formats? This volume, the first of its kind, is made up of contributions originally developed for a conference sponsored by the American Bible Society. Ess provides a collection grounded in a wide diversity of religious traditions and academic disciplines--philosophy, biblical studies, theology, feminism, aesthetics, communication theory, and media studies. His introduction summarizes the individual chapters and develops their broader significance for contemporary debates regarding media, postmodernism, and the possible relationships between faith and reason},
	keywords = {Bible, New Media},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=Ak-IYZaBFK4C\&printsec=frontcover$\#$v=onepage\&q\&f=false},
	author = {Ess, Charles}
}
@article {1297,
	title = {Mediated Martyrs of the Arab Spring: New Media, Civil Religion, and Narrative in Tunisia and Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of Communication},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2013},
	chapter = {312},
	abstract = {This article analyzes the emergence of nationalist martyr narratives and their dissemination via new media as forces for social mobilization and political change. Situating them in the religio-historical contexts of North Africa, we trace martyr narratives in Tunisia and Egypt back to pre-Islamic periods and compare them to the contemporary stories of Mohamed Bouazizi and Khaled Saeed. This reveals the impact of new media on the region, evident in {\textquotedblleft}virtual reliquaries,{\textquotedblright} and the role that martyr narratives play as catalysts in social mobilization. The trajectory of the martyr narrative from the traditional religious context to the state-driven concept of civil religion allows for the political dimension of narratives resident within the religious context to surface in the contemporary discursive moment.},
	keywords = {Civil Religion, Egypt, martyr narratives, Narrative, New Media, political change, Tunisia, virtual reliquaries},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcom.12017/abstract;jsessionid=E24465C217B6F163E3838A3BAC3882B9.f01t01?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=\&userIsAuthenticated=false},
	author = {Jeffry R. Halverson and Scott W. Ruston and Angela Trethewey}
}
@article {1298,
	title = {The "Third Spaces" of Digital Religion},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Center for Media, Religion and Culture},
	address = {University of Colorado},
	abstract = {The emergence of new modes of digital communicative practice has had both lay and 
scholarly discourses struggling to adapt. The descriptive challenge is, indeed, a formidable one 
as the range and depth of emergent implications in technology, society, culture, and practice 
continues to develop. The trajectories that flow out of "the digital" into individual, social, and 
cultural space seem nearly limitless in extent and scope, at the same time that many voices are 
urging caution in expecting or claiming too much for these practices},
	keywords = {Digital, Digital Religion, Negotiation, New Media, power, Research, Third Spaces},
	url = {http://cmrc.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Hoover-Echchaibi-paper.pdf},
	author = {S. Hoover and N. Echchaibi}
}
@inbook {1935,
	title = {The Dis/Embodied Church: Worship, new media and the body},
	booktitle = {Christianity in the Modern World: Changes and Controversies},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {2},
	keywords = {New Media, online church},
	issn = {9781409470250},
	author = {Tim Hutchings}
}
@article {458,
	title = {New media and Islamism in the Arab Winter: A case study of Huda TV in pre-revolutionary Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of Arab \& Muslim Media Research},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {237-252},
	abstract = {Although Islam promises to play an increasing role in the public life of Muslim societies, scholarly analysis often falls short in comprehending the complex and diverse nature of this revival. As Middle Eastern societies open to wider public participation, the emergence of an active Muslim polity seems irrepressible. Yet onlookers from afar worry that Islam will only find political expression through narrow and intolerant ideologies that subvert democratic principles. This article seeks to understand the complex evolution of Islamism, and explain how its restricted and often superficial expression through media may reflect a stunted beginning rather than a permanent state of regressive fundamentalism. Through a case study of Huda TV in the era immediately preceding the rise of social media, this article shows how the powerfully repressive context of Middle Eastern media ensured the enduring stagnation of a nascent political discourse.},
	keywords = {Arab Winter, Islam, New Media},
	url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/intellect/jammr/2012/00000004/F0020002/art00008},
	author = {Maguire, Thomas E. R.}
}
@inbook {1256,
	title = {Claiming Religious Authority: Muslim Women and New Media },
	booktitle = {Media, Religion and Gender Key Issues and New Challenges},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	chapter = {9},
	keywords = {Authority, Digital Religion, GENDER, Islam, Muslim, New Media},
	url = {http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415504737/},
	author = {Anna Piela}
}
@article {2088,
	title = {Gender, religion and new media: attitudes and behaviors related to the internet among Ultra-Orthodox women employed in computerized environments},
	journal = {International Journal of Communication System~},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {875{\textendash}895},
	abstract = {This article focuses on the interface between gender, religion, and new technology, and examines the attitudes and behaviors pertaining to the Internet among ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) women working in designated {\textquotedblleft}technological hothouses.{\textquotedblright}
 },
	keywords = {GENDER, internet, New Media, religion, ultra Orthodox, Women},
	url = {https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:18004/datastreams/CONTENT/content},
	author = {Shahar, RNB and Lev-On, A}
}
@article {459,
	title = {Atheisms Unbound: The Role Of The New Media In The Formation Of A Secularist Identity},
