TY - JOUR T1 - Religion and the Internet JF - Diogenes Y1 - 2006 A1 - Rosalind I. J. Hackett KW - internet KW - religion AB - Emergent scholarship on the most radical technological invention of our time confirms what most of us know from first-hand experience – that the internet has fundamentally altered our perceptions and our knowledge, as well as our sense of subjectivity, community and agency (see for example Vries, 2002: 19). The American scholar of religion and communications, Stephen O’Leary, one of the first scholars to analyze the role of the new media for religious communities, claims that the advent of the internet has been as revolutionary for religious growth and dissemination as was the invention of the printing press (O’Leary, 1996). In the present essay, I consider the transformations of both religion, and by extension scholarship on religion, occasioned by computer-mediated communication (CMC) and information. I lay out a basic framework for analyzing the multifunctionality of the internet with regard to religion. I also briefly address the multidisciplinarity required to comprehend this multi-dimensional technological revolution. My primary focus is religious uses (Lawrence, 2000), but some reference is also made to religious perceptions of this new medium. In my broader research, I am particularly interested in some of the latest forms of internet applications by religious individuals and organizations, and their consequence for inter-religious conflict or harmony in what sociologist Manuel Castells calls our ‘global network society’ (Castells, 1997; Hackett, 2003, 2005). The information technology revolution and the restructuring of late capitalist economies have generated this new form of society. But as to whether the internet is predominantly utopian or dystopian is hard to discern, conclusions may be determined by one’s own interests and vantage-point. VL - 53 UR - http://dio.sagepub.com/content/53/3/67.citation ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Interview with Rosalind I. J. Hackett on religion and digital media trends in Africa JF - Émulations. Revue de sciences sociales Y1 - 2017 A1 - Hackett, Rosalind I. J A1 - Madore, F A1 - Millet-Mouity, P KW - Africa KW - digital media KW - religion AB - On October 21st, 2017, the editors of this special issue conducted an interview with Rosalind I. J. Hackett, one of the pioneering scholars in the field of media and religion in Africa. The interview took place via Skype and consisted of five questions on the study of religion and digital media in the African context. UR - http://www.revue-emulations.net/archives/24-les-acteurs-religieux-africains-numerique/interview-with-rosalind-i-j-hackett IS - 24 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Religion on the Internet: Research Prospects and Promises Y1 - 2000 A1 - Hadden, Jeffery A1 - Cowan, Douglas KW - internet KW - religion KW - Research AB - Religion on the Internet is the first systematic inquiry into the nature, scope and content of religion in cyberspace. Contributors to this volume include leading social scientists engaged in systematic studies of how organizations and individuals are presenting religion on the Internet. Their combined efforts provide a conceptual mapping of religion in cyberspace at this moment. The individual papers and collective insights found in this volume add up to a valuable agenda of research that will enrich understanding of this new phenomenon. Among the contributors are the founders of three of the most important scholarly religion web sites on the Internet: American Religion Data Archive, Religious Tolerance, and Religious Movements Homepage. Religion and the Internet is essential reading for all who seek to understand how religion is being presented on the Internet and how this topic is likely to unfold in the years ahead. PB - JAI Press/Elsevier Science CY - London UR - http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cipr/image/304.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - THE CONSUMER JIHAD: BOYCOTT FATWAS AND NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB JF - International Journal of Middle East Studies Y1 - 2012 A1 - Leor Halevi KW - fatwa online KW - internet and religion KW - Islam KW - jihad AB - This article deals with the origins, development, and popularity of boycott fatwas. Born of the marriage of Islamic politics and Islamic economics in an age of digital communications, these fatwas targeted American, Israeli, and Danish commodities between 2000 and 2006. Muftis representing both mainstream and, surprisingly, radical tendencies argued that jihad can be accomplished through nonviolent consumer boycotts. Their argument marks a significant development in the history of jihad doctrine because boycotts, construed as jihadi acts, do not belong to the commonplace categories of jihad as a “military” or a “spiritual” struggle. The article also demonstrates that boycott fatwas emerged, to a large degree, from below. New media, in particular interconnected computer networks, made it easier for laypersons to drive the juridical discourse. They did so before September 11 as well as, more insistently, afterward. Their consumer jihad had some economic impact on targeted multinationals, and it provoked corporate reactions. VL - 44 UR - http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8480777&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0020743811001243 IS - 1 ER - TY - UNPB T1 - Network Sociality and Religion in the Digital Age Y1 - 0 A1 - Halprin, E KW - digital age KW - religion KW - sociality AB - The study of religion through a community-building paradigm has dominated sociology of religion, but does not account for changes to sociality and social spaces in the digital era which have influenced the ways individuals express their religiosity. A network sociality paradigm better explains increasingly personal and individualised approaches to religiosity in a contemporary social setting because of the de-hierarchized nature of computer mediated communication. Approaching religion, and digital religion through the lens of mediatised network sociality reveals the development of new groups and identities using the internet as an accessible translocal socio-cultural space. PB - Queen’s University Kingston CY - Ontario, Canada UR - https://www.queensu.ca ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mediated Martyrs of the Arab Spring: New Media, Civil Religion, and Narrative in Tunisia and Egypt JF - Journal of Communication Y1 - 2013 A1 - Jeffry R. Halverson A1 - Scott W. Ruston A1 - Angela Trethewey KW - Civil Religion KW - Egypt KW - martyr narratives KW - Narrative KW - New Media KW - political change KW - Tunisia KW - virtual reliquaries AB - This article analyzes the emergence of nationalist martyr narratives and their dissemination via new media as forces for social mobilization and political change. Situating them in the religio-historical contexts of North Africa, we trace martyr narratives in Tunisia and Egypt back to pre-Islamic periods and compare them to the contemporary stories of Mohamed Bouazizi and Khaled Saeed. This reveals the impact of new media on the region, evident in “virtual reliquaries,” and the role that martyr narratives play as catalysts in social mobilization. The trajectory of the martyr narrative from the traditional religious context to the state-driven concept of civil religion allows for the political dimension of narratives resident within the religious context to surface in the contemporary discursive moment. VL - 63 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcom.12017/abstract;jsessionid=E24465C217B6F163E3838A3BAC3882B9.f01t01?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mediated Martyrs of the Arab Spring: New Media, Civil Religion, and Narrative in Tunisia and Egypt JF - Journal of Communication Y1 - 2013 A1 - Jeffry R. Halverson A1 - Scott W. Ruston A1 - Angela Trethewey KW - Arab Spring KW - Civil Religion KW - Contemporary Religious Community KW - Mediated Martyrs KW - Narrative KW - network KW - New Media and Society KW - new media engagement KW - New Technology and Society KW - online communication AB - This article analyzes the emergence of nationalist martyr narratives and their dissemination via new media as forces for social mobilization and political change. Situating them in the religio-historical contexts of North Africa, we trace martyr narratives in Tunisia and Egypt back to pre-Islamic periods and compare them to the contemporary stories of Mohamed Bouazizi and Khaled Saeed. This reveals the impact of new media on the region, evident in “virtual reliquaries,” and the role that martyr narratives play as catalysts in social mobilization. The trajectory of the martyr narrative from the traditional religious context to the state-driven concept of civil religion allows for the political dimension of narratives resident within the religious context to surface in the contemporary discursive moment. VL - 63 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcom.12017/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false IS - 2 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The Dot On the I In History: Of Gentiles and Jews—a Hebrew Odyssey Scrolling the Internet Y1 - 2017 A1 - Hammer, M.B KW - Hebrew KW - internet KW - Jews AB - The inspiration author Michael B. Hammer received when speaking with others about the Israeli-Palestinian problem led to The Dot on the I in History: On Gentiles and Jews—Scrolling the Internet with the goal of helping others better understand the problem. When the issues involve intertribal, interracial, interreligious, and international human relationships lasting over several generations, they often become so complex one does not see the forest for trees, unless one knows where and when the seeds were planted. That is what history is all about. This book aspires to explain what Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have in common, how they differ, and how they have evolved. You’ll also learn how the Internet has affected and changed those involved in the Middle East conflict. With this information, you will have a better understanding of the real reasons for such world-changing events as what took place on 9/11. PB - Lulu Press UR - https://books.google.com/books?id=63JGDwAAQBAJ&dq=Internet+and+Jews&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s ER - TY - BOOK T1 - thelordismyshepherd.com: Seeking God in Cyberspace Y1 - 2000 A1 - Hammerman, Joshua KW - cyberspace KW - God KW - Seeking AB - thelordismyshepherd.com opens a new and necessary dialogue on the soul of cyberspace. It will change the way people think about their computers, about God, about the future and about the interconnected destiny of humanity in this ever-shrinking world. The author, a noted rabbi and journalist, alternates between analytic and experiential approaches to the subject, escorting the reader on a multi-dimensional quest for spiritual and intellectual growth - a "virtual pilgrimage" if you will. A pilgrimage that travels tens of thousands of miles in a matters of instants, from Jerusalem to Mecca, to Chartres, even to Kosovo, and provides a new means of utilizing the vast power of technology to connect us to God and to transcend the artificial boundaries that separate us. PB - Simcha Press. CY - Deerfield Beach, FL ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Disenchantment revisited: Formations of the ‘secular’ and ‘religious’ in the technological discourse of modernity JF - Social Compass Y1 - 2015 A1 - Han, Sam AB - This article problematizes sociologist Max Weber’s famed notion of ‘disenchantment’ in order to explore the ways in which ‘technology’ and ‘religion’ operate in the discourse of ‘secular modernity’. It suggests that disenchantment is not simply epistemological, that is, synonymous with rationalization and intellectualization, but also ontological, and a description of the overhauling of what Bruno Latour calls the ‘modernist settlement’. It proceeds in following manner: (1) it presents an ‘interpretive genealogy’ of technological rationality in discourses about modernity, demonstrating an internal conflict, especially in how ‘religion’, ‘the secular,’ and ‘technology’ are conceptualized. It posits that the lack of consistency in the invocation of these terms is a symptom of a deeper unresolved ontological (or, onto-cosmological) tension. (2) After establishing this ontological aporia, the article proceeds to offer a rereading of Weber’s original concept of disenchantment. (3) Finally, the author teases out some of the implications of reading disenchantment ontologically for the understanding of religion and technology. UR - https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0037768614560960 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Wear White: The mediatized politics of religious anti-LGBT activism in Singapore JF - Nordic journal of religion and society Y1 - 2018 A1 - Han, Samuel AB - As a result of the perceived rise in LGBT visibility and acceptance in Singapore, a social media campaign started in 2014 called Wear White, which brought together both Muslim and Christian participants to counter the annual Pink Dot rally. This is Singapore's version of (gay) pride parades, which are held in major cities all across the world. This article aims to analyze this religious backlash against LGBT, paying attention to its “media logic,” a term borrowed from the “mediatization” literature, and presenting it as a framework to understand the politicization of religion in the context of the Singapore state. It asks: (1) What