@article {2177,
	title = {Islamophobia and Twitter: A Typology of Online Hate Against Muslims on Social Media},
	journal = {Policy \& Internet },
	volume = {6},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {133-150},
	abstract = {The Woolwich attack in May 2013 has led to a spate of hate crimes committed against Muslim communities in the United Kindom. These incidents include Muslim women being targeted for wearing the headscarf and mosques being vandalized. While street level Islamophobia remains an important area of investigation, an equally disturbing picture is emerging with the rise in online anti-Muslim abuse. This article argues that online Islamophobia must be given the same level of attention as street level Islamophobia. It examines 500 tweets from 100 different Twitter users to examine how Muslims are being viewed and targeted by perpetrators of online abuse via the Twitter search engine, and offers a typology of offender characteristics.},
	keywords = {Islamophobia, Muslims, Online, social media, Twitter},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1944-2866.POI364},
	author = {Awan, I}
}
@article {1266,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Islamophobia{\textquotedblright} in the West: A Comparison Between Europe and America},
	year = {2009},
	institution = {Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for  Muslim-Christian Understanding, Georgetown University},
	address = {Washington, DC},
	keywords = {America, anti-terrorism, Europe, Islam, Islamophobia, Muslims, xenophobia},
	url = {http://www12.georgetown.edu/sfs/docs/ACMCU_Islamophobia_txt_99.pdf},
	author = {Jocelyn Cesari}
}
@article {1268,
	title = {The Language of Islamophobia in Internet Articles},
	journal = {INTELLECTUAL DISCOURSE},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2008},
	chapter = {73},
	abstract = {Islamophobia, the hatred for and fear of Islam and Muslims, manifests
itself in physical, political, cultural, linguistic and other forms. From the
linguistic perspective, many words have been coined to perpetuate prejudices
against Muslims and their religion. Expressions are freely used to associate
Islam, which means {\textquotedblleft}peace{\textquotedblright} in Arabic, with concepts and actions which the
religion and practising Muslims do not approve of, much less condone.
Expressions such as Islamic terrorism, Islamic fanaticism, Muslim extremists,
Islamist and political Islam have been used pejoratively. To strike fear and
misgivings in the minds of many Europeans, the British capital has even been
mischievously called {\textquotedblleft}Londonistan{\textquotedblright} by anti-Muslim elements. Known
Islamophobic items taken from Internet articles need to be analysed to respond
objectively to linguistic Islamophobia},
	keywords = {internet, Islamophobia, language, Muslims, political Islam, religion},
	url = {http://www.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/islam/article/view/31},
	author = {Haja Mohideen and Shamimah Mohideen}
}
@book {1279,
	title = {Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach },
	series = {Indiana Series in Middle East Studies},
	publisher = {Indiana University Press},
	organization = {Indiana University Press},
	abstract = {This volume represents the first comprehensive attempt to incorporate the study of Islamic activism into social movement theory. It argues that the dynamics, processes, and organization of Islamic activism can be understood as important elements of contention that transcend the specificity of "Islam" as a system of meaning and identity and a basis for collective action. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, the contributors show how social movement theory can be utilized to address a wide range of questions about the mobilization of contention in support of Muslim causes. The book covers myriad examples of Islamic activism (Sunni and Shi{\textquoteleft}a) in eight countries (Arab and non-Arab), including case studies of violence and contention, networks and alliances, and culture and framing.},
	keywords = {activism, Egypt, Iran, Islam, Islamic, Muslims, Shi{\textquoteleft}a, social movement, Sunni, Yeman},
	url = {http://books.google.com/books/about/Islamic_Activism.html?id=UoONJqsjYjcC},
	author = {Quintan Wiktorowicz}
}