	journal = {Secularism and Non-Religion},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2012},
	abstract = {In this article we examine the Internet{\textquoteright}s role in facilitating a more visible and active secular identity. Seeking to situate this more visible and active secularist presence{\textemdash}which we consider a form of activism in terms of promoting the importance of secularist concerns and issues in public discourse{\textemdash}we conclude by looking briefly at the relationship between secularist cyber-activism and secular organizations, on one hand, and the relationship between secularist activism and American politics on the other. This allows us to further underscore the importance of the Internet for contemporary secularists as it helps develop a group consciousness based around broadly similar agendas and ideas and secularists{\textquoteright} recognition of their commonality and their expression in collective action, online as well as off. },
	keywords = {Atheism, identity, New Media, Secular},
	url = {http://www.ryananddebi.com/secularismjournal/index.php/snr/article/view/3},
	author = {Christopher Smith and Richard Cimino}
}
@article {2110,
	title = {New Media, New Players: The Use of Social Media with Religious Contents among Muslim Scholars in West Sumatra, Indonesia},
	journal = {Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {153-169},
	abstract = {This article explains how Muslim scholars in West Sumatra utilized social media as one of the new media containing religious contents. The relationship between Muslim scholars, religious teachings, and their followers undergoes constant changes. The era of new media introduced participative, open, interactive characteristics encouraging development of virtual communities, and interconnectedness, consequently positioning Muslim scholars as new determining players in the relationship. There are two main patterns they employ in posting religious contents on social media. Firstly, it is a pattern characterized by the systematic use of religious texts originating from the Holy Koran and Hadith or ulamas{\textquoteright} opinions contained in various classical Islamic manuscripts. Secondly, it is conducted by using reflective sentences containing universal values. Both patterns have different social implications, and due to the aforementioned new media characteristics, these West Sumatra Muslim scholars who actively post religious contents on social media had come to experience cyber-stalking. Despite being harassed and threatened, they continued posting religious contents as they consider social media to have numerous positive values beneficial to spreading good values and religious teachings to the wider community. The research findings show that social media as a form of new media has led to the emergence of new players entirely unlike previous traditional media. The research data were collected through in-depth interviews with three Muslim scholars of West Sumatra who are active on social media.},
	keywords = {Indonesia, Muslim, New Media, social media},
	url = {http://ejournal.ukm.my/mjc/article/view/20864/7539},
	author = {Syahputra, I}
}
@article {2106,
	title = { New Media, New Relations: Cyberstalking on Social Media in the Interaction of Muslim Scholars and the Public in West Sumatra, Indonesia},
	journal = {Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {153-169},
	abstract = {This article explains how the presence of social media as one of the forms of new media has prompted changes in the relations and communications between ulama and the public. The relationship between ulama, religious teachings, and the ummah (Muslim community/the public) undoubtedly undergoes constant changes. In the current era of new media, this relationship experiences mediatization of differing features compared to past era of traditional media. The era of new media ushered in participative, open, interactive characteristics encouraging development of virtual communities, and interconnectedness, consequently positioning ulama in two particular positions. Firstly, ulama have full control over the contents they intend to post and the choice of whom they wish to communicate with on social media. Secondly, due to the aforementioned characteristics of social media, ulama who actively post religious contents on social media had come to experience cyberstalking. Despite having to endure and suffer from cyberstalking, the ulama remained active on social media and continued posting religious contents as they consider social media to have numerous positive values beneficial to spreading good values and religious teachings to the wider public. The research findings show that social media as a form of new media has led to the emergence of new relations that are entirely unlike previous traditional media. The research data were collected through in-depth interviews with three Muslim scholars of West Sumatra who are active on social media and have extensive social influences. 

},
	keywords = {Cyberstalking, Indonesia, Muslim, New Media, social media},
	url = {http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11734/1/20864-71671-1-PB.pdf},
	author = {Syahputra, I}
}
@article {1893,
	title = {Multi-mediatization and religious event: the case of the evangelical campaign "Horizon of Hope" on Hope Channel Romania (Speranta TV)/Multim{\'e}diatisation et {\'e}v{\'e}nement religieux :  le cas de la campagne d{\textquoteright}{\'e}vang{\'e}lisation l{\textquoteright}{\guillemotleft} Horizon de l{\textquoteright}esp{\'e}rance {\guillemotright} de Hope },
	journal = {tic\&soci{\'e}t{\'e}},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	abstract = {Multi-mediatization and religious event: the case of the evangelical campaign "Horizon of Hope" on Hope Channel Romania (Speranta TV) {\textendash} In this article we will question how the religious media engages with the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for evangelization by reconstructing neo-protestant Hope Channel Romania{\textquoteright}s (Speranta TV) work to implement the evangelical "Horizon of Hope" campaign. Considering that ICTs cannot be regarded yet as stabilized, we suggest that the product of media evangelization created by this religious media is rooted in the logic of cross media convergence between old and new media rather than in a logic of transfer of authority toward the new media.
***
Dans cet article nous questionnons les formes d{\textquoteright}engagement des m{\'e}dias religieux avec les nouvelles technologies de l{\textquoteright}information et de la communication (NTIC) pour {\guillemotleft} {\'e}vang{\'e}liser {\guillemotright} en reconstituant le chemin fait par la cha{\^\i}ne de t{\'e}l{\'e}vision n{\'e}o-protestante Hope Channel Romania (Speranta TV) pour la mise en {\oe}uvre de la campagne d{\textquoteright}{\'e}vang{\'e}lisation l{\textquoteright} {\guillemotleft} Horizon de l{\textquoteright}esp{\'e}rance {\guillemotright}. Si l{\textquoteright}on consid{\`e}re que les NTIC ne sont pas encore stabilis{\'e}es, l{\textquoteright}hypoth{\`e}se mise {\`a} l{\textquoteright}{\'e}preuve ici consiste {\`a} montrer que le produit d{\textquoteright}{\'e}vang{\'e}lisation multim{\'e}dia cr{\'e}{\'e} par Speranta TV s{\textquoteright}inscrit davantage dans la logique de la convergence cross-media des m{\'e}dias traditionnels et des nouveaux m{\'e}dias que dans la logique du {\guillemotleft} transfert d{\textquoteright}autorit{\'e} {\guillemotright} vers les nouveaux m{\'e}dias.},
	keywords = {convergence cross media, evangelization, neo-Protestant media, New Media},
	doi = {10.4000/ticetsociete.1840},
	url = {https://ticetsociete.revues.org/1840$\#$quotation},
	author = {Tudor, Mihaela-Alexandra}
}
@article {208,
	title = {Religious Authority and the New Media},
	journal = {Theory, Culture \& Society },
	volume = {24},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {117-134},
	abstract = {In traditional societies, knowledge is organized in hierarchical chains through which authority is legitimated by custom. Because the majority of the population is illiterate, sacred knowledge is conveyed orally and ritualistically, but the ultimate source of religious authority is typically invested in the Book. The hadith (sayings and customs of the Prophet) are a good example of traditional practice. These chains of Islamic knowledge were also characteristically local, consensual and lay, unlike in Christianity, with its emergent ecclesiastical bureaucracies, episcopal structures and ordained priests. In one sense, Islam has no church. While there are important institutional differences between the world religions, network society opens up significant challenges to traditional authority, rapidly increasing the flow of religious knowledge and commodities. With global flows of knowledge on the Internet, power is no longer embodied and the person is simply a switchpoint in the information flow. The logic of networking is that control cannot be concentrated for long at any single point in the system; knowledge, which is by definition only temporary, is democratically produced at an infinite number of sites. In this Andy Warhol world, every human can, in principle, have their own site. While the Chinese Communist Party and several Middle Eastern states attempt to control this flow, their efforts are only partially successful. The result is that traditional forms of religious authority are constantly disrupted and challenged, but at the same time the Internet creates new opportunities for evangelism, religious instruction and piety. The outcome of these processes is, however, unknown and unknowable. There is a need, therefore, to invent a new theory of authority that is post-Weberian in reconstructing the conventional format of charisma, tradition and legal rationalism.},
	keywords = {Authority, Bureaucracy, Knowledge, New Media, Tradition},
	url = {http://tcs.sagepub.com/content/24/2/117},
	author = {Turner, Bryan S}
}
@article {1225,
	title = {Connecting the Actual with the Virtual: The Internet and Social Movement Theory in the Muslim World{\textemdash}The Cases of Iran and Egypt},
	journal = {Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2010},
	chapter = {555},
	abstract = {The rapid expansion of Internet use in the Muslim world has called into question
what role{\textemdash}if any{\textemdash}this medium can play in political action in these countries.
This paper seeks to analyze the extent to which the Internet offers space for an
expansion of social movement theory in the Muslim world. It relies on a number
of case studies from two Muslim countries, the One Million Signatures Campaign
and {\textquotedblleft}Weblogistan{\textquotedblright} in Iran, and the Kefaya Movement and Muslim Brotherhood
blogging in Egypt. When placing Internet use in the context of political scientist and
historian Charles Tilly{\textquoteright}s {\textquotedblleft}repertoire{\textquotedblright} of social movement characteristics (worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment) and political scientist Robert Putnam{\textquoteright}s theory that the Internet can isolate individual users, it appears that the key to
the successful collaboration of the web and social movements is an adaptive
dynamic, through which groups function in both the cyber-world and the real
world. This paper presents a potential vision for the future of the Internet and
Islamic activism based on the assumption that an online element will help generate
some of the elements of Tilly{\textquoteright}s social movement repertoire, particularly if the Internet
is used to inspire sympathetic individuals to real world political action.},
	keywords = {Blogging, Egypt, Internet use, Iran, Islam, Kefaya Movement, Muslim Brotherhood, Muslim minorities, New Media, Weblogistan},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13602004.2010.533453},
	author = {Lernerת Melissa Y}
}