sorts of intellectual arguments and aesthetic techniques are deployed in Wear White's media discourse? (2) How does Wear White's media discourse balance its anti-LGBT message within the secular(ist) context of Singapore? (3) How does social media affect Wear White's message in its attempt to bring it to a larger audience? To this end, the article engages in a critical assessment of Wear White's media discourse of the campaign, including video logs (vlogs) and social media posts. UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331996394_Wear_white_The_mediatized_politics_of_religious_anti-LGBT_activism_in_Singapore ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Technologies of Religion: Spheres of the Sacred in a Post-secular Modernity T2 - Routledge Y1 - 2016 A1 - Han, Sam AB - Bringing together empirical cultural and media studies of religion and critical social theory, Technologies of Religion: Spheres of the sacred in a post-secular modernity investigates powerful entanglement of religion and new media technologies taking place today, taking stock of the repercussions of digital technology and culture on various aspects of religious life and contemporary culture more broadly. Making the argument that religion and new media technologies come together to create "spheres"—environments produced by an architecture of digital technologies of all sorts, from projection screens to social networking sites, the book suggests that prior social scientific conceptions of religious worship, participation, community and membership are being recast. Using the case of the strain of American Christianity called "multi-site," an emergent and growing church-model that has begun to win favor largely among Protestants in the last decade, the book details and examines the way in which this new mode of religiosity bridges the realms of the technological and the physical. Lastly, the book situates and contextualizes these developments within the larger theoretical concerns regarding the place of religion in contemporary capitalism. Technologies of Religion: Spheres of the sacred in a post-secular modernity offers an important contribution to the study of religion, media, technology and culture in a post-secular world. JF - Routledge SN - 9780815368748 UR - https://www.routledge.com/Technologies-of-Religion-Spheres-of-the-Sacred-in-a-Post-secular-Modernity/Han/p/book/9780815368748 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Bible Reading and Critical Thinking T2 - Critical Thinking and the Bible in the Age of New Media Y1 - 2004 A1 - Hardmier, Chris KW - Bible KW - Critical thinking KW - postmodernism AB - In Critical Thinking and the Bible in the Age of New Media, Charles Ess collects contemporary scholarship to address the question: What does critical thinking about the Bible mean as the Bible is _transmediated_ from print to electronic formats? This volume, the first of its kind, is made up of contributions originally developed for a conference sponsored by the American Bible Society. Ess provides a collection grounded in a wide diversity of religious traditions and academic disciplines--philosophy, biblical studies, theology, feminism, aesthetics, communication theory, and media studies. His introduction summarizes the individual chapters and develops their broader significance for contemporary debates regarding media, postmodernism, and the possible relationships between faith and reason. JF - Critical Thinking and the Bible in the Age of New Media PB - University Press of America CY - Landham, MD UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=BbabHjKHGE0C&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77&dq=Bible+Reading+and+Critical+Thinking+Hardmeier&source=bl&ots=aN0NlENhsf&sig=33jdVzCpd2VI_4Q8NTU_ki8Cu7I&hl=en&ei=RXOwTrLLI4atsAK76M3CAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The representation of Islam within social media: a systematic review JF - Information, Communication & Society Y1 - 2020 A1 - Hashmi, Umair Munir A1 - Rashid, Radzuwan Ab A1 - Ahmad, Mohd Kamil AB - This systematic review was carried out to provide insights into how Islam has been represented in social media; and the omissions and gaps in the synthesized literature on the topic. Two databases – Scopus and the Web of Science – were explored to collect data. Primary searches between 2010 and 2019, revealed more than 100 studies dealing with the topic of investigation. After scrutinizing abstracts and removing duplicates, 36 studies came within the research criteria and were retained for analysis. A thematic analysis was conducted for the derivation of themes. The themes that emerged were: (1) Islam as a liberal religion; (2) Islam as a religion of extremism and terrorism; (3) Islam as religion of gender discrimination; (4) Islam as a religion of collective identity; and (5) Islam as a humane religion. Although the representation of Islam in social media is wide-ranging, more empirical studies found that social media users represent Islam negatively than studies which revealed positive view of Islam by social media users. UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1847165?journalCode=rics20 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - IMPACT OF INTERNET OF THINGS ON DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIMS JF - Al-Qanatir: International Journal of Islamic Studies Y1 - 2018 A1 - Hassan, A.M A1 - Ripin, M.N A1 - Haron, Z A1 - Mohd Nor, N. H A1 - Hehsan, A A1 - Tahir, N A1 - Dahlan, A. D KW - Internet of Things KW - Modern Technology KW - Muslim World AB - The Internet of Things (IoT) is a modern technology that is expected to bring significant impact in the information technology world. IoT generally refers to all electronic devices communicating through the internet. IoT is expected to transform existing modern technology from smartphones to smart environments such as smart watches for health monitoring, smart electricity grid, smart cars and drones for agricultural automation and monitoring of progress at construction sites. IoT technology is expected to mature in 2020 where at that time 33 billion devices will connect and generate 40 Zetabyte data. The development of this IoT promotes active life routines as well as scraping the normal life of the Muslim ummah gradually. In addition to this great technology, it is worrying of the extent to which the preparation and readiness of Muslims to accept the presence of IoT in their daily activities. Hence, this paper will discuss on the preparation and effects of IoT's presence in the development of Islam in all aspects such as social, humanitarian and economics based on scientific materials and reliable source of reference. Methodology used was mixed method; quantitatively and qualitatively. First phase was conducted by collecting data from questionnaire which involved 30 respondents in Faculty of Electrical Engineering UTM. Qualitative data collected in second phase using document analysis, where the data was collected from books and journal articles. The result of this paper is expected to help and provide reference for Muslims to meet this great technology and be prepared with the great impact of this IoT in the daily lives of Muslims. VL - 8 UR - http://www.al-qanatir.com/index.php/qanatir/article/view/91 IS - 5 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Ultima IV: Simulating the Religious Quest T2 - Halos and Avatars: Playing Video Games With God Y1 - 2010 A1 - Mark Hayse KW - Britannia KW - messianic figure KW - quest KW - religion KW - religious games KW - religious video games KW - Spirituality KW - Ultima KW - video games JF - Halos and Avatars: Playing Video Games With God PB - Westminster John Knox Press UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=GomyEvcocJsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=wagner&f=false U1 - Craig Detweiler ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Searching for Integrity: The Politics of Mindfulness in the Digital Economy JF - Nomos Journal Y1 - 2013 A1 - Healey, Kevin KW - contemplative media studies KW - Edward Snowden KW - Google KW - integrity KW - journalism KW - mindfulness AB - This essay examines the adaptation of meditation, yoga, and other “mindfulness” techniques by digital media companies like Google, Apple, and Facebook. This adaptation is ironic, considering that many critics and scholars suggest that the products and services offered by these companies undermine the achievement of mindfulness. In fact, some critics call for mindfulness training specifically to counter-act the cognitive impacts of smartphones, social media, and personalized search engines. I argue that we should understand this irony as an outgrowth of the process of externalization in market capitalism. In this case, Silicon Valley companies create “integrity bubbles” that allow employees and executives to reap the benefits of mindfulness, while externalizing the problems of distraction and fragmentation. The resolution of this tension would mean the reconfiguration of the digital economy as we know it, in the spirit of “digital humanism.” This goal requires a more holistic approach to the politics of mindfulness that examines both personal and civic mindfulness, the latter of which includes a contemplative approach to critical media studies and the revitalization of journalism as a public good. UR - http://nomosjournal.org/2013/08/searching-for-integrity/ ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Performing Rituals in Virtual Worlds – A Contested Field T2 - RItual, Media, and Conflict Y1 - 2011 A1 - Heidbrink , S A1 - Radde-Antweiler, K. A1 - Miczek, N KW - ritualized media KW - Rituals KW - Virtual AB - Rituals can provoke or escalate conflict, but they can also mediate it and although conflict is a normal aspect of human life, mass media technologies are changing the dynamics of conflict and shaping strategies for deploying rituals. This collection of essays emerged from a two-year project based on collaboration between the Faculty of Religious Studies at Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands and the Ritual Dynamics Collaborative Research Center at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. An interdisciplinary team of twenty-four scholars locates, describes, and explores cases in which media-driven rituals or ritually saturated media instigate, disseminate, or escalate conflict. Each multi-authored chapter is built around global and local examples of ritualized, mediatized conflict. The book's central question is: "When ritual and media interact (either by the mediatizing of ritual or by the ritualizing of media), how do the patterns of conflict change?" JF - RItual, Media, and Conflict UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=JX_IhpLDygQC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=Ritual,+Media+and+Conflict&source=bl&ots=1iFZveKmse&sig=kQO2xAWWQ6CEGp-UvMpqfAgypnc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-lksT9GkHeLE2wWojMiJDw&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Ritual%2C%20Media%20and%20Conflict&f=false ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Exploring the religious frameworks of the digital realm: Offline-Online-Offline transfers of ritual performance JF - Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology Y1 - 2007 A1 - Heidbrink , S KW - Communication KW - information KW - methodology KW - Ritual KW - study of religion KW - technology AB - Looking at the constantly growing field of religion online, the shifts in and the new definition of religious frameworks become an increasingly important topic. In the field of religious rituals, it is not only the participant, location and conduction of the ritual that is affected by this shift; also the researchers have to overthrow their former theologically resp. systemic based definition of religiousness and spirituality due to the fact that on the Internet, religion is defined and realized in a completely different way by its participants. This is true even in the field of Christianity as the example of a ritual created by some British „Emerging Church“ groups shows. These loosely defined groups which span all denominational borders of the Christian spectrum have been established since the late 1980s mainly in the UK in order to organize church services they refer to as „Alternative Worship“. The Internet plays an important role as a platform of communication and (self-)organization of the members and as technically and aesthetically challenging means of (re)presentation. Some events that were conducted in real life, like the multimedia labyrinth installation in St Paul`s cathedral in 2000, have even been „reconstructed“ in virtual space , generating a new form of worship. Interestingly but not unexpectedly, these transfer processes entail consequences for spirituality in real life. What exactly happens during the transfer into the digital realm? What are the interdependencies between offline and online and how do they affect worship and worshippers? These questions will be followed, employing the results and ideas of modern Ritual and Religious Studies, sheding light on a new field of (post)modern Christianity. VL - 1 UR - http://www.digitalislam.eu/article.do?articleId=1703 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet JF - Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet Y1 - 2005 A1 - Helland, Christopher KW - internet KW - Online KW - Participation KW - religion AB - In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world. VL - 1 UR - http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/ IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet JF - Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet Y1 - 2005 A1 - Helland, Christopher KW - internet KW - Online KW - Participation KW - religion AB - In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world. VL - 1 UR - http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/ IS - 1 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Online-Religion/Religion-Online and Virtual Communities T2 - Religion on the Internet: Research prospects and promises Y1 - 2000 A1 - Helland, Christopher KW - Online-religion KW - religion-online KW - virtual communities AB - After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life ProjectExecutiveSummary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O'Leary's field-defining Cyberspace as SacredSpace. JF - Religion on the Internet: Research prospects and promises PB - JAI Press CY - New York UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=iS80IHp0cDwC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=Online-religion/religion-online+and+virtual+communitas&source=bl&ots=gwOoakhqVV&sig=_vZdggLUGLfNebPjfzacEuvReLA&hl=en&ei=l1y8ToPTOqfO2gWDhp2aBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved= U1 - J. K. Hadden, D. E. Cowan ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Popular religion and the internet. a match made in (cyber)heaven T2 - Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet Y1 - 2004 A1 - Helland, C AB - After sex, religion is one of the most popular and pervasive topics of interest online, with over three million Americans turning to the internet each day for religious information and spiritual guidance. Tens of thousands of elaborate websites are dedicated to every manner of expression. Religion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation. The volume also includes the Pew Internet and American Life Project Executive Summary, the most comprehensive and widely cited study on how Americans pursue religion online, and Steven O'Leary's field-defining Cyberspace as Sacred Space JF - Religion Online: Finding Faith on the Internet PB - Routledge CY - New York UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=xy0PJrrWXH4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false U1 - L Dawson, D Cowan ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet JF - Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet Y1 - 2005 A1 - Helland, Christopher KW - internet KW - Online KW - Participation KW - religion AB - In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world. VL - 1 UR - http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/ IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Diaspora on the electronic frontier: Developing virtual connections with sacred homelands JF - Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication Y1 - 2007 A1 - Helland, Christopher KW - electronic frontier KW - Online KW - Sacred KW - virtual communities AB - This study demonstrates how diaspora religious traditions utilized the Internet to develop significant network connections among each other and also to their place of origins. By examining the early Usenet system, I argue that the religious beliefs and practices of diaspora religious traditions were a motivating factor for developing Usenet groups where geographically dispersed individuals could connect with each other in safe, supportive, and religiously tolerant environments. This article explores the new forms of religious practices that began to occur on these sites, focusing on the manner in which Internet technology and the World Wide Web were utilized for activities such as long-distance ritual practice, cyber pilgrimage, and other religiously-motivated undertakings. Through these new online religious activities, diaspora groups have been able to develop significant connections not only among people, but also between people and the sacred homeland itself. UR - http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue3/helland.html ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Surfing for Salvation JF - Religion Y1 - 2002 A1 - Helland, Christopher KW - Classification KW - Participation KW - Perception KW - Purpose KW - religion online AB - I demonstrate that despite the enormous amount of religion on the Internet, a general classification can be developed based upon the religious participation occurring at the various websites. I recognise these classifications as ‘religion-online’ and ‘online-religion’. Religion-online presents information about religion. It is a controlled environment. The site has been structured to limit participation. In contrast, online-religion provides an interactive religious environment for the web practitioner. Because of this difference, individuals and organisations have different perceptions concerning how the Internet should be used for religious purposes. In many cases there is an active form of religious participation occurring. Rituals are conducted, prayers are posted and even communion is carried out on this medium. In other situations the Internet presents material concerning religion to a passively receptive audience. Despite these levels of control, the web surfer is exposed to an enormous number of belief systems and also varying levels of online religious participation. VL - 32 UR - http://www.mendeley.com/research/surfing-for-salvation/# ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Online religion as Lived Religion: Methodological Issues in the Study of Religious Participation on the Internet JF - Online-Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet Y1 - 2005 A1 - Helland, Christopher KW - internet KW - Online KW - Participation KW - religion AB - In his article Christopher Helland proposes a more comprehensive framework for his theoretical distinction for online religion and religion online. When he developed this typology in 1999, Helland recognized a clear distinction between religious Web sites where people could act with unrestricted freedom and a high level of interactivity (online religion) versus the majority of religious Web sites, which seemed to provide only religious information and no interaction (religion online). He now advances the religion online / online religion framework by drawing from the ongoing critique of his earlier work. He concludes that many religious Web sites today provide both information and an area where this information can be lived and communicated. This occurs on the Internet where Web sites try to incorporate both an information zone and interaction zone in a single site or, more commonly, where popular unofficial Web sites provide the area for online religion, while the official religious Web site supplies religion online. In cases where institutional religious organizations do not support online religion he assumes that it may be due to their perception of the Internet as a tool for communicating rather than an extension of our social world. VL - 1 UR - http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2005/5823/ IS - 1 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Canadian Religious Diversity Online: A Network of Possibilities T2 - Religion and Diversity in Canada Y1 - 2008 A1 - Helland, Christopher KW - Canada KW - culture KW - diversity KW - religion AB - Canada officially prides itself on being a multicultural nation, welcoming people from all around the world, and enshrining that status in its Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as in an array of laws and policies that aim to protect citizens from discrimination on various grounds, including race, cultural origin, sexual orientation, and religion. This volume explores the intersection of these diversities, foregrounding religion as the primary focus of analysis. Taking as their point of departure the contested meaning and implications of the term diversity, the various contributions address issues such as the power relations that diversity implies, the cultural context that limits the understanding and practical acceptance of religious diversity, and how Canada compares in these matters to other countries. Taken together the essays therefore elucidate the Canadian case while also having relevance for understanding this critical issue globally. JF - Religion and Diversity in Canada PB - Brill Academic Publishers CY - Boston UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=79bUL99FnVUC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=Canadian+Religious+Diversity+Online:+Network+of+Possibilities&source=bl&ots=rOhSBr_4tC&sig=dkyQ6cs6cNZaqRdO4XYGpfWek9g&hl=en&ei=BxfoTrObO-jHsQKAleiCCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum U1 - Peter Beyer, Lori Beaman ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Game Cultures as Sub-Creations. Case Studies on Religion & Digital Play JF - Online - Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet Y1 - 2014 A1 - Hemminger, Elke AB - As online and offline spaces, digital and analogue worlds merge into each other and saturate our everyday lives, concepts of reality and its social construction need re-thinking. Digital game cultures, formerly often regarded as not only separate from reality, but also secondary in their importance for ,real lifeʻ, can give us insight into processes of cultural construction und re-construction, relevant for our mediatised society in general. This paper analyzes digital game cultures as sub-creations (Tolkien 1947) that are consistent, significant and serve as comments on and additions to society. Focusing on religious elements in digital games, the paper states that game cultures reflect cultural practice in general and therefore contribute to the social construction of reality in essential ways. The paper is based on the results of several case studies on digital games during which a system to categorize digital games concerning the way they use religious elements was developed, going beyond existing game categories. The paper will introduce these classifications in order to support the assumption that religion in games can be seen not only as a key element in game cultures, but also as a reflection of social attitude towards and social status of religion in a wider prospect. Following this assumption, the paper will show how the analysis of digital games and their religious contents can help us observe and understand processes of social reality construction that might not be accessible or visible in other social contexts. UR - https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/12161 ER - TY - MGZN T1 - The Future of ARIL in the Information Age Y1 - 1996 A1 - Henderson, Charles. H JF - Cross Currents UR - http://www.crosscurrents.org/cyberspace.html ER - TY - JOUR T1 - New Religions and the Internet: Recruiting In A New Public Sphere JF - Journal of Contemporary Religions Y1 - 1999 A1 - Hennerby, Jennifer A1 - Dawson, Lorne AB - The mass suicide of 39 members of Heaven's Gate in March of 1997 led to public fears about the presence of 'spiritual predators' on the world wide web. This paper describes and examines the nature of these fears, as reported in the media. It then sets these fears against what we know about the use of the Internet by new religions, about who joins new religious movements and why, and the social profile of Internet users. It is argued that the emergence of the Internet has yet to significantly change the nature of religious recruitment in contemporary society. The Internet as a medium of communi- cation, however, may be having other largely unanticipated effects on the form and functioning of religion, both old and new, in the future. Some of the potential perils of the Internet are discussed with reference to the impact of this new medium on questions of religious freedom, community, social pluralism, and social control. VL - 14 UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13537909908580850 IS - 1 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Rethinking Transforming Communications: An Introduction T2 - Communicative Figurations Y1 - 2018 A1 - Hepp, A A1 - Breiter, A A1 - Hasebrink, U KW - Communication KW - mediatization AB - This chapter introduces the contributions to this volume in three stages. First, it is argued that when considering the present stage of deep mediatization, it is insufficient to concentrate solely on the media as such: one also has to consider how communication transforms with changing media. It is by virtue of the change in human communicative practices together with other social practices that processes of social construction change. This is what is called transforming communications. Second, the chapter outlines why it is helpful to take a figurational approach for researching such transforming communications. The term figuration goes back to Norbert Elias, who used it to describe structured interrelations between humans. However, for the analysis in question, it is extended to reflect questions of communication. Finally, this introduction provides an overview of the arguments presented in the following chapters. JF - Communicative Figurations PB - Palgrave Macmillan, Cham UR - https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-65584-0_1#citeas U1 - Hepp A., Breiter A., Hasebrink U ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Digital Traces in Context - An Introduction JF - International Journal of Communication Y1 - 2018 A1 - Hepp, A A1 - Breiter, A A1 - Friemel, T KW - big data KW - contextualization KW - datafication KW - deep mediatization KW - digital methods KW - digital traces AB - A consequence of living in a media-saturated world is that we inevitably leave behind digital traces of our media use. In this introduction to the International Journal of Communication’s thematic section, we argue for a need to put those digital traces in context. As a starting point, we outline our basic understanding of digital traces, generally defining them as numerically produced correlations of disparate kinds of data that are generated by our practices in a media environment characterized by digitalization. On this basis, we distinguish three contextual facets that are of relevance when considering digital traces: first, the context of the scientific discourse in which research on digital traces is positioned; second, the context of the methods being applied to researching them; and third, the aforementioned context of the empirical field. With reference to the articles in this thematic section, this introduction argues that, in a single study, all three contextual facets interact as the scientific discourse relates to the methods being used, which in turn relates to the entire field of research. VL - 12 UR - http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/8650 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Theorizing religion and media in contemporary societies: An account of religious ‘publicization’ JF - European Journal of Cultural Studies Y1 - 2011 A1 - Herbert, David E. J. KW - media change AB - This article argues that a combination of the rapid development and dissemination of media technologies, the liberalization of national media economies and the growth of transnational media spheres is transforming the relationship between religion, popular culture and politics in contemporary societies in ways not adequately accounted for in existing sociological theories of religion (secularization, neo-secularization and rational choice) and still largely neglected in sociological theories of media and culture. In particular, it points to a series of media enabled social processes (de-differentiation, diasporic intensification and re-enchantment) which mirror and counter processes identified with the declining social significance of religion in secularization theory (differentiation, societalization and rationalization), interrupting their secularizing effects and tending to increase the public presence or distribution of religious symbols and discourses, a process described as religious ‘publicization’. These processes have implications for religious authority, which is reconfigured in a more distributed form but not necessarily diminished, contrary to neo-secularization theory. Furthermore, contrary to rational choice theory, the increased public presence of religion depends not only on competition between religious ‘suppliers’, but also on the work done by religions beyond the narrow religious sphere ascribed by secular modernity to religion, in supposedly secular spheres such as entertainment, politics, law, health and welfare and hence has implications for the relationship between politics and popular culture central to cultural studies. UR - https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1367549411419981 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Virtual as Contextual: A Net news theology T2 - Religion and Cyberspace Y1 - 2004 A1 - Herring, Debbie AB - In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents. JF - Religion and Cyberspace PB - Routledge CY - London UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=KxSmkuySB28C&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=Virtual+as+Contextual:+A+Net+news+theology&source=bl&ots=0g7sSxYxpG&sig=ANypZIjc-zolOvIM4wsPrACf9rc&hl=en&ei=F3WwTumLMoWesQKQ28HMAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg# ER - TY - CHAP T1 - What Scripture Tells me: Spontaneity and Regulation within the Catholic Charismatic Renewal T2 - Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of Practice Y1 - 1997 A1 - Hervieu-Leger, D KW - Catholic KW - Charismatic Renewal KW - Christianity KW - Lived religion KW - religious participation JF - Lived Religion in America: Toward a History of Practice PB - Princeton University Press UR - http://books.google.com/books/about/Lived_Religion_in_America.html?id=IIk8WWy2kGsC U1 - David D. Hall ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cyberpilgrimage: A Study of Authenticity, Presence and Meaning in Online Pilgrimage Experiences JF - Journal of Religion and Popular Culture Y1 - 2009 A1 - Connie Hill-Smith AB - The idea of cyberpilgrimage may be met with scepticism. There may be a sense that pilgrimage via the Internet intrinsically cannot be authentic, that without any physical depth, it can only be an affectation, even a caricature, of “proper” (terrestrial) pilgrimage. This “authenticity issue” is crucial, and failure to address it will undermine academic attempts at its study, even while Internet religion becomes increasingly central to understanding contemporary religious expression. This article explores various aspects of the new phenomenon of cyberpilgrimage, framed by a discussion of the potential authenticity of cyberpilgrimage. VL - 21 UR - http://www.usask.ca/relst/jrpc/art21%282%29-Cyberpilgrimage.html IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cyberpilgrimage: The (Virtual) Reality of Online Pilgrimage Experience JF - Religion Compass Y1 - 2011 A1 - Hill-Smith, C KW - Online KW - pilgrimage KW - Ritual AB - Cyberpilgrimage is the practice of undertaking pilgrimage on the internet. Such pilgrimages may be performed for a host of reasons, ranging from idle curiosity to the need to ready oneself, psychologically or informationally, for a ‘real’ (terrestrial) pilgrimage. For some web-users, these experiences may amount to little more than interesting diversions, mildly intriguing ripples in a sea of information and possibility, to be paused upon and pondered briefly before surfing onward to other things. Depending on individual motivations and circumstances, however, they can be deeply charged, transformative, enlightening and profoundly fulfilling on both emotional and spiritual levels. As new as the internet is, cyberpilgrimage is newer; and it seems clear we are witnessing the birth of one of a number of largely uncharted ways by which people are beginning to experience themselves spiritually on the internet. Such experiences tend to be perceived as more self-mediated and, thus, more individualised, liberated and radical than terrestrial experiences of a similar sort (though this is not necessarily the case). This article is intended to explain what cyberpilgrimage can entail, to survey the input to-date of contemporary scholars to the study of cyberpilgrimage; and to offer insight into some of the major debates and questions it raises, in particular with regard to the authenticity of computer-based ‘experience’. VL - 5 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00277.x/abstract IS - 6 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Flickering Pixels: How Technology Shapes Your Faith Y1 - 2009 A1 - Hipps, Shane AB - Flickering pixels are the tiny dots of light that make up the screens of life---from TVs to cell phones. They are nearly invisible, but they change us. In this provocative book, author Shane Hipps takes readers beneath the surface of things to see how the technologies we use end up using us. Not all is dire, however, as Hipps shows us that hidden things have far less power to shape us when they aren't hidden anymore. We are only puppets of our technology if we remain asleep. Flickering Pixels will wake us up---and nothing will look the same again. PB - Zondervan CY - Grand Rapids, MI UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=gkEnYwTsPtgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ER - TY - JOUR T1 - EXPERIMENTS IN DEVOTION ONLINE: THE YOUTUBE KHUṬBA JF - International Journal of Middle East Studies Y1 - 2012 A1 - Charles Hirschkind KW - ethics KW - internet KW - Islam KW - Sermons KW - YouTube AB - This paper explores what I call “online experiments in ethical affect” through an analysis of one popular Islamic genre: the short video segments of Friday sermons (khuṭub, s. khuṭba) placed on the video-sharing website YouTube. In my discussion of this media form, I give particular attention to the kind of devotional discourse and ethical socius that is enacted online around these taped performances: notably, the practices of appending written comments to specific videos, offering responses to comments left by others or criticisms directed at either the preacher or other commentators, and the act of creating links between khuṭba pages and other web-based content. In examining these practices, I want to look at the way some of the norms of ethical and devotional comportment associated with the khuṭba in the mosque carry over to the Internet context of khuṭba listening/viewing while also engendering novel forms of pious interaction, argument, and listening. VL - 44 UR - http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8480771&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S002074381100122X IS - 1 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The Logics of the Media and the Mediatized Conditions of Social Interaction T2 - Media Logic(s) Revisited Y1 - 2018 A1 - Hjarvard, S KW - media KW - mediatized KW - social interaction AB - The notion of ‘media logics’ is useful for understanding the processes of mediatization and the ways in which media come to influence communication and social interaction in various domains of society. Media logics are the combined technological, aesthetic, and institutional modus operandi of the media and logics may in a general sociological vocabulary be understood as the rules and resources that govern a particular institutional domain. Media logics do‚ however‚ rarely exert their influence in isolation. We need to consider the media’s influence on an aggregate level and not only at the level of the individual media and its particular logics. Mediatization involves cultural and social processes in which logics of both media and other institutions are interacting and adapting to each other and through these processes a particular configuration of logics are established within an institutional domain. Such configurations condition, but do not determine communication and social interaction. Within a particular institution such as politics or education‚ the available media repertoire inserts various dynamics to communication and social interaction‚ and these dynamics represent the mediatized conditions of communication and social interaction. JF - Media Logic(s) Revisited PB - Palgrave Macmillan, Cham UR - https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-65756-1_4 U1 - Thimm C., Anastasiadis M., Einspänner-Pflock J ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The Mediatization of Culture and Society Y1 - 2013 A1 - Hjarvard, Stig AB - Mediatization has emerged as a key concept to reconsider old, yet fundamental questions about the role and influence of media in culture and society. In particular the theory of mediatization has proved fruitful for the analysis of how media spread to, become intertwined with, and influence other social institutions and cultural phenomena like politics, play and religion. PB - Routledge SN - 9780415692373 UR - https://www.routledge.com/The-Mediatization-of-Culture-and-Society/Hjarvard/p/book/9780415692373 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The mediatisation of religion: Theorising religion, media and social change JF - Culture and Religion Y1 - 2011 A1 - Hjarvard, Stig AB - Drawing on recent advances in mediatisation theory, the article presents a theoretical framework for understanding the increased interplay between religion and media. The media have become an important, if not primary, source of information about religious issues, and religious information and experiences become moulded according to the demands of popular media genres. As a cultural and social environment, the media have taken over many of the cultural and social functions of the institutionalised religions and provide spiritual guidance, moral orientation, ritual passages and a sense of community and belonging. Furthermore, the article considers the relationship between mediatisation and secularisation at three levels: society, organisation and individual. At the level of society, mediatisation is an integral part of secularisation. At the level of organisation and the individual, mediatisation may both encourage secular practices and beliefs and invite religious imaginations typically of a more subjectivised nature. UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14755610.2011.579719 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context JF - Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Y1 - 2011 A1 - Hofstede, G AB - This article describes briefly the Hofstede model of six dimensions of national cultures: Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, Long/Short Term Orientation, and Indulgence/Restraint. It shows the conceptual and research efforts that preceded it and led up to it, and once it had become a paradigm for comparing cultures, research efforts that followed and built on it. The article stresses that dimensions depend on the level of aggregation; it describes the six entirely different dimensions found in the Hofstede et al. (2010) research into organizational cultures. It warns against confusion with value differences at the individual level. It concludes with a look ahead in what the study of dimensions of national cultures and the position of countries on them may still bring. UR - https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol2/iss1/8/ ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind Y1 - 2010 A1 - Geert Hofstede A1 - Gert Jan Hofstede A1 - Michael Minkov AB - The revolutionary study of how the place where we grew up shapes the way we think, feel, and act-- with new dimensions and perspectives Based on research conducted in more than seventy countries over a forty-year span, Cultures and Organizations examines what drives people apart—when cooperation is so clearly in everyone’s interest. With major new contributions from Michael Minkov’s analysis of data from the World Values Survey, as well as an account of the evolution of cultures by Gert Jan Hofstede, this revised and expanded edition: Reveals the “moral circles” from which national societies are built and the unexamined rules by which people think, feel, and act Explores how national cultures differ in the areas of inequality, assertiveness versus modesty, and tolerance for ambiguity Explains how organizational cultures differ from national cultures—and how they can be managed Analyzes stereotyping, differences in language, cultural roots of the 2008 economic crisis, and other intercultural dynamics PB - McGraw-Hill Education UR - https://www.amazon.com/Cultures-Organizations-Software-Mind-Third/dp/0071664181 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The Immanent Internet Redux T2 - Digital religion, social media and culture: Perspectives, Practices and Futures Y1 - 2012 A1 - Bernie Hogan A1 - Barry Wellman KW - cyber KW - distopia KW - fantasy KW - internet KW - Networked individualism KW - transcendence KW - utopia KW - Virtual JF - Digital religion, social media and culture: Perspectives, Practices and Futures PB - Peter Lang Publishing CY - New York UR - http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=60410&concordeid=311474 U1 - Cheong, Pauline Hope; Fischer-Nielsen, Peter; Gelfgren, Stefan; Ess, Charles. ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Cyber Religion: On the Cutting Edge Between the Virtual and the Real T2 - Religion and Cyberspace Y1 - 2005 A1 - Hojsgaard, Morten JF - Religion and Cyberspace PB - Routledge CY - London UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=48ChiMiMM3sC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=Cyber+Religion:+On+the+Cutting+Edge+Between+the+Virtual+and+the+Real&source=bl&ots=ymLFlpjJzY&sig=7o8NzEIsMVfCTJXZL8pGiJQ38Qg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iuYhT_XmEYSugwfE3IT1CA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage& ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Religion and Cyberspace Y1 - 2005 A1 - Hojsgaard, Morten A1 - Warburg, Margit AB - In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents. PB - Routledge CY - New York ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Introduction: waves of research T2 - Religion and Cyberspace Y1 - 2005 A1 - Hojsgaard, Morten A1 - Warburg, Margit AB - In the twenty-first century, religious life is increasingly moving from churches, mosques and temples onto the Internet. Today, anyone can go online and seek a new form of religious expression without ever encountering a physical place of worship, or an ordained teacher or priest. The digital age offers virtual worship, cyber-prayers and talk-boards for all of the major world faiths, as well as for pagan organisations and new religious movements. It also abounds with misinformation, religious bigotry and information terrorism. Scholars of religion need to understand the emerging forum that the web offers to religion, and the kinds of religious and social interaction that it enables. Religion and Cyberspace explores how religious individuals and groups are responding to the opportunities and challenges that cyberspace brings. It asks how religious experience is generated and enacted online, and how faith is shaped by factors such as limitless choice, lack of religious authority, and the conflict between recognised and non-recognised forms of worship. Combining case studies with the latest theory, its twelve chapters examine topics including the history of online worship, virtuality versus reality in cyberspace, religious conflict in digital contexts, and the construction of religious identity online. Focusing on key themes in this groundbreaking area, it is an ideal introduction to the fascinating questions that religion on the Internet presents. JF - Religion and Cyberspace PB - Routledge CY - London UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=KxSmkuySB28C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Relationship Between Religiosity and Internet Use JF - Journal of Media and Religion Y1 - 2003 A1 - Greg G. Armfield & R. Lance Holbert KW - Computer KW - Contemporary Religious Community KW - cyberspace KW - internet KW - Mass media KW - network KW - New Media and Society KW - new media engagement KW - New Technology and Society KW - online communication KW - Online community KW - religion KW - religion and internet KW - Religion and the Internet KW - religiosity KW - religious engagement KW - religious identity KW - Religious Internet Communication KW - Religious Internet Communities KW - secularization theory KW - Sociology of religion KW - users’ participation KW - uses and gratifications KW - virtual community KW - virtual public sphere KW - “media research” KW - “religion online” KW - “religious media research” AB - With the solidifying of the Internet as an influential form of mediated communication has come a surge of activity among media scholars looking into what leads individuals to use this emerging technology. This study focuses on religiosity as a potential predictor of Internet activity, and uses a combination of secularization theory and uses and gratifications theory as a foundation from which to posit a negative relation between these 2 variables. Religiosity is found to retain a significant negative relation with Internet use at the zero order, and remains a robust negative predictor of the criterion variable even after accounting for a host of demographic, contextual, and situational variables. Ramifications for these findings are discussed and an outline for future research building on our analyses is provided. VL - 2 UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15328415JMR0203_01#.UikaxDasim5 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - New confession app is no substitution for the sacrament Vatican says JF - ). Catholic News Agency Online Y1 - 2011 A1 - Holdren, A UR - https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/21917/new-confession-app-is-no-substitution-for-the-sacrament-vatican-says ER - TY - JOUR T1 - “@God please open your fridge!” A content analysis of Twitter messages to @God JF - Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture Y1 - 2016 A1 - Holmberg, K A1 - Bastubacka, J.J.M A1 - Thelwall, M KW - Apps KW - digitial KW - God KW - Twitter AB - This study investigates religious communication in social media by analyzing messages sent to God on Twitter. More specifically, the goal of this research is to map and analyze the various contexts in which God is addressed on Twitter, and how the tweets may reflect religious beliefs, ritual functions, and life issues. Using content analysis techniques and phenomenography, tweets addressing God were investigated. The results of this descriptive and indicative study show that religion and religiosity are communicated on Twitter in a manner that creates a unique sphere in which praise and profanities coexist. The tweets in the sample vary a great deal in their content and communicative function, ranging from profanities to prayers and from requests to win the lottery to conversations with and comments about God. Some tweets address God as a form of humour or satire, cursing, or otherwise without any deeper religious intention, while other tweets are apparently genuine messages directed to the transcendent, prayers, with which the senders want to show and share their belief with their followers on Twitter. VL - 5 UR - https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/228283 IS - 2 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Does God Make the Man?: Media, Religion, and the Crisis of Masculinity Y1 - 2015 A1 - Hoover, Stewart M. A1 - Coats, Curtis D. AB - Many believe that religion plays a positive role in men’s identity development, with religion promoting good behavior, and morality. In contrast, we often assume that the media is a negative influence for men, teaching them to be rough and violent, and to ignore their emotions. In Does God Make the Man?, Stewart M. Hoover and Curtis D. Coats draw on extensive interviews and participant observation with both Evangelical and non-Evangelical men, including Catholics as well as Protestants, to argue that neither of these assumptions is correct. Dismissing the easy notion that media encourages toxic masculinity and religion is always a positive influence, Hoover and Coats argue that not only are the linkages between religion, media, and masculinity not as strong and substantive as has been assumed, but the ways in which these relations actually play out may contradict received views. Over the course of this fascinating book they examine crises, contradictions, and contestations: crises about the meaning of masculinity and about the lack of direction men experience from their faith communities; contradictions between men’s religious lives and media lives, and contestations among men’s ideas about what it means to be a man. The book counters common discussions about a “crisis of masculinity,” showing that actual men do not see the world the way the “crisis talk” has portrayed it—and interestingly, even Evangelical men often do not see religion as part of the solution. PB - NYU Press UR - https://www.amazon.com/Does-God-Make-Man-Masculinity/dp/1479862231 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Rethinking Media, Religion, and Culture Y1 - 1997 A1 - Hoover, Stewart M. A1 - Lundby, Knut AB - The growing connections between media, culture, and religion are increasingly evident in our society today but have rarely been linked theoretically until now. Beginning with the decline of religious institutions during the latter part of this century, Rethinking Media, Religion, and Culture focuses on issues such as the increasing autonomy and individualized practice of religion, the surge of media and media-based icons that are often imbued with religious qualities, and the ensuing effect on cultural practices. Editors Stewart M. Hoover and Knut Lundby examine each of these issues and the implications of major recent findings of religious, media, and cultural studies as they pertain to one another. In a primary effort, the leading class of contributors to this work effectively triangulate these three separate areas into a coherent whole. The book explores phenomena like rallies, rituals, and resistance as they are distinct expressions of religion often transmogrified into different mediated or cultural expressions. This collection should benefit the work of scholars and researchers in communication, media, cultural, and religious studies who seek a broader understanding of the two-sided relationships between religion and media, media and culture, and culture and religion. PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated UR - https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/rethinking-media-religion-and-culture/book4416 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Faith Online: 64% of Wired Americans Have Used the Internet for Spiritual or Religious Information Y1 - 2004 A1 - Hoover, Stewart A1 - Rainie, Lee A1 - Clark, Lynn. S JF - Pew Internet and American Life Project UR - http://www.pewtrusts.org/news_room_detail.aspx?id=22636 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Media, Public Scholarship and Religious Controversy: Notes from Trump’s America JF - journal of religion in Europe Y1 - 2019 A1 - Hoover, Stewart M AB - The persistence of religion in the twenty-first century has renewed the importance of scholarships devoted to it. At the same time, the digital age has re-positioned and recentered the affordances of mediated circulations around "the religious." This increasing presence and significance of media and religion suggests that substantive scholarships of religion must necessarily articulate media as well. Religious controversies therefore present a special challenge and a special opportunity to scholarships of media and religion. New ways of doing scholarship, and doing so publicly, present themselves. All scholarships of mediated religion must necessarily be public, so scholarship is articulated into these circulations, and at the same time can build on and benefit from knowledge-building that occurs outside the formal boundaries of the academy. This paper explores emerging theories of digital mediation and proposes a circulation-focused understanding of the role, place, and potentials of scholarships today. UR - https://brill.com/view/journals/rmdc/8/1/article-p153_153.xml?language=en ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Forward: practice, autonomy and authority in the digitally religious and digitally spiritual T2 - Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices and Rituals Y1 - 2012 A1 - Hoover, S KW - Digital Religion KW - spiritual AB - This anthology - the first of its kind in eight years - collects some of the best and most current research and reflection on the complex interactions between religion and computer-mediated communication (CMC). The contributions cohere around the central question: how will core religious understandings of identity, community and authority shape and be (re)shaped by the communicative possibilities of Web 2.0? The authors gathered here address these questions in three distinct ways: through contemporary empirical research on how diverse traditions across the globe seek to take up the technologies and affordances of contemporary CMC; through investigations that place these contemporary developments in larger historical and theological contexts; and through careful reflection on the theoretical dimensions of research on religion and CMC. In their introductory and concluding essays, the editors uncover and articulate the larger intersections and patterns suggested by individual chapters, including trajectories for future research. JF - Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices and Rituals PB - Peter Lang CY - New York UR - https://books.google.com/books/about/Digital_Religion_Social_Media_and_Cultur.html?id=I7GqtgAACAAJ ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The Media and Religious Authority Y1 - 2016 A1 - Hoover, Stewart M AB - As the availability and use of media platforms continue to expand, the cultural visibility of religion is on the rise, leading to questions about religious authority: Where does it come from? How is it established? What might be changing it? The contributors to The Media and Religious Authority examine the ways in which new centers of power and influence are emerging as religions seek to “brand” themselves in the media age. Putting their in-depth, incisive studies of particular instances of media production and reception in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and North America into conversation with one another, the volume explores how evolving mediations of religion in various places affect the prospects, aspirations, and durability of religious authority across the globe. PB - Penn State University Press UR - https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/978-0-271-07322-4.html ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Mass Media Religion: The Social Sources of the Electronic Church Y1 - 1988 A1 - Hoover, Stewart AB - Mass Media Religion considers and explores the implications of the evergrowing religious broadcasting media in terms of their social and political contexts. The author reviews both the historical origins of fundamentalist and neo-evangelical responses to the crisis of modernity and the historical development of the electronic church. He includes a series of interviews with representative viewers, discussing their beliefs, experiences, worldviews, and the role electronic religion plays in other aspects of their lives. Finally, the development of the electronic church in its wider context and its implications for American culture in general are considered. PB - SAGE Publications, Incorporated UR - https://www.colorado.edu/cmrc/1988/11/01/mass-media-religion-social-sources-electronic-church ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Practicing Religion in the Age of the Media: Explorations in Media, Religion, and Culture Y1 - 2013 A1 - Stewart M. Hoover A1 - Lynn Schofield Clark KW - Beit Hashoah KW - popular culture KW - quasi-religious practices KW - Sacred KW - Salvation Army KW - Secular AB - increasingly, the religious practices people engage in and the ways they talk about what is meaningful or sacred take place in the context of media culture—in the realm of the so-called secular. Focusing on this intersection of the sacred and the secular, this volume gathers together the work of media experts, religious historians, sociologists of religion, and authorities on American studies and art history. Topics range from Islam on the Internet to the quasi-religious practices of Elvis fans, from the uses of popular culture by the Salvation Army in its early years to the uses of interactive media technologies at the Simon Wiesenthal Center's Beit Hashoah Museum of Tolerance. The issues that the essays address include the public/private divide, the distinctions between the sacred and profane, and how to distinguish between the practices that may be termed “religious” and those that may not. PB - Columbia University Press CY - New York UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=9aDg8Ih78QAC&dq=religion+and+internet&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Religious Meaning in the Digital Age: Field Research on Internet/Web Religion. T2 - Belief in Media: Cultural Perspective on Media and Christianity Y1 - 0 A1 - Hoover, S. A1 - Park, J.K. ED - Horsfield KW - Christianity KW - culture KW - field research KW - media KW - religious KW - Religious Media JF - Belief in Media: Cultural Perspective on Media and Christianity PB - Ashgate CY - Aldershot, UK ER - TY - Generic T1 - Finding Religion in the Media: Work in Progress on the Third Spaces of Digital Religion Y1 - 2012 A1 - Stewart M. Hoover A1 - Nabil Echchaibi KW - Digital Religion KW - Internet Studies KW - media and religion KW - networked society KW - online identity KW - religion online KW - Third Spaces KW - users’ participation KW - virtual community KW - virtual public sphere UR - http://cmrc.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Hoover-Echchaibi-paper.pdf ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Media, Home and Family T2 - Routledge Y1 - 2003 A1 - Hoover, Stewart M. A1 - Clark, Lynn Schofield A1 - Alters, Diane F. AB - Based on extensive fieldwork, this book examines how parents make decisions regulating media use, and how media practices define contemporary family life. JF - Routledge UR - https://www.routledge.com/Media-Home-and-Family/Hoover-Clark-Alters/p/book/9780415969178 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The media and religious authority Y1 - 2016 A1 - Hoover, S AB - As the availability and use of media platforms continue to expand, the cultural visibility of religion is on the rise, leading to questions about religious authority: Where does it come from? How is it established? What might be changing it? The contributors to The Media and Religious Authority examine the ways in which new centers of power and influence are emerging as religions seek to “brand” themselves in the media age. Putting their in-depth, incisive studies of particular instances of media production and reception in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and North America into conversation with one another, the volume explores how evolving mediations of religion in various places affect the prospects, aspirations, and durability of religious authority across the globe. An insightful combination of theoretical groundwork and individual case studies, The Media and Religious Authority invites us to rethink the relationships among the media, religion, and culture. PB - Pennsylvania State University CY - University Park, PA UR - https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/978-0-271-07322-4.html ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Religion in the News: Faith and Journalism in American Public Discourse Y1 - 1998 A1 - Hoover, Stewart AB - Since the 1970s, more and more religious stories have made their way to headline news: the Islamic Revolution in Iran, televangelism and its scandals, and the rise of the Evangelical New Right and its role in politics, to name but a few. Media treatment of religion can be seen as a kind of indicator of the broader role and status of religion on the contemporary scene. To better understand the relationship between religion and the news media, both in everyday practice and in the larger context of American public discourse, author Stewart P. Hoover gives a cultural-historical analysis in his book, Religion in the News. The resulting insights provide important clues as to the place of religion in American life, the role of the media in cultural discourse, and the prospects of institutional religion in the media age. This volume is highly recommended to media professionals, journalists, people in the religious community, and for classroom use in religious studies and media studies programs. PB - SAGE Publications, Inc UR - https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/religion-in-the-news/book8019 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Religion in the Media Age Y1 - 2006 A1 - Hoover, Stewart AB - Looking at the everyday interaction of religion and media in our cultural lives, Hoover's new book is a fascinating assessment of the state of modern religion. Recent years have produced a marked turn away from institutionalized religions towards more autonomous, individual forms of the search for spiritual meaning. Film, television, the music industry and the internet are central to this process, cutting through the monolithic assertions of world religions and giving access to more diverse and fragmented ideals. While the sheer volume and variety of information travelling through global media changes modes of religious thought and commitment, the human desire for spirituality also invigorates popular culture itself, recreating commodities, film blockbusters, world sport and popular music as contexts for religious meanings. Drawing on research into household media consumption, Hoover charts the way in which media and religion intermingle and collide in the cultural experience of media audiences. Religion in the Media Age is essential reading for everyone interested in how today mass media relates to contemporary religious and spiritual life. PB - Routledge CY - London UR - http://books.google.com/books/about/Religion_in_the_media_age.html?id=rdLh5S_MkUQC ER - TY - Generic T1 - The "Third Spaces" of Digital Religion Y1 - 2012 A1 - S. Hoover A1 - N. Echchaibi KW - Digital KW - Digital Religion KW - Negotiation KW - New Media KW - power KW - Research KW - Third Spaces AB - The emergence of new modes of digital communicative practice has had both lay and scholarly discourses struggling to adapt. The descriptive challenge is, indeed, a formidable one as the range and depth of emergent implications in technology, society, culture, and practice continues to develop. The trajectories that flow out of "the digital" into individual, social, and cultural space seem nearly limitless in extent and scope, at the same time that many voices are urging caution in expecting or claiming too much for these practices JF - Finding Religion in the Media: Work in Progress on the Third Spaces of Digital Religion PB - Center for Media, Religion and Culture CY - University of Colorado UR - http://cmrc.colorado.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Hoover-Echchaibi-paper.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Media and the imagination of religion in contemporary global culture JF - European Journal of Cultural Studies Y1 - 2011 A1 - Hoover, Stewart M. AB - This article argues for an invigorated scholarship of religion within cultural studies. It suggests that this is justified both on its own terms and because there is evidence that the interaction of media and religion is creating entirely new forms of the religious in contemporary public life. Religion persists in history, but it persists in part because of its mediation and this persistent, mediated religion constitutes a new evolution. The article presents a range of contexts where this can be seen to be happening, not least those contexts most involved in contemporary cultural globalization. UR - https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1367549411419980 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The Anthropology of Religious Meaning Making in The Digital Age T2 - Media Anthropology Y1 - 2005 A1 - Hoover, Stewart A1 - Park, Jin AB - Media Anthropology represents a convergence of issues and interests on anthropological approaches to the study of media. The purpose of this reader is to promote the identity of the field of study; identify its major concepts, methods, and bibliography; comment on the state of the art; and provide examples of current research. Based on original articles by leading scholars from several countries and academic disciplines, Media Anthropology provides essays introducing the issues, reviewing the field, forging new conceptual syntheses. JF - Media Anthropology PB - Sage CY - Thousand Oaks, CA. UR - http://books.google.com/books?id=l5eZhM8W7SUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false U1 - Eric Rothenbuhler and Mihai Coman ER - TY - Generic T1 - Personal Religion Online Y1 - 2004 A1 - Stewart Hoover A1 - Lynn Schofield Clark KW - American Life Project KW - internet KW - Pew Internet KW - religion KW - spiritual religious KW - survey AB - Paper presented at Internet Research 5.0, University of Sussex, England. UR - http://gsb.haifa.ac.il/~sheizaf/AOIR5/131.html ER - TY - BOOK T1 - From Jesus to the Internet: A History of Christianity and Media Y1 - 2015 A1 - Peter Horsfield KW - Christianity KW - Digital KW - internet KW - intersection KW - media KW - religion PB - Wiley Blackwell CY - Hoboken, New Jersey ER - TY - BOOK T1 - From Jesus to the Internet: A History of Christianity and Media Y1 - 2015 A1 - Horsfield, Peter AB - From Jesus to the Internet examines Christianity as a mediated phenomenon, paying particular attention to how various forms of media have influenced and developed the Christian tradition over the centuries. It is the first systematic survey of this topic and the author provides those studying or interested in the intersection of religion and media with a lively and engaging chronological narrative. With insights into some of Christianity s most hotly debated contemporary issues, this book provides a much-needed historical basis for this interdisciplinary field. PB - Wiley Blackwell ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A Mediated Religion: Historical perspectives on Christianity and the Internet JF - Studies in World Christianity Y1 - 2007 A1 - Horsfield, P A1 - Teusner, P. KW - Christianity KW - history KW - internet and religion KW - media VL - 13 UR - http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/swc.2007.13.3.278 IS - 3 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The media and religious authority from ancient to modern T2 - The Media and Religious Authority Y1 - 2016 A1 - Horsfield, P JF - The Media and Religious Authority PB - Pennsylvania University Press. CY - University Park, PA UR - https://muse.jhu.edu/book/58768 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A mediated religion: historical perspectives on Christianity and the Internet JF - Studies in World Christianity Y1 - 2007 A1 - Horsfield, P. G. A1 - Teusner, P. KW - Christianity KW - media KW - religion VL - 13 UR - http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/swc.2007.13.3.278 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Digital Islamophobia: The Swedish woman as a figure of pure and dangerous whiteness JF - New Media & Society Y1 - 2017 A1 - Horsti, Karina AB - This article addresses the digital culture of Islamophobic bloggers, focusing on the online circulation of a forensic photograph of a Swedish woman who was assaulted. The analysis shows how through appropriating this image, the bloggers created a unifying, imagined whiteness in the transnational Islamophobic network. The empirical analysis clarifies how this one image migrated and transformed in the blogosphere and legitimated the recurrent discursive trope of “Muslim rape.” This image became a subcultural “memory freeze frame” crystallizing the contemporary Islamophobic ideologies articulated in connection to race, ethnicity, nation, gender, and sexuality. The viral circulation of this image constructed a cultural, gendered, and racial Swedish whiteness, imagined to have become victimized by both Islam and liberal feminism, and therefore requiring global protection. UR - https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444816642169 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Virtual Morality: Christian Ethics in the Computer Age Y1 - 1998 A1 - Houston, Graham PB - Apollos CY - Leicester UR - http://books.google.com/books/about/Virtual_Morality.html?id=-FgrOAAACAAJ ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Digital Jesus. The Making of a New Christian Fundamentalist Community on the Internet Y1 - 2011 A1 - Howard, Robert G AB - In the 1990s, Marilyn Agee developed one of the most well-known amateur evangelical websites focused on the "End Times", The Bible Prophecy Corner. Around the same time, Lambert Dolphin, a retired Stanford physicist, started the website Lambert's Library to discuss with others online how to experience the divine. While Marilyn and Lambert did not initially correspond directly, they have shared several correspondents in common. Even as early as 1999 it was clear that they were members of the same online network of Christians, a virtual church built around those who embraced a common ideology. Digital Jesusdocuments how such like-minded individuals created a large web of religious communication on the Internet, In essence developing a new type of new religious movement - one without a central leader or institution. Based on over a decade of interaction with figures both large and small within this community, Robert Glenn Howard offers the first sustained ethnographic account of the movement as well as a realistic and pragmatic view of how new communication technologies can both empower and dis-empower the individuals who use them. By tracing the group's origins back To The email lists and "Usenet" groups of the 1980s up To The online forums of today, Digital Jesusalso serves as a succinct history of the development of online group communications. PB - New York University Press CY - New York UR - http://books.google.com/books/about/Digital_Jesus.html?id=s4KVSQAACAAJ ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Online Ethnography Of Dispensationalist Discourse: Revealed Verses Negotiated Truth T2 - Religion on the Internet: Research Prospects and Promises Y1 - 2000 A1 - Howard, Robert G AB - Religion on the Internet is the first systematic inquiry into the nature, scope and content of religion in cyberspace. Contributors to this volume include leading social scientists engaged in systematic studies of how organizations and individuals are presenting religion on the Internet. Their combined efforts provide a conceptual mapping of religion in cyberspace at this moment. The individual papers and collective insights found in this volume add up to a valuable agenda of research that will enrich understanding of this new phenomenon. Among the contributors are the founders of three of the most important scholarly religion web sites on the Internet: American Religion Data Archive, Religious Tolerance, and Religious Movements Homepage. Religion and the Internet is essential reading for all who seek to understand how religion is being presented on the Internet and how this topic is likely to unfold in the years ahead. JF - Religion on the Internet: Research Prospects and Promises PB - JAI Press CY - New York U1 - Jeffery Hadden and Douglas Cowan ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Media T2 - Theorizing Rituals: Issues, Topics, Approaches, Concepts Y1 - 2006 A1 - Hughes-Freeland, F. JF - Theorizing Rituals: Issues, Topics, Approaches, Concepts PB - Brill CY - Leiden UR - http://books.google.com/books/about/Theorizing_Rituals_Issues_topics_approac.html?id=f4nZAAAAMAAJ ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Considering Religious Community Through Online Churches T2 - Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds Y1 - 2013 A1 - Tim Hutchings KW - Christian Churches KW - Contemporary Religious Community KW - New Media and Society KW - new media engagement KW - online Christianity KW - online church KW - Religion and the Internet KW - religious engagement KW - Sociology of religion KW - “religion online” JF - Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds PB - Routledge UR - http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415676113/ U1 - Heidi A. Campbell ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Creating Church Online: Networks and Collectives in Contemporary Christianity T2 - Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices and Futures Y1 - 2012 A1 - Hutchings, T. KW - Christianity KW - Cyberchurch JF - Digital Religion, Social Media and Culture: Perspectives, Practices and Futures PB - Peter Lang U1 - Cheong, Pauline H. Fischer-Nielsen, P. Gelfgren, S. Ess, C. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Global Perspectives on Religion, Media and Public Scholarship JF - Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture Y1 - 2020 A1 - Hutchings, Tim A1 - Asamoah-Gyadu, Kwabena A1 - Evolvi, Giulia A1 - Han, Sam AB - This article encourages researchers of religion, media and culture to develop new, global, comparative conversations about the meaning and purpose of public scholarship. Key terms like “religion”, “media”, “publicness” and “scholarship” can be understood and articulated differently in different social, cultural and geographical locations, and dialogue across our academic contexts is needed to help explore these parallels and divergences. This article shares three reflections from scholars who have lived and worked in west Africa, southern Europe and south-east Asia. Each contributor has been asked to address two questions: How do religious communities engage public audiences? And how can (or should) scholars communicate with the public? The conclusion to the article identifies some of the central themes of their responses: secularity, colonial legacies, globalization, power, vulnerability, and the intended audience of our public interventions. UR - https://brill.com/view/journals/rmdc/9/2/article-p148_148.xml ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Online Christian Churches: Three Case Studies JF - Australian Religious Studies Review Y1 - 2010 A1 - Hutchings, T. AB - Online churches are Internet-based Christian communities, pursuing worship, proselytism and other ecclesial activities through digital media. This article is based on three case studies of online churches: i-church, the Anglican Cathedral of Second Life, and LifeChurch.tv Church Online. Seven key themes emerge from these case studies and are used here as a framework for comparative analysis: mass appeal, spiritual experience, community, reliance on the familiar, local church attendance, internal control and external oversight. PB - Equinox VL - 23 IS - 3 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Considering religious community through online churches T2 - Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds Y1 - 2013 A1 - Hutchings, T KW - online church KW - religious AB - Digital Religion offers a critical and systematic survey of the study of religion and new media. It covers religious engagement with a wide range of new media forms and highlights examples of new media engagement in all five of the major world religions. From cell phones and video games to blogs and Second Life, the book provides a detailed review of major topics and includes a series of case studies to illustrate and elucidate the thematic explorations. It also considers key theoretical, ethical and theological issues raised within Digital Religion studies. JF - Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds PB - Routledge CY - London, England UR - https://books.google.com/books/about/Digital_Religion.html?id=ox4q7T59KikC U1 - H Campbell ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Contemporary Religious Community and the Online Church JF - Information, Communication & Society Y1 - 2011 A1 - Hutchings, T. KW - Christianity KW - Cyberchurch AB - ‘Online churches' are Internet-based Christian communities, seeking to pursue worship, discussion, friendship, support, proselytism and other key religious practices through computer-mediated communication. This article introduces findings of a four-year ethnographic study of five very different ‘online churches’, focusing on the fluid, multi-layered relationship between online and offline activity developed by Christian users of blogs, forums, chatrooms, video streams and virtual worlds. Following a review of online church research and a summary of methods, this article offers an overview of each of the five groups and identifies clear parallels with earlier television ministries and recent church-planting movements. A new model of online and offline activity is proposed, focused on two pairs of concepts, familiarity/difference and isolation/integration, represented as the endpoints of two axes. These axes frame a landscape of digital practice, negotiated with great care and subtlety by online churchgoers. These negotiations are interpreted in light of wider social changes, particularly the shift from bounded community towards ‘networked individualism’. VL - 14 IS - 8 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Materiality and the Study of Religion: The Stuff of the Sacred Y1 - 2016 A1 - Hutchings, Tim A1 - McKenzie, Joanne AB - Material culture has emerged in recent decades as a significant theoretical concern for the study of religion. This book contributes to and evaluates this material turn, presenting thirteen chapters of new empirical research and theoretical reflection from some of the leading international scholars of material religion. Following a model for material analysis proposed in the first chapter by David Morgan, the contributors trace the life cycle of religious materiality through three phases: the production of religious objects, their classification as religious (or non-religious), and their circulation and use in material culture. The chapters in this volume consider how objects become and cease to be sacred, how materiality can be used to contest access to public space and resources, and how religion is embodied and performed by individuals in their everyday lives. Contributors discuss the significance of the materiality of religion across different religious traditions and diverse geographical regions, paying close attention to gender, age, ethnicity, memory and politics. The volume closes with an afterword by Manuel Vásquez. PB - Routledge SN - 9781138599932 UR - https://www.routledge.com/Materiality-and-the-Study-of-Religion-The-Stuff-of-the-Sacred/Hutchings-McKenzie/p/book/9781138599932 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The Dis/Embodied Church: Worship, new media and the body T2 - Christianity in the Modern World: Changes and Controversies Y1 - 0 A1 - Tim Hutchings KW - New Media KW - online church JF - Christianity in the Modern World: Changes and Controversies PB - Routledge ER - TY - JOUR T1 - “The Light of a Thousand Stories”: JF - Online - Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet Y1 - 2019 A1 - Hutchings, Tim AB - Open access and free to read online: https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/religions/article/view/23952 Understanding a videogame requires attention to the social dimensions of its production, its material form and its reception. Games are produced in communities of designers, played by communities of gamers, and accepted into families, households, and other communal settings. Christian games have often been designed with this wider community context in mind, advertised to families and churches as products that can help attract and retain new audiences. This article focuses on the children’s videogame Guardians of Ancora (GoA), produced by the Christian organization Scripture Union in 2015. We will use an interview with the product developer to explore the intent behind the game, and we will use an interview with a British volunteer at ‘St. George’s Church’ to discover how the game has been used within a Christian community. GoA incorporates a degree of procedural rhetoric (Bogost 2007) into its design, but St. George’s invites children to engage with the game’s story and world in the context of a week of crafts, songs and other volunteer-led activities. Scholars of digital religion have long been fascinated by the relationship between online and offline religion, and the study of the social context of religious gaming offers a new way to approach this classic theme. UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335293198_The_Light_of_a_Thousand_Stories_Design_Play_and_Community_in_the_Christian_Videogame_Guardians_of_Ancora ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Creating Church Online: A Case-Study Approach to Religious Experience JF - Studies in World Christianity Y1 - 2007 A1 - Hutchings, T. KW - Church KW - Experience KW - Online KW - religion VL - 13 UR - http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/edinburgh-university-press/creating-church-online-a-case-study-approach-to-religious-experience-Rjr4uCIo7a IS - 3 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Religion and the Digital Humanities: New Tools, Methods and Perspectives T2 - Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion Y1 - 2012 A1 - Hutchings, T. KW - Digital humanities KW - methodology AB - From the editors' introduction: "Tim Hutchings believes that the emerging research field of "digital humanities" seeks to generate and explore intersections between the questions and commitments of the traditional humanities disciplines and the opportunities, challenges and social transformations associated with digital media. This article maps the possibilities and challenges offered by the diverse landscape of new research, drawing on the author's own research experience as one of several sociologists of "cyber" and "cyborg" religion working at HUMlab, a digital humanities study laboratory in Umea, Sweden. Three of the author's own research projects - studies of cyberchurches, digital evangelism and Christian music festivals - will be used as case studies to demonstrate the development and application of digital research methodologies." JF - Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion PB - Brill VL - 3 U1 - Berzano, L. Riis, O. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Design and the digital Bible: persuasive technology and religious reading JF - Journal of Contemporary Religion Y1 - 2017 A1 - Hutchings, Tim AB - This article analyses two ‘digital Bibles’, products that allow the user to engage with the Bible through the screen and speakers of his/her mobile phone, tablet or computer. Both products, ‘YouVersion’ and ‘GloBible’, have been created by Evangelical Christian companies. I argue that both are designed to train the user in traditional Evangelical Christian understandings of the work of reading. Digital media offer new opportunities to guide and influence the user, and this article applies the concepts of ‘persuasive technologies’ and ‘procedural rhetoric’ to analyse the design intentions of the two digital Bibles. This approach helps us to appreciate the significance of the material form of a sacred text as a vehicle for religious socialisation and raises important questions about the potential for digital media to re-shape traditional relationships of power in Evangelical Christian communities. UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537903.2017.1298903 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Internet and the Church: An Introduction JF - Expository Times Y1 - 2010 A1 - Hutchings, T. AB - The Internet is connecting people and organisations around the world in important new ways, changing the way we relate to one another, find resources, share information and form communities. These changes have very important implications for Christians and their churches. This article offers an overview of online activity, including websites, blogs, forums, social network sites, virtual worlds and online evangelism, and introduces theoretical work on the importance of online social networking, the role of the user in shaping technology, and the balance between control and participation in online activity. PB - Sage VL - 122 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Contemporary religious community and the online church JF - Information, Communication & Society Y1 - 2011 A1 - Hutchings, T KW - online church KW - religious AB - ‘Online churches' are Internet-based Christian communities, seeking to pursue worship, discussion, friendship, support, proselytism and other key religious practices through computer-mediated communication. This article introduces findings of a four-year ethnographic study of five very different ‘online churches’, focusing on the fluid, multi-layered relationship between online and offline activity developed by Christian users of blogs, forums, chatrooms, video streams and virtual worlds. Following a review of online church research and a summary of methods, this article offers an overview of each of the five groups and identifies clear parallels with earlier television ministries and recent church-planting movements. A new model of online and offline activity is proposed, focused on two pairs of concepts, familiarity/difference and isolation/integration, represented as the endpoints of two axes. These axes frame a landscape of digital practice, negotiated with great care and subtlety by online churchgoers. These negotiations are interpreted in light of wider social changes, particularly the shift from bounded community towards ‘networked individualism’. VL - 14 UR - https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2011.591410 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - 'The Politics of Familiarity: Visual, Liturgical and Organisational Conformity in the Online Church JF - Special Issue on Aesthetics and the Dimensions of the Senses Y1 - 2010 A1 - Hutchings, T. AB - “Online churches” are Internet-based Christian communities, pursuing worship, education, support, proselytisation and other religious goals through computer-mediated communication. This paper draws on three years of participant observation and 50 interviews to investigate reliance on the familiar in the aesthetics and sensory experience of online religion, a trend that previous researchers have noticed but not fully explained. I use two ethnographic studies to explore the range of motivations that can guide this common strategy and consider visual design, use of sound, avatar gestures, awareness of co-presence and the physical activity of the computer user. Key factors include the desire to “frame” participant expectations, “ground” online experience, demonstrate theological “authenticity” and encourage participatory leadership, and these achievements are used to validate experimentation in other areas. This strategy is not uncontested, however: “outsiders” are frequently deterred by styles that “insiders” consider “normal”, and both churches have begun to explore new forms of architecture, ritual and communication with no clear offline parallels. New blends of familiarity and innovation are emerging, indicating some of the future directions of online churchmanship. My two case studies, the Anglican Cathedral of Second Life and LifeChurch.tv Church Online, reflect two key trends among online churches: the proliferation of small-scale independent congregations and the increasing involvement of wealthy institutions. The empirical and theoretical dimensions of this paper are innovative and timely, drawing attention to the professionalization and domestication of online religion and the rise of the “online campus”, key developments that deserve considerable scholarly attention. UR - http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2010/11298/pdf/04.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - REAL VIRTUAL COMMUNITY JF - Word and World Y1 - 2015 A1 - Tim Hutchings KW - virtual community AB - Virtual community can be real community. An example is the Church of Fools (now St Pixels), launched as an experiment eleven years ago, meant to last but three months. However, that experiment created a congregation that is still alive today, one in which people carry on public discussions with sufficient human feelings to form webs of personal relationships online. VL - 35 UR - https://wordandworld.luthersem.edu/issues.aspx?article_id=3847 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - I Am Second: Evangelicals and Digital Storytelling JF - Australian Journal of Communication Y1 - 2012 A1 - Hutchings, T. KW - Christianity KW - digital storytelling KW - evangelism KW - social media AB - This article explores the use of online video as a medium for spiritual autobiography through a case study of the Christian movement I am Second (IaS). IaS has published 74 short films, focused primarily on evangelical Christian celebrities. In each case, the video subject overcomes struggles or achieves fulfilment only by surrendering their lives to God and becoming ‘Second’. These stories are shared through fan blogs, Facebook, YouTube, and offline study groups. Analysis of the design, circulation, and response to these films indicates that digital media are fostering significant shifts in the production and reception of religious storytelling. VL - 39 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Network Theology: Christian Understandings of New Media JF - Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture Y1 - 2012 A1 - Hutchings, T. AB - Review article considering three recent works of popular Christian theology: Dwight J. Friesen, Thy Kingdom Connected: What the Church Can Learn from Facebook, the Internet, and Other Networks (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2009); Shane Hipps, Flickering Pixels: How Technology Shapes Your Faith (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009); and Jesse Rice, The Church of Facebook: How the Hyperconnected Are Redefining Community (Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, 2009). VL - 01 UR - http://jrmdc.com/reviews/network-theology-christian-understandings-of-new-media/ IS - 01 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Creating Church Online Y1 - 2017 A1 - Tim Hutchings KW - Church KW - Online AB - Creating Church Online constructs a rich ethnographic account of the diverse cultures of online churches, from virtual worlds to video streams. This book also outlines the history of online churchgoing, from its origins in the 1980s to the present day, and traces the major themes of academic and Christian debate around this topic. Applying some of the leading current theories in the study of religion, media and culture to this data, Tim Hutchings proposes a new model of religious design in contexts of mediatization, and draws attention to digital networks, transformative third spaces and terrains of existential vulnerability. Creating Church Online advances our understanding of the significance and impact of digital media in the religious and social lives of its users, in search of new theoretical frameworks for digital religion. PB - Routledge CY - New York UR - https://books.google.com/books?id=jCElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240&lpg=PA240&dq=tim+hutchings+spreading+church+online&source=bl&ots=iGY5FUbRlM&sig=KIk6zTYbFqQ5mnzw8cTwtlbmezk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV_4yHzvvaAhVG1IMKHZT9DIwQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=tim%20hutchings%20spre ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Wiring death: dying, grieving and remembering on the internet T2 - Emotion, Identity and Death: Mortality Across Disciplines Y1 - 2012 A1 - Hutchings, T. KW - Death JF - Emotion, Identity and Death: Mortality Across Disciplines PB - Ashgate U1 - Davies, D. Park, C. ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Creating Church Online: Ritual, Community and New Media Y1 - 2017 A1 - Hutchings, Tim AB - Online churches are internet-based Christian communities, pursuing worship, discussion, friendship, support, proselytization, and other key religious goals through computer-mediated communication. Hundreds of thousands of people are now involved with online congregations, generating new kinds of ritual, leadership, and community and new networks of global influence. Creating Church Online constructs a rich ethnographic account of the diverse cultures of online churches, from virtual worlds to video streams. This book also outlines the history of online churchgoing, from its origins in the 1980s to the present day, and traces the major themes of academic and Christian debate around this topic. Applying some of the leading current theories in the study of religion, media and culture to this data, Tim Hutchings proposes a new model of religious design in contexts of mediatization, and draws attention to digital networks, transformative third spaces and terrains of existential vulnerability. Creating Church Online advances our understanding of the significance and impact of digital media in the religious and social lives of its users, in search of new theoretical frameworks for digital religion. PB - Routledge SN - 9780203111093 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317777483_Creating_Church_Online_Ritual_Community_and_New_Media ER -